Third Portuguese Republic

The Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República Portuguesa) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. It was initially characterized by constant instability and was threatened by the possibility of a civil war during the early post-revolutionary years. A new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech declared, political prisoners were released and major Estado Novo institutions were closed. Eventually the country granted independence to its African colonies and began a process of democratization that led to the accession of Portugal to the EEC (today's European Union) in 1986.

Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa (Portuguese)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "A Portuguesa" "The Portuguese"
Location of Portugal (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)
Capital and largest city	Lisbon 38°46′N 9°9′W
Official languages	Portuguese
Recognised regional languages	Mirandese[note 1]
Nationality (2022)[3]	92.5% Portuguese nationals 7.5% resident foreigners
Religion (2021)[4]	84.8% Christianity 80.2% Catholicism 4.6% Other Christian 14.1% No religion 1.1% Others
Demonym(s)	Portuguese
Government	Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic[5]
• President	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
• Prime Minister	Luís Montenegro
Legislature	Assembly of the Republic
Establishment
• County	868
• Sovereignty	24 June 1128
• Kingdom	25 July 1139
• Treaty of Zamora	5 October 1143
• First constitution	23 September 1822
• Republic	5 October 1910
• Democratization	25 April 1974
• Current constitution	25 April 1976[a]
• EEC accession	1 January 1986
Area
• Total	92,212 km2 (35,603 sq mi)[6] (109th)
• Water (%)	1.2 (2015)[7]
Population
• 2023 estimate	10,639,726[8] (88th)
• 2021 census	10,343,066[9]
• Density	115.4/km2 (298.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$485.742 billion[10] (50th)
• Per capita	$47,070[10] (40th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$298.949 billion[10] (47th)
• Per capita	$28,969[10] (39th)
Gini (2023)	33.7[11] medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.874[12] very high (42nd)
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC (WET) UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (WEST) UTC (Atlantic/Azores)
	Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind.
Calling code	+351
ISO 3166 code	PT
Internet TLD	.pt
Preceded by National Salvation Junta
^ Mirandese, spoken in some villages of the municipality of Miranda do Douro, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro),[1] awarding it an official right-of-use.[2] Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized. ^ By country of birth ^ Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005.

Background

The carnation, the symbol of the Revolution that started the Third Portuguese Republic.

Main articles: Estado Novo (Portugal) and Carnation Revolution

In Portugal, 1926 marked the end of the First Republic, in a military coup that established an authoritarian government called Estado Novo, that was led by António de Oliveira Salazar until 1968, when he was forced to step down due to health problems. Salazar was succeeded by Marcelo Caetano. The government faced many internal and external problems, including the Portuguese Colonial War.

On 25 April 1974 a mostly bloodless coup of young military personnel forced Marcelo Caetano to step down. Most of the population of the country soon supported this uprising. It was called the Carnation Revolution because of the use of the carnation on soldiers' rifles as a symbol of peace. This revolution was the beginning of the Portuguese Third Republic. The days after the revolution saw widespread celebration for the end of 48 years of dictatorship and soon exiled politicians like Álvaro Cunhal and Mário Soares returned to the country for the celebration of May Day, in what became a symbol of the country's regained freedom.

After the revolution

Main article: Processo Revolucionário Em Curso

After the fall of the Estado Novo, differences began to emerge on which political direction the country should take, including among the military. The revolution was mainly the result of the work of a group of young officers unified under the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA). Within this group, there were several different political views, among them those represented by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and considered to be the more radical wing of the movement and those represented by Ernesto Melo Antunes, considered to be the more moderate one.

In addition to that, to ensure the success of the uprising, the MFA looked for support among the conservative sections of the military that had been disaffected with the Caetano government, chief among which were the former Head of the Armed Forces, General Francisco da Costa Gomes, and General António de Spínola. Both had been expelled from the Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas for criticizing the government.

The differing political views came to be broadly represented by three main informal groups, which included both military and civilians. However, even within these groups that shared similar political views there were considerable disagreements.

• the conservatives: within the military, represented by Costa Gomes and Spínola and within the MFA by Melo Antunes. Its civilian representatives were politicians that had been part of the Ala Liberal (Liberal Wing) of the Assembleia Nacional (National Assembly) that called for a transition to democracy, among them the future Prime-Ministers Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Francisco Pinto Balsemão.
• the socialists: that were in favour of creating a social-democratic state like those of Western Europe and were mainly represented by the Socialist Party and its leader Mário Soares.
• the communists: that were in favour of creating a communist state with an economic system similar to those of the Warsaw Pact countries. The main representative of this group within the military and the MFA was Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, while the main political party included in this group was the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), led by Álvaro Cunhal.

