Washington University in St. Louis
Private university in St. Louis, Missouri, US From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Washington University in St. Louis (WashU) is a private research university in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Established in 1853 by a group of civic leaders, it was named for George Washington. The university spans 355 acres across its Danforth and Medical campuses.
| |
Former name |
|
|---|---|
| Motto | Per veritatem vis (Latin) |
Motto in English | "Strength through truth" |
| Type | Private research university |
| Established | February 22, 1853 |
| Accreditation | HLC |
Academic affiliations | |
| Endowment | $12.0 billion (FY24)[1] |
| Chancellor | Andrew D. Martin |
| Provost | Beverly Wendland |
Academic staff | 4,551 (2024)[2] |
Administrative staff | 17,979 (2024)[2] |
| Students | 16,399 (fall 2024)[2] |
| Undergraduates | 8,243 (fall 2024)[2] |
| Postgraduates | 7,289 (fall 2024)[2] |
| Location | , Missouri , United States 38.648°N 90.305°W |
| Campus | Large suburb[3], 355 acres (1.44 km2) |
| Newspaper | Student Life |
| Colors | Red and green[4] |
| Nickname | Bears |
Sporting affiliations | |
| Mascot | Bear |
| Website | washu.edu |
 | |
| ASN | 2552 |
Washington University comprises eight schools, including Arts and Sciences, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Olin Business School, Washington University School of Medicine, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University School of Law, School of Continuing & Professional Studies, and Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts. It offers more than 150 undergraduate, 80 master's and professional, and 50 doctoral degree programs. As of 2024, Washington University enrolled approximately 16,400 students representing all 50 U.S. states and more than 110 countries.
A member of the Association of American Universities since 1923, Washington University is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". [5][6] The university's athletic teams, the Washington University Bears compete in NCAA Division III as founding members of the University Athletic Association.
As of 2024, 26 Nobel laureates, 11 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 United States Poets Laureate, and 6 MacArthur Fellows have been affiliated with the university as faculty or alumni.[7] Washington University alumni also include 17 university presidents, 21 members of the United States Congress, 30 Rhodes Scholars, 20 Truman Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 2 Churchill Scholars.[8][9][10][11]
History
Summarize
Perspective
19th Century
Founding and early years
Washington University was founded in 1853 by 17 St. Louis business, religious, and political leaders concerned by the lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest.[12] State Senator Wayman Crow[13] and Unitarian minister William Greenleaf Eliot, grandfather of poet T. S. Eliot,[14] led the effort.[15] Crow secured the university charter,[16] and Eliot was named president of the board of trustees, with Crow serving as vice president.[12]Joseph Gibson Hoyt became the university's inaugural chancellor.[17]
Unlike most American institutions, Washington University initially lacked a financial endowment and did not have the backing of a religious organization, wealthy patron, or government support.[18]
Originally called Eliot Seminary, the name faced opposition from Eliot himself, who favored a nonsectarian identity for the institution.[12] To address this, Eliot appointed a subcommittee consisting of himself and Samuel Treat to recommend a new name.[12] The subcommittee proposed Washington Institute, in honor of George Washington, the nation’s first president, as the charter had been granted on his birthday, February 22.[19] The board unanimously approved the proposal, as Washington was revered as the "Father of his country".[19] In 1856, the board officially amended its name to Washington University.[20]
Growth and expansion
For its first 50 years, Washington University was located in downtown St. Louis.[21] Initially, it functioned primarily as a night school and did not have its building, faculty, or established course offerings.[22] The university’s directors had purchased a three-acre site at the southwest corner of Seventeenth Street and Washington Avenue, the first building was not completed until 1856.[22] During this period, classes were held in the Benton Schoolhouse, a facility loaned by the public school board, which also covered utility costs and installed gas lighting for evening classes.[22]
Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the O'Fallon Evening School, with tuition offered free of charge.[15][22] By the end of the first year, two hundred seventy students had enrolled whose ages ranged from eight years old to forty-six years old.[22] The university hired four teachers from the public school system; two of whom later became the university's first full-time faculty members.[22]
In 1856, Eliot and other trustees established a preparatory academic department for boys.[23] In 1859, a preparatory female department was established.[23] In recognition of Eliot’s leadership, the University insisted on naming it the Mary Institute, in honor of his daughter.[23] In 1879, the academic department for boys was named Smith Academy.[23]
