Tsolyáni language

Tsolyáni is one of several languages invented by M. A. R. Barker, developed in the mid-to-late 1940s^[1][2][3] in parallel with his legendarium leading to the world of Tékumel as described in the Empire of the Petal Throne roleplaying game, published by TSR in 1975. It is detailed in The Tsolyáni Language, Part I and II.^[4]

Tsolyáni
Tsolyáni
Created by	M. A. R. Barker
Purpose	Constructed language Khíshan (fictional) Tsolyáni
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None
IETF	art-x-tsolyani
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

It was the first constructed language ever published as part of a role-playing game^{[citation needed]} and draws its inspiration from Urdu, Pashto, Mayan and Nahuatl. The last influence can be seen in the inclusion of the sounds hl [ɬ] and tl [tɬ]. One exact borrowing from a real-world source is the Tsolyáni noun root sákbe, referring to the fortified highways of the Five Empires; it is the same word as the Yucatec Maya sacbe, referring to the raised paved roads constructed by the pre-Columbian Maya. Another close borrowing is from the Nahuatl word tlatoani, referring to a leader of an Aztec state (e.g. Montezuma); it is similar to the clan-name of the Tsolyáni emperors, Tlakotáni.

Alphabet

Tsolyáni is written in an offshoot of the Engsvanyáli script which was developed by Barker in parallel with the language, being very close to its modern-day form by 1950.^[1][3] It is read from right-to-left and is constructed like the Arabic script. The consonants each have 4 different forms: isolate, initial, medial, and final; the 6 vowels and 3 diphthongs each only have an independent initial form, while diacritical marks are used for medial and final vowels.^[4]

Each letter in the Tsolyáni Engsvanyáli script now has a name—each consonant is surrounded by a coordinating vowel: labials in u-u, dentals in a-a, apicals in i-i, laminals in e-e, velars in o-o-, and the remaining (uvulars, glottals, ... etc.) in ü-ü:

In IPA	Letter Name	Final	Medial	Initial	Isolate	IPA	Translit	In IPA	Letter Name	Final	Medial	Initial	Isolate	IPA	Translit
/o·ko/	oko					/k/	k	/u·pu/	upu					/p/	p
/o·ɡo/	ogo					/ɡ/	g	/u·bu/	ubu					/b/	b
/o·xo/	okho					/x/	kh	/u·mu/	umu					/m/	m
/o·ɣo/	ogho					/ɣ/	gh	/u·fu/	ufu					/f/	f
/y·qy/	üqü					/q/	q	/u·vu/	uvu					/v/	v
/y·hy/	ühü					/h/	h	/u·wu/	uwu					/w/	w
/o·ŋo/	ongo					/ŋ/	ng	/a·t̪a/	ata					/t̪/	t
/y·ʔy·hy/	üꞌühü					/ʔ/	ꞌ	/a·d̪a/	ada					/d̪/	d
/i·tsi/	itsi					/ts/	ts	/a·n̪a/	ana					/n̪/	n
/i·ɬi/	itli					/ɬ/	tl	/a·θa/	atha					/θ/	th
/i·si/	isi					/s/	s	/a·ða/	adha					/ð/	dh
/i·ʃi/	ishi					/ʃ/	sh	/e·tʃe/	eche					/tʃ/	ch
/i·zi/	izi					/z/	z	/e·dʒe/	eje					/dʒ/	j
/i·ʒi/	izhi					/ʒ/	zh	/eʰ·je/	ehye					/j/	y
/e·ʂe/	esse					/ʂ/	ss	/a·l̪a/	ala					/l̪/	l
/a·r̪a/	ara					/r̪/	r	/i·ƚi/	ihli					/ƚ/	hl
								/y·ɭy/	üllü					/ɭ/	ll

The vowels have their names echoing in n-n, while ü (/y/ or /ɯ/) and the diphthongs echo in m-ꞌ. These have only an isolate/initial independent letter, and are denoted by marks when falling medially or finally within a word or name:

In IPA	Vowel Name	Vowel Sign	Vowel Letter	IPA	Translit	In IPA	Vowel Name	Vowel Sign	Vowel Letter	IPA	Translit
/nu·nu/	nunu			/u/	u	/ni·ni/	nini			/i/	i
/my·my/	mümü			/y/~/ɯ/	ü	/na·naʰ/	nanah			/a/	a
/ne·neʰ/	neneh			/e/	e	/no·noʰ/	nonoh			/o/	o
/moɪ·ʔoɪ/	moiꞌoi			/oɪ/	oi	/maʊ·ʔaʊ/	mauꞌau			/aʊ/	au
						/maɪ·ʔaɪ/	maiꞌai			/aɪ/	ai

Here are the numeral symbols the Tsolyáni use:

In IPA	Name	Numeral	Numerical Value	In IPA	Name	Numeral	Numerical Value	In IPA	Name	Numeral	Numerical Value
/ˈɬe/	tlé		10	/ˈɬo/	tló		5				0
/m̹ˈriˌkta/	mríkta		100	/ˈɡa·ˌbi/	gábi		6	/ˈpru/	prú		1
/ˌtaʊ·ˈknel/	tauknél		1,000	/h̹ˈru/	hrú		7	/ˈɡa/	gá		2
/ˈɬe·ˌtaʊ·ˈknel/	tlétauknél		10,000	/ˈɡa·ˌmi/	gámi		8	/ˈbi/	bí		3
/m̹ˈri·ˌkta·ˌtaʊ·ˈknel/	mríktatauknél		100,000	/ˌpru·ˈɬe/	prutlé		9	/m̹ˈri/	mrí		4
/jyr·dyn/	yürdün		1,000,000

The punctuation signs used in Tsolyáni include:

!	?	.	,	" ' ' "	-	; :

Phonology

Tsolyáni has an unusual sound system, with elements blended from Arabic, Urdu, Pashto, and Mayan.

CONSONANTS

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
				central	lateral
Plosives	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩		t ⟨t⟩					k ⟨k⟩	q ⟨q⟩	ʔ ⟨’⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩		d ⟨d⟩					ɡ ⟨g⟩
Affricates	voiceless	(ps ⟨ps⟩)		ts ⟨ts⟩	tɬ ⟨tl⟩	tʃ ⟨ch⟩			(ks ⟨ks⟩)
	voiced	(bz ⟨bz⟩)		(dz ⟨dz⟩)	(dɬ ⟨dl⟩)	dʒ ⟨j⟩			(ɡz ⟨gz⟩)
Fricatives	voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	θ ⟨th⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ɬ ⟨hl⟩	ʃ ⟨sh⟩	ʂ ⟨ss⟩		x ⟨kh⟩		h ⟨h⟩
	voiced	v ⟨v⟩	ð ⟨dh⟩	z ⟨z⟩		ʒ ⟨zh⟩			ɣ ⟨gh⟩
Nasals		m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩					ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Rhotics	tap			ɾ ⟨r⟩
	trill			r ⟨rr⟩
Approximants		w ⟨w⟩			l ⟨l⟩			j ⟨y⟩

VOWELS

	Front		Central		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
High	i ⟨i⟩	y ~ ɯ ⟨ü⟩				u ⟨u⟩
Mid	e ⟨e⟩	ø ~ ɤ ⟨ö⟩	ə ~ ɜ ⟨ë⟩			o ⟨o⟩
Low			a ⟨a⟩			ɔ ~ ɒ ⟨å⟩

Diphthongs used by Tsolyáni: ai /aɪ/, oi /oɪ/, au /aʊ/; those in use in related conlangs include: ea /eɑ/, ia /ɪɑ/, eo /eɔ/.

Related conlangs

Tsolyáni was the only Tékumeláni language that had a full grammar book, dictionary, pronunciation tapes (now on CD) and a primer, all publicly released. Yet it was not the only language Barker developed for his imaginary world. He also wrote grammar guides and partial vocabularies for several other languages he developed for it: Yán Koryáni, Livyáni, Engsvanyáli and Sunúz. In the world of Tékumel, the first two are the languages of the modern nations of Yán Kór and Livyánu, respectively. Engsvanyáli is a dead language, an ancestor of Tsolyáni and many other modern Tékumeláni languages; knowledge of it is considered prestigious, and it is used in literary, liturgical, sorcerous, and scholarly contexts. Sunúz is an obscure language, used for sorcerous purposes; it contains terms to describe movement in a supposed six-dimensional multi-planar space, something of use to the fictional beings who visit the other planar realms where demons live.

Barker also wrote articles on the scripts for other languages of Tékumel.

The Yán Koryáni Block Script

CONSONANTS

/p/

/b/

/t̪/

/d̪/

/k/

/ɡ/

/ʔ/

/f/

/v/

/s/

/z/

/θ/

/ð/

/ʷ/

p

b

t

d

k

g

ꞌ

f

v

s

z

th

dh

-w

pu

bu

ta

da

ko

go

'ishta

fu

vu

si

zi

tha

dha

labializer

/ʃ/

/ʒ/

/ʂ/

/x/

/ɣ/

/q/

/h/

/m/

/n/

/ɲ/

/ɳ/

/ŋ/

/w/

/ʲ/

sh

zh

ss

kh

gh

q

h

m

n

ñy

nn

ng

w

-y

shi

zhi

ehsse

kho

gho

qü

hü

mu

na

nye

nnü

ngo

wu

palatalizer

/j/

/r̪/

/l̪/

/ɬ/

/ɭ/

/c/~/tʃ/

/ɟ/~/dʒ/

/ts/

/dz/

/tɬ/

/dɮ/

/ˀ/

y

r

l

hl

ll

ch

j

ts

dz

tl

dl

-ꞌ

ye

ra

la

hli

llü

che

je

tsi

dzi

tli

dli

glottalizer

The labialization sign may be used with most of the consonants (outside of: ꞌ, ss, ñy, w, and y).

/pʷ/

/bʷ/

/t̪ʷ/

/d̪ʷ/

/kʷ/

/ɡʷ/

/qʷ/

/hʷ/

pw

bw

tw

dw

kw

gw

qw

hw

The palatalization sign may also be used with most consonants (outside of: ꞌ, ss, ñy, w, and y).

/pʲ/

/bʲ/

/t̪ʲ/

/d̪ʲ/

/kʲ/

/ɡʲ/

/l̪ʲ/

/r̪ʲ/

py

by

ty

dy

ky

gy

ly

ry

The glottalization sign is usually employed on the tenue and affricate letters; it is occasionally seen elsewhere.

/pˀ/

/bˀ/

/t̪ˀ/

/d̪ˀ/

/kˀ/

/ɡˀ/

/qˀ/

/cˀ/~/tʃˀ/

/tsˀ/

/tɬ/

pꞌ

bꞌ

tꞌ

dꞌ

kꞌ

gꞌ

qꞌ

chꞌ

tsꞌ

tƚꞌ

The labialization with glottalization signs may both be employed on the tenue and affricate letters.

/pʷˀ/

/bʷˀ/

/t̪ʷˀ/

/d̪ʷˀ/

/kʷˀ/

/ɡʷˀ/

/qʷˀ/

/cʷˀ/~/tʃʷˀ/

/tsʷˀ/

/tɬʷˀ/

pwꞌ

bwꞌ

twꞌ

dwꞌ

kwꞌ

gwꞌ

qwꞌ

chwꞌ

tswꞌ

tƚꞌ

The palatalization with glottalization signs may both also be used on the tenue and affricate letters.

/pʲˀ/

/bʲˀ/

/t̪ʲˀ/

/d̪ʲˀ/

/kʲˀ/

/ɡʲˀ/

/qʲˀ/

/cʲˀ/~/tʃʲˀ/

/tsʲˀ/

/tɬʲˀ/

pyꞌ

byꞌ

tyꞌ

dyꞌ

kyꞌ

gyꞌ

qyꞌ

chyꞌ

tsyꞌ

tƚyꞌ

VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS

The vowels are named an, en, in, on, un, üm, ëm, öm, äm, and åm; the diphthongs have the names of aum, aim, eam, oim, iam, and eom.

