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Mirandese language
Asturleonese language spoken in Portugal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mirandese (mirandés [miɾɐ̃ˈdɛs̺, -ɾɐn-])[note 1] is an Asturleonese[4] language or variety that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in eastern Tierra de Miranda, an ethnocultural region comprising the area around the municipalities of Miranda de l Douro, Mogadouro and Bumioso. It is extinct in Mogadouro and present in Bumioso only in some eastern villages, like Angueira. The Assembly of the Republic granted Mirandese official recognition alongside Portuguese for local matters with Law 7/99 of 29 January 1999.[5] In 2001, Mirandese was officially recognised by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages, which aims to promote the survival of the least-spoken European languages.[6]
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Mirandese has a distinct phonology, morphology and syntax. It has its roots in the local Vulgar Latin spoken in the northern Iberian Peninsula.
The language is a descendant of the Asturleonese variety spoken in the Kingdom of León and has both archaisms and innovations that differentiate it from the modern varieties of Asturleonese spoken in Spain. In recognition of these differences, and due to its political isolation from the rest of the Asturleonese-speaking territory, Mirandese has adopted a different written norm to the one used in Spain for Asturleonese.
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History
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Mirandese is a descendant of the Old Leonese language spoken in the Kingdom of León in medieval Iberia. In the early 16th century, Old Leonese began to split, alongside Galician–Portuguese, into the varieties existing today, one of them being Mirandese.
Until 1884, Mirandese was a purely spoken language, but in that year, José Leite de Vasconcelos wrote the book Flores Mirandézas (transl. Mirandese Flowers, Froles Mirandesas in Mirandese), in which he proposed a writing system for Mirandese. The system included a large number of diacritics which have helped to convey how Mirandese sounded in the 19th century.[7]
Transcribed below is a poem included in Flores Mirandézas as a sample text, "La Lhêngua Mirandéza" (transl. "The Mirandese Language", spelled "La Lhéngua Mirandesa" in the modern orthography):
In the 19th century, Leite de Vasconcelos described Mirandese as "the language of the farms, of work, home, and love between the Mirandese". Since 1986–87, it has been taught optionally to students at the primary and lower secondary level, and has thus been somewhat recovering.[8] By Law 7/99, Mirandese was given official recognition by the Assembly of the Republic alongside Portuguese. The law provides for its promotion and allows its usage for local matters in Miranda de l Douro.
In 1999, Mirandese gained its first official orthography, which was later tweaked in 2000. Today Mirandese retains speakers in most of the villages of the municipality of Miranda de l Douro and in some villages of Bumioso (such as Vilar Seco and Angueira); and some linguistic influence can be observed at other villages of the municipality of Bumioso and the municipalities of Mogadouro, Macedo de Cavaleiros and Bragança.
A 2020 survey by the University of Vigo, carried out in Miranda de l Douro, estimated the number of speakers of the language to be around 3,500, with 1,500 of them being regular speakers. The study observed strong decline in the usage of the language in younger people.[9]
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Orthography
Mirandese is written using the Latin alphabet, and its orthography is based on that of Portuguese:
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Variants
Three primary variants of the Mirandese language exist: Border Mirandese (Mirandés Raiano), Central Mirandese (Mirandés Central) and Sendinese (Sendinés). Most speakers of Mirandese also speak Portuguese.
Despite there being a singular writing system for Mirandese, there is one phoneme that is written differently in different dialects. In the Sendinese dialect, many words that in other dialects are said with /ʎ/ ⟨lh⟩, are said with /l/ ⟨l⟩: examples include alá for alhá 'over there'; lado for lhado 'side'; luç for lhuç 'light'.