Washington University's law school (originally known as The St. Louis Law School) was the first undergraduate division of the University to admit women and is believed to be among the first U.S. law schools to do so.[24] In 1869, Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins enrolled.[24] Barkeloo passed the Missouri bar exam in her first year and did not complete the program, while Couzins earned her LL.B. in 1871, becoming one of the first women in the country to do so.[24] The consistent admission of women did not take place until 17 years later.[24]
In 1871, Eliot was named the third chancellor of Washington University.[25] The School of Art and Design was established.[26] In 1874, the general assembly granted diploma privilege to Washington University and University of Missouri.[24] When the legislature reintroduced a bar exam for all candidates in 1879, the law school catalog emphasized that the courts had ruled the diploma privilege still applied despite the new law.[24]
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In 1879, the St. Louis Manual Training School of Washington University[27] became the first manual training school established in the United States.[28] The time was divided equally between manual training and school work.[28]
Facing declining enrollment in the 1870s, the university sought to strengthen ties with local preparatory schools and revised its admissions policies.[29] By 1880, graduates from select high schools could enter by certificate rather than examination.[29] The College also introduced the Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B) degree as a more flexible alternative to the traditional Bachelor of Arts, with greater emphasis on science, history, and English.[29] Lectures and written exams replaced traditional oral recitations, and completing a senior thesis became a requirement for graduation.[29] Admitting women had a greater impact on enrollment than any academic reforms.[30] After a unanimous faculty vote, the first woman enrolled in 1870; by the 1890s, women were the main drivers of the college’s growth.[30]
During Eliot’s presidency, student organizations at Washington University rose and fell quickly due to a lack of institutional support.[31] Athletics were especially unstable, with clubs like baseball and rowing repeatedly forming and disbanding, though individual sports gained steadier traction with the building of gyms and hiring of instructors.[31] A major shift occurred in 1890 when the Washington University Athletic Association (established in 1884) embraced intercollegiate football.[31]
By 1892, Washington University reduced the number of prescribed courses for the A.B. degree from 40 out of 45 to 8 out of 38, providing students much more freedom to choose their academic paths.[32] This shift in policy also led to the abolition of alternative degrees like the Ph.B. and contributed to the creation of many new courses.[32] Within twelve years, the number of course offerings in the College had tripled.[32]
Washington University’s decision to purchase a tract of land for its new campus was driven by the rapid growth of St. Louis and the decreasing availability of suitable locations.[33] The land, though uneven, was acquired for $185,000, with financing arranged through a loan and the sale of University stock, backed by private guarantees.[33] The University then enlisted the Olmsted firm to design the campus, beginning with two landscape plans in 1895, marking the beginning of the architects' significant influence on both the campus’s development and the University’s policies.[33] By 1897, the university formally announced plans in its catalog to move the Undergraduate Department to a new site north and west of Forest Park.[34]
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Medical College affiliation
In 1891, after an initial rejection, the St. Louis Medical College renewed its efforts to affiliate with Washington University.[35] The medical faculty, seeking to advance the institution, successfully negotiated the terms, and by April 1891, the medical college became the "Medical Department of Washington University".[35] Recognizing that university affiliation would enhance its status and educational quality, the medical college sought to distinguish itself from other local medical schools.[36]
In 1892, the Missouri Dental College, with a curriculum closely aligned with the St. Louis Medical College, also affiliated with Washington University.[37] The dental school’s first-year curriculum was almost identical to the medical college’s, and medical and dental students often attended classes together.[37] Graduates of the dental college could earn an M.D. degree after an additional year of study, making the affiliation a natural next step.[37]
In 1899, the Missouri Medical College, established in 1840 as the oldest medical school west of the Mississippi in conjunction with Kemper College, merged with the St. Louis Medical College, completing the foundation for Washington University’s health programs.[38] The merger doubled medical school enrollment.[39] It also provided greater access to hospital beds for clinical work and expanded physical facilities, including the conversion of a Missouri Medical College building into Washington University’s first hospital.[39]
University seal
In 1896, Holmes Smith, professor of Drawing and History of Art, designed what became the basis for university seal.[40] The seal is made up of elements from the Washington family coat of arms, an open book representing knowledge, and the symbol of Louis IX, whom the city is named after.[40]
_seen_from_the_southeast_with_the_Italian_Pavilion_in_the_foreground.jpg)
_on_the_grounds_of_the_1904_World's_Fair.jpg)
20th century
The cornerstone of the first building, Busch Hall was laid on October 20, 1900.[41] Construction of additional buildings, including Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter.[42] Washington University postponed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and 1904 Summer Olympics.[42] Robert S. Brookings, president of the board, leased the first five University buildings to the Fair.[43] The $750,000 generated from the lease was then used to fund the construction of four additional buildings, which were also used by the Fair.[44]
In 1909, the College introduced reforms that imposed limitations on student choice, including mandating a distribution of courses, requiring advanced studies for graduation, and capping how much concentration a student could have in a single field of study.[45]
Early in its history, the School of Medicine formalized partnerships with Barnes Hospital (1911) and St. Louis Children's Hospital (1912).[46] These agreements required hospital staffs to consist entirely of University faculty, while granting the University access to patients for clinical instruction and research.[46] In return, Washington University pledged to construct and maintain modern medical facilities and laboratories adjacent to the hospitals.[46] In 1915, the university completed a new medical complex on Kingshighway.[47] Three years later, Aphrodite Jannopoulo, Carol Skinner Cole, and Faye Cashatt became the first women to enroll as medical students.[47]
In 1922, Arthur Holly Compton, head of the Department of Physics, conducted a series of experiments in the basement of Eads Hall that demonstrated the particle concept of electromagnetic radiation.[48] Compton's discovery, known as the "Compton Effect," earned him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927.[49]
In 1923, Washington University became a member of the Association of American Universities.[5]
In 1945, four African American students were denied admission to the university's summer school, prompting the NAACP and the city of St. Louis to file a lawsuit challenging the institution's tax-exempt status.[50] The suit argued that the university's segregationist policies violated its obligations as a tax-exempt entity.[50] Although the legal action did not succeed, it marked a significant moment in the university's history, compelling its board of directors to publicly address the issue of segregation for the first time.[50]
Compton returned to Washington University in 1946 as the ninth chancellor after 22 years at the University of Chicago.[51] He reestablished the Washington University football team and emphasized a "strictly amateur" athletic policy with no athletic scholarships.[52] Under Compton, the university saw significant enrollment growth, driven by World War II veterans using the G.I. Bill.[52]
Before the board could fully respond, the initiative for desegregation was taken up by individual deans and departments.[53] In June 1947, the medical school sought retroactive approval for admitting an African American student to a postgraduate course in ophthalmology, which the board granted.[53] That same year, President Harry S. Truman's Commission on Higher Education recommended repealing segregation laws in higher education.[54] Although the first African American student did not begin undergraduate medical studies until 1951, by then, the medical school had already appointed African Americans to its part-time clinical faculty and named Ernest S. Sims as the first African American to hold a full-time academic appointment in the university.[53]
Similarly, the School of Social Work, whose dean had expressed support for desegregation as early as 1945, began admitting African American students in December 1947.[53] The graduate school followed suit a few months later.[53] In 1949, students formed the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN).[54] In May 1949, SCAN conducted a poll in which nearly one-third of the student body participated, with 77 percent expressing support for ending segregation.[54] By the winter of 1949, racial tests for admission were abolished in all postbaccalaureate programs on the hilltop campus.[53] The dentistry school followed in early 1950, marking further strides toward desegregation across the university.[53] On May 9, 1952, racial tests for admissions to undergraduate programs were abolished.[55]
On March 5, 1958, the Board of Directors approved HOK’s plans for four residence halls and a food service building.[56] Work on the South 40 site commenced before Independence Day.[56] The project was completed in four phases.[56] Each wave of construction expanded residential capacity: the first group of dormitories accommodated nearly 600 students, the second added another 600, and subsequent phases continued to increase housing availability on campus.[56] With additional on-campus housing, the university, which had been predominantly attended by commuter students, began attracting a greater number of applicants from across the nation.[57] By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.[58]
In the late 1960s, Black students at Washington University in St. Louis faced racism, isolation, and harassment, both in academic settings and from campus police, which led to the formation of the Association of Black Collegians (ABC).[59] In December 1968, after student Elbert Walton was violently mistreated by campus police, ABC organized a sit-in at the police office, later expanding their occupation to the basement of Brookings Hall.[59] After arrests and negotiations, the university expanded diversity efforts, including the establishment of the department of African and African-American Studies.[59][54]