/a/	/e/	/i/	/o/	/u/	/y/	/ə/	/ø/	/æ/	/ɔ/
a	e	i	o	u	ü	ë	ö	ä	å
/aː/	/eː/	/iː/	/oː/	/uː/	/yː/	/əː/	/øː/	/æː/	/ɔː/
ā	ē	ī	ō	ū	ǖ	ë̄	ȫ	ǟ	å̄
/ã/	/ẽ/	/ĩ/	/õ/	/ũ/	/ỹ/	/ə̃/	/ø̃/	/æ̃/	/ɔ̃/
ã	ẽ	ĩ	õ	ũ	ü̃	ë̃	ö̃	ä̃	å̃
/aʊ/	/aɪ/	/ea/	/oɪ/	/ɪa/	/eo/
au	ai	ea	oi	ia	eo

The Sunúz Epilapidary Script

In IPA	Letter Name	Letter	IPA	Translit	In IPA	Letter Name	Letter	IPA	Translit
/ko·l̪a·r̪a/	kolara		/k/	k	/pu·l̪a·r̪a/	pulara		/p/	p
/ɡo·l̪a·r̪a/	golara		/ɡ/	g	/bu·l̪a·r̪a/	bulara		/b/	b
/xo·l̪a·r̪a/	kholara		/x/	kh	/mu·l̪a·r̪a/	mulara		/m/	m
/ɣo·l̪a·r̪a/	gholara		/ɣ/	gh	/fu·l̪a·r̪a/	fulara		/f/	f
/qy·l̪a·r̪a/	qülara		/q/	q	/vu·l̪a·r̪a/	vulara		/v/	v
/hy·l̪a·r̪a/	hülara		/h/	h	/wu·l̪a·r̪a/	wulara		/w/	w
/ŋo·l̪a·r̪a/	ngolara		/ŋ/	ng	/t̪a·l̪a·r̪a/	talara		/t̪/	t
/ʔiʃ·t̪a·ne·qu/	ꞌishtanequ		/ʔ/	ꞌ	/d̪a·l̪a·r̪a/	dalara		/d̪/	d
/e·tsi·l̪a·r̪a/	etsilara		/ts/	ts	/n̪a·l̪a·r̪a/	nalara		/n̪/	n
/e·ɬi·l̪a·r̪a/	etlilara		/ɬ/	tl	/θa·l̪a·r̪a/	thalara		/θ/	th
/e·si·l̪a·r̪a/	esilara		/s/	s	/ða·l̪a·r̪a/	dhalara		/ð/	dh
/e·ʃi·l̪a·r̪a/	eshilara		/ʃ/	sh	/e·tʃe·l̪a·r̪a/	echelara		/tʃ/	ch
/e·zi·l̪a·r̪a/	ezilara		/z/	z	/e·dʒe·l̪a·r̪a/	ejelara		/dʒ/	j
/e·ʒi·l̪a·r̪a/	ezhilara		/ʒ/	zh	/je·l̪a·r̪a/	yelara		/j/	y
/e·ʂe·l̪a·r̪a/	esselara		/ʂ/	ss	/l̪a·l̪a·r̪a/	lalara		/l̪/	l
/r̪a·l̪a·r̪a/	ralara		/r̪/	r	/e·ƚi·l̪a·r̪a/	ehlilara		/ƚ/	hl
					/e·ɭy·l̪a·r̪a/	ellülara		/ɭ/	ll
/u·nu·xa·mu/	unukhamu		/u/	u	/i·ni·xa·mu/	inikhamu		/i/	i
/y·my·xa·mu/	ümükhamu		/y/~/ɯ/	ü	/a·na·xa·mu/	anakhamu		/a/	a
/e·ne·xa·mu/	enekhamu		/e/	e	/o·no·xa·mu/	onokhamu		/o/	o
/oɪ·moɪ·xa·mu/	oimoikhamu		/oɪ/	oi	/aʊ·maʊ·xa·mu/	aumaukhamu		/aʊ/	au
					/aɪ·maɪ·xa·mu/	aimaikhamu		/aɪ/	ai
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
.