The main orthographical differences between Mirandese in Portugal and the Asturleonese languages in Spain are caused by the dominant languages in each region. And while Mirandese has been influenced phonetically and in lexicon by Portuguese and the Asturleonese languages in Spain by Spanish, they retain more similarities among themselves than to the main languages of each country. Another difference is that Mirandese and Leonese remain very conservative, while Asturian has undergone a greater amount of change.[11]
Phonology
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Development
Some historical developments in Mirandese are the following:
- Mirandese maintains distinct reflexes of all seven Ibero-Romance sibilants:
- /s̺/ and /z̺/ indicate apico-alveolar sibilants (as in modern Catalan, northern/central peninsular Spanish and coastal northern European Portuguese), while /s̻/ and /z̻/ are dentalized laminal alveolar sibilants (as in most modern Portuguese, French and English). The unrelated Basque language also maintains a distinction between /s̺/ and /s̻/ (Basque has no voiced sibilants), which suggests that the distinction originally was an areal feature across Iberia.
- Portuguese spelling still distinguishes all seven sibilants and is identical to Mirandese spelling in this respect, but in pronunciation, Portuguese has reduced them to four /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ except in northern hinterland European Portuguese dialects, including those in the area where Mirandese is also spoken. Northern/central Peninsular Spanish has also reduced them to four but in quite a different way: /t͡ʃ, θ, s̺, x/. Western Andalusian Spanish and Latin American Spanish have further reduced them to three: /t͡ʃ, s̻, x/.
- Retention of the initial /f/ from Latin, like nearly all dialects of Western Romance but unlike Spanish, which underwent the sound change /f/ > /h/ > /∅/.
- Development of the Latin initial consonant clusters /pl/, /kl/, /fl/ evolve into /t͡ʃ/, as in Leonese and Galician-Portuguese.
- Development of the medial clusters /-li-/ and /-kl-/ as /-ʎ-/, like in Galician-Portuguese.
- The cluster /-mb-/ is kept.[vague]
- Development of -mn- as /m/, like in Galician-Portuguese: lūm'nem > lume.
- Preservation of the falling diphthongs /ei/, /ou/.
- Raising of final o to /u/, as in Portuguese.
- Retention of voiced sibilants, like Portuguese, but unlike Spanish.
- Retention of intervocalic /l/, /n/, like Spanish, but unlike Portuguese.
- Frequent diphthongization of Western Romance /ɛ/, /ɔ/ to /jɛ/, /wo/, as in Italian; this happens not only before palatals, as in Aragonese, but also before nasals.
- Word-initial palatalization of /l/, as in other Asturleonese languages and Catalan.
Consonants
- As stated above, the laminal dental sibilants correspond to Portuguese /s, z/. These are spelled c/ç and z. The corresponding alveolar sibilants are apical and are spelled s(s) and s. Furthermore, there is an additional palatal affricate /tʃ/ ch that is distinct from the fricative /ʃ/, spelled x. The voiced /ʒ/ is spelled j or g, as in Portuguese. Standard Portuguese has reduced all these sounds to just four fricatives: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/.
- The "hard" or "long" R is an alveolar trill /r/, as in other varieties of Asturleonese and in Spanish. The Portuguese uvular fricative [ʁ] is not found in Mirandese. The "soft" or "short" R is an ordinary alveolar tap [ɾ] commonly found in the Iberian Peninsula. As in other languages spoken in the region, the two contrast only in word-internal position.
- Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ may be lenited as fricatives [β, ð, ɣ].[13]
Vowels
Mirandese has the same basic oral and nasal vowel phonemes as European Portuguese, but with different allophones:
- /a/ has allophones of [ä, ɐ], /e/ of [ɛ, e, ɨ], and /o/ of [ɔ, o, u, ʊ]. Additionally, the nasal vowel sounds [ɨ̃, ɛ̃] are allophones of /ẽ/.
- Vowels /i, u/ can become glides [j, w] when preceding or following other vowels.[13]
Dialectal variations
Pronunciation differences between the three Mirandese dialects may be illustrated with the following example:
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Morphology
As in Portuguese, Mirandese still uses the following synthetic tenses:
- Synthetic pluperfect in -ra.
- Future subjunctive in -r(e).
- Personal infinitive in -r(e), which has the same endings as the future subjunctive but often differs as the personal infinitive always uses the infinitive stem, whereas the future subjunctive uses the past.
Influence on Transmontano Portuguese
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Mirandese was formerly spoken in the general area of the district of Bragança (Bergáncia in Mirandese), that speaks the Transmontano dialect of Portuguese. Although Mirandese has been lost in this region, it left some words and phonetic influences behind.