2000s

In 2001, António Guterres, the Prime Minister since 1995, resigned after the local elections, and after legislative elections on the following year, José Manuel Barroso was appointed as the new prime minister.^[13] In July 2004, Prime Minister Barroso resigned as prime minister to become President of the European Commission.^[14] He was succeeded by Pedro Santana Lopes, as leader of Social Democratic Party and Prime Minister of Portugal.^[15] In 2005, Socialists got a landslide victory in early elections. Socialist Party leader Jose Socrates became the new prime minister after the elections.^[16] In 2009 elections Socialist Party won re-election but lost its overall majority. In October 2009, Prime Minister Jose Socrates formed a new minority government.^[17]

The Euro

On 1 January 2002, Portugal adopted the euro as its currency in place of the escudo.^[18]

Euro 2004

Euro 2004 was held across Portugal. The final match was won by Greece against Portugal. Several new stadia were built or rebuilt for the event. This event granted Portugal an opportunity to show its hosting abilities to the rest of the world.^[19]

2006 presidential elections

The Portuguese presidential election were held on 22 January 2006 to elect a successor to the incumbent President Jorge Sampaio, who was prevented from running for a third consecutive term by the Constitution of Portugal. The result was a victory in the first round for Aníbal Cavaco Silva of the Social Democratic Party, the former prime minister, who won 50.59 per cent of the vote in the first round, just over the majority required to avoid a runoff election. Voter turnout was 62.60 per cent of eligible voters.^[20]

Economic difficulties

From 2007 to 2008 onwards, Portugal was severely affected by the European sovereign-debt crisis. The legacy of considerable borrowing from earlier years became an almost unsustainable debt for the Portuguese economy, bringing the country to the verge of bankruptcy by 2011. This resulted in urgent measures to address structural problems in the economy, raise taxes and reduce public-sector spending. Increasing unemployment also led to increased emigration.

2010s

In January 2011, Anibal Cavaco Silva was easily re-elected as President of the Republic of Portugal for a second five-year term in the first round of the election.^[21]

In 2011, due to the 2010-2014 Portuguese financial crisis, Portugal applied for EU assistance, as the third European Union country to do so, after Greece and Ireland.^[22][23]

In June 2011, center-right Passos Coelho became the new prime minister of the financially-troubled country, succeeding former Socialist Prime Minister Jose Socrates. The Social Democrat Party, led by Pedro Passos Coelho, won the parliamentary election earlier same month.^[24]

Austerity budgets included spending cuts and higher taxes, which caused worsening living standards in the country and higher unemployment to above 16%.^[25]

In October 2015 parliamentary elections, the governing centre-right coalition of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho won narrowly, but the coalition lost its absolute majority in parliament.^[26]

The new minority government led by Passos Coelho was soon toppled in a parliamentary vote. The 11-day-old government was the shortest-lived national government in the Portuguese history. In November 2015, The Socialist leader Antonio Costa became Portugal's prime minister, after forming an alliance with Communist, Green and Left Bloc parties.^[27]

In January 2016, centre-right politician Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was elected as the new president of Portugal.^[28]

In October 2016, former Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Guterres was officially appointed as the next United Nations Secretary-General. He took office on 1 January 2017, when Ban Ki-moon's second five-year term ended.^[29]

In October 2019, Prime Minister Antonio Costa won the parliamentary election. His Socialist party won the most votes, but it did not get the absolute majority in parliament. The party continued its pact with two far-left parties - the Left Bloc and the Communists. Portugal's economy had grown above the EU average and many cuts to public sector had been reversed.^[30]

2020s

In January 2021, Portugal's centre-right president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa won re-election, after taking 60.7% of the votes in the first round of the election.^[31]

In June 2021, United Nations General Assembly unanimously elected Antonio Guterres to a second five-year term as secretary-general.^[32]

The ruling Socialist Party, led by Prime Minister António Costa, won an outright majority in the January 2022 snap general election. The Socialist Party won 120 seats in the 230 seat parliament, defeating the right-wing to form the XXIII Constitutional Government of Portugal.^[33]

On 2 April 2024, the new center-right minority government, led by Prime Minister Luís Montenegro, took office, resulting from the slim victory of the Democratic Alliance in the snap election.^[34]

On 1 December 2024, former Portuguese Prime Minister, António Costa, took office as President of the European Council.^[35]

Timeline

Presidents of the Republic (1974–present)

Prime Ministers (1974–present)

Incumbent leaders

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (PSD), President of Portugal since 2016.

Luís Montenegro (PSD), Prime Minister of Portugal since 2024.

Economic data since 1980

GDP growth %

GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)

Source:^[36]

See also

• Treaties of Portugal

Notes

1. Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005.

1. Mirandese, spoken in the region of Terra de Miranda, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro),^[1] awarding it an official right-of-use.^[2] Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized.