Voiced palatal plosive

"ɟ" redirects here. For turned F (Ⅎ) used as a letter of the alphabet, see Claudian letters.

A voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩.

Voiced palatal plosive
ɟ
IPA number	108
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɟ
Unicode (hex)	U+025F
X-SAMPA	J\
Braille
Image

Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive
d̠ʲ
ɟ̟

If a distinction is necessary, a voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed ⟨d̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨d⟩). There is also a non-IPA letter U+0221 ȡ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL; ⟨ȡ⟩ ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) that is used especially in Sinological circles.

[ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ] because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge.^[1] It is also common for the symbol ⟨ɟ⟩ to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive.

Features

Features of a voiced palatal stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
• Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind the alveolar ridge.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian[2]		gjuha	[ˈɟuha]	'tongue'	Merged with [d͡ʒ] in Gheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian.[3]
Arabic	Some Northern Yemeni dialects[4]	جمل	[ˈɟamal]	'camel'	Corresponds to [d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ ɡ ~ j] in other varieties. See Arabic phonology
	Rural and some urban Sudanese speakers[4]
	Upper Egypt[4]
Aramaic	some Urmian & Koine speakers	ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ	[ɟoːrɑ]	'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person	Corresponds to /ɡ/ or /d͡ʒ/ in other dialects.
	some Northern speakers		[ɟaʊrɑ]
Azerbaijani		گۆنش/günəş	[ɟyˈnæʃ]	'sun'
Basque		anddere	[äɲɟe̞ɾe̞]	'doll'
Breton	Gwenedeg	gwenn	[ɟɥɛ̃n]	'white'	Realization of /g/ before front vowels.
Bulgarian		гьол	[ɟoɫ]	'swamp'	Palatalized [g] in Standard Bulgarian, may also be realized as [gj] by some speakers. See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan	Majorcan[5][6]	guix	[ˈɟi̞ɕ]	'chalk'	Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Corsican		fighjulà	[viɟɟuˈla]	'to watch'
Czech		dělám	[ˈɟ̟ɛlaːm]	'I do'	Alveolo-palatal.[7] See Czech phonology
Dinka		jir	[ɟir]	'blunt'
Ega[8]		[ɟé]		'become numerous'
Friulian		gjat	[ɟat]	'cat'
Ganda		jjajja	[ɟːaɟːa]	'grandfather'
Hausa		gyara	[ɟːarːa]	'repair'
Hungarian[9]		gyám	[ɟäːm]	'guardian'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish		Gaeilge	[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]	'Irish language'	See Irish phonology
Latvian		ģimene	[ˈɟime̞ne̞]	'family'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian		раѓање	[ˈraɟaɲɛ]	'birth'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay	Kelantan-Pattani	تراجڠ/terajang	[tə.ɣa.ɟɛ̃ː]	'kick'	See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Munji		ڱب	[ɟɪb]	'lost'
Norwegian	Central[10]	fadder	[fɑɟːeɾ]	'godparent'	See Norwegian phonology
	Northern[10]
Occitan	Auvergnat	diguèt	[ɟiˈɡɛ]	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	See Occitan phonology
	Limousin	dissèt	[ɟiˈʃɛ]
Pitjantjatjara		Pitjantjatjara	[ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa]		See Pitjantjatjara dialect
Sicilian		travagghju	[ʈɽɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠] or [ʈ͡ʂɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠]	'job, task'
Slovak		ďaleký	[ˈɟ̟äɫe̞kiː]	'far'	Alveolo-palatal.[11][12] See Slovak phonology
Turkish		güneş	[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]ⓘ	'sun'	See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese	North-central dialect	da	[ɟa˧]	'skin'	See Vietnamese phonology
Wu	Taizhou dialect	共/gion6	[ɟyoŋ]	'together'

Post-palatal

Voiced post-palatal plosive
ɟ˗
ɡ᫈
Audio sample
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There is also a voiced post-palatal plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as ⟨ɟ̠⟩, ⟨ɟ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɟ⟩), ⟨ɡ̟⟩, ⟨ɡ˖⟩, or ⟨ɡ᫈⟩ (all symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɡ⟩).

Especially in broad transcription, a voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive ⟨ɡʲ⟩. Otto Bremer used ꬶ in the year 1893 in his phonetic transcription, but he superseded it with g̑.

Features

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
• Its place of articulation is post-palatal, also called retracted palatal, backed palatal, palato-velar, pre-velar, advanced velar or front(ed-)velar, which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan[13]		guix	[ˈɡ̟i̞ɕ]	'chalk'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.[13] See Catalan phonology
English[14][15]		geese	[ɡ̟iːs]ⓘ	'geese'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and /j/.[14][15] See English phonology
Greek[16]		μετάγγιση/metággisi	[me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i]	'transfusion'	Post-palatal.[16] See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Standard[17]	ghianda	[ˈɡ̟jän̪ːd̪ä]	'acorn'	Post-palatal; allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, ɛ, j/.[17] See Italian phonology
Japanese		銀/gin	[ɡʲiɴ]ⓘ	'silver'
Portuguese		amiguinho	[ɐmiˈɡ̟ĩɲu]	'little buddy'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[18]		ghimpe	[ˈɡ̟impe̞]	'thorn'	Both an allophone of /ɡ/ before /i, e, j/ and the phonetic realization of /ɡʲ/.[18] See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard[19]	герб/gerb	[ɡ̟e̞rp]	'coat of arms'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡʲ⟩. See Russian phonology
Spanish[20]		guía	[ˈɡ̟i.ä]	'guidebook'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.[20] See Spanish phonology
Yanyuwa[21]		[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]		'sacred'	Post-palatal.[21] Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions.

See also

• Index of phonetics articles