Words used in eastern Trás-os-Montes of (likely) Mirandese origin
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Protection measures
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The following measures have been taken to protect and develop Mirandese:
- Allow primary teaching staff in the district of Miranda de l Douro to teach in Mirandese, since 1986/1987, thanks to the ministerial authorisation published on 9 September 1985.
- Publish books in Mirandese and about the Mirandese language, promoted by the Council of Miranda de l Douro.
- Facilitate annual celebrations in the city as well as a literary competition, promoted by the Council of Miranda do Douro.
- Use Mirandese in town celebrations, official commemorations and, occasionally, on social media.
- Publish two volumes of the Asterix comic books.
- translate all the toponymic signs in Miranda do Douro, promoted by the Council of Miranda do Douro in 2006.
- develop studies by research centres in Portugal, such as "Atlas Linguístico de Portugal", by the Centro de Linguística at University of Lisbon, and "Inquérito Linguístico Boléo", by the University of Coimbra.
- Create Biquipédia, a Mirandese-language Wikipedia.
- Make sites available in Mirandese, such as Photoblog and WordPress.
- Record Mirandese music, with singers including Roberto Leal in his albums Canto da Terra (2007) and Raiç/Raíz (2010).
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Sample text
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The following is a sample text of the Mirandese language, written by Amadeu Ferreira and published in the newspaper Público on 24 July 2007.
Then a comparison of the previous text in three modern languages of the Asturoleonese group:
Superseded orthography
When Mirandese was first officially recognised and a writing system was established, it used ⟨ê⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ (like Portuguese) to represent [e] and [o] respectively in the diphthongs ⟨uô⟩ and ⟨iê⟩. These have since fallen in disuse because this rendering was only accurate in the Central and Raiano dialects, where these diphthongs read [wo] and [je], unlike in the Sendinese dialect, where they had been reduced to [u] and [i].[15]
In 2000, the "purmeira adenda" (''first addendum'') was made to the Mirandese orthography, quickly followed by a second one two years later,[16] but only the first was put to use officially, removing the glyphs ⟨ê⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ and allowing Sendinese speakers to spell their unpalatalised pronunciation of words using ⟨l⟩ instead of ⟨lh⟩, among other small changes.[17]
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Comparative table
Recognition
Mirandese, given its status as a recognised language in Portugal after Portuguese, has been the subject in recent years of some publicity and attention in other parts of Portugal. A monthly chronicle in Mirandese, by researcher and writer Amadeu Ferreira, appears in the daily Portuguese national newspaper Público. The first volume of the Adventures of Asterix, named Asterix, L Goulés (Asterix the Gaul), was published in a Mirandese translation by Amadeu Ferreira in 2005, and sold throughout Portugal. Amadeu Ferreira also translated into Mirandese the epic poem by Camões, Os Lusíadas (Ls Lusíadas), under his pseudonym Francisco Niebro, and published it in 2009.[22] In 2011, the four Gospels of the Bible's New Testament were translated into Mirandese, and in 2013 the entire Bible was translated into the language by Domingos Augusto Ferreira.[23]
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See also
Notes
- also called lhéngua mirandesa [ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ miɾɐ̃ˈdɛz̺ɐ, ˈʎɛŋ-, -ɾɐn-] in Central and Raiano, and léngua mirandesa [ˈlɛ̃ɡwɐ miɾɐ̃ˈdɛz̺ɐ, ˈlɛŋ-, -ɾɐn-] in Sendinese.
- The voiced velar nasal [ŋ] only appears intervocalically in the word ũa ('a/one' in the feminine singular), contractions including it (such as dalgũa or cũa) and their respective plurals. Therefore, [ŋ] does not have its own letter or digraph in these words, ⟨ũ⟩ representing [ũŋ] or [ʊ̃ŋ]. One could argue that [ŋ] does not even have any symbol representing it, ⟨ũ⟩ representing [ũ] or [ʊ̃] and the reader is supposed to know that the voiced velar nasal exists in said word.
References
Further reading
External links
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