In May 1970, Washington University experienced significant student unrest in response to the U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State shooting.[60] On the evening of May 4, a large meeting in Brookings Quadrangle led to a march of 1,200 to 1,500 students toward the AFROTC building.[60] The building was subsequently damaged by a rock-throwing crowd and set on fire in the early hours of May 5.[60] County firemen extinguished the fire after initial attempts by the Clayton Fire Department were hindered by protestors.[60]
In 1971, the board of trustees appointed Chancellor William Henry Danforth, who guided the university through a time of social and financial crisis and improved community relationships.[61] During his 24-year chancellorship, he established 70 new endowed professorships, constructed dozens of buildings, secured a $1.72 billion endowment, and tripled the amount of student scholarships.[62] Under Danforth, Washington University transitioned from a commuter college to a world-renowned institution.[62]
To better distinguish itself in national media, the university's board of trustees added the phrase "in St. Louis" in 1976.[63]
In 1995, Mark S. Wrighton, former provost at MIT, was elected the university's 14th chancellor.[61] During Chancellor Wrighton's tenure undergraduate applications to Washington University more than doubled.[64] Since 1995, the university has added more than 190 endowed professorships, revamped its Arts & Sciences curriculum, and completed more than 30 new buildings.[64]
21st century
In 2001, the Center for Advanced Medicine was opened.[65] The Center also included the Siteman Cancer Center.[65]
Previously the Hilltop Campus, it was renamed the Danforth Campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth.[66][67]
In Fall 2006, the St. Louis Metro opened the Cross–County extension of its light rail MetroLink system.[68] Three of the nine new stations directly serve the university (Skinker,[69] University City-Big Bend,[69] and Forsyth).[70] On July 1, 2006, the university began offering free Metro passes—the U Pass—to all full-time students, benefits-eligible faculty and staff, and full-time employees of qualified service providers.[71]
In June 2019, Andrew D. Martin, former dean of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at the University of Michigan, was elected the university's 15th chancellor.[72] On the day of his inauguration, Martin announced the "WashU Pledge", a financial aid program providing a cost-free undergraduate education to full-time Missouri and southern Illinois students who are either Pell Grant-eligible or from families with annual incomes of $75,000 or less annually.[73][74][75][76]
In March 2024, Washington University agreed to purchase the campus of neighboring Fontbonne University when it closes in 2025.[77] Washington University spent $39 million to acquire Fontbonne's 16 acre campus.[78]
U.S. presidential and vice-presidential debates
Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice presidential debates than any other institution in history.[79] The campus has been the venue for four presidential debates, and one vice-presidential debate: the inaugural 1992 presidential debate on October 11, 1992,[80] the third 2000 Presidential debate on October 17,[80] the second 2004 Presidential debate on October 8,[80] the sole 2008 Vice Presidential debate between Joe Biden and Sarah Palin on October 2,[81] and the second 2016 Presidential debate on October 9.[82][83][84] A 1996 debate was scheduled but canceled when the number of debates was reduced to two.[85][86]
Organization and administration
From its inception, Washington University has been governed by an independent board of trustees which, by charter, appoints its own members.[87]
Washington University's reputation was enhanced by two major fundraising efforts since the 1980s. From 1983 to 1987, the "Alliance for Washington University" campaign raised $630.5 million, which was then the most successful fund-raising effort in national history.[88] From 1998 to 2004, the "Campaign for Washington University" raised $1.55 billion, which was applied to additional scholarships, professorships, and research initiatives.[89]
In 2005, Washington University established the McDonnell International Scholars Academy, an international network of research universities, with an initial endowment gift of $10 million from John F. McDonnell.[90][91][92] Initially, it began with 15 partner institutions in Asia.[92] As of 2022, it had more than 30 partner institutions around the world.[93]
Washington University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[94][95]
Campuses
Summarize
Perspective
Danforth
In 1899, the university held a national design competition for the new campus.[41] The Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson, known for their work at the University of Pennsylvania, Bryn Mawr College, and Princeton University,[96] won with a design based on Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities.[41]
The university's 169-acre Danforth Campus is bordered by the Forest Park section of St. Louis and Clayton and University City, Missouri.[97] A large portion of the Danforth Campus is recognized as the Washington University Hilltop Campus Historic District, which achieved National Historic Landmark status on February 27, 1987.[98][99]
The campus is also home to the Barry Flanagan bronze statue, "Thinker on a Rock", areferred to as "The Bunny",[100] and is located near Mallinckrodt Center and Graham Chapel.[101][102]
Medical
Washington University Medical Center comprises 186 acres (75.3 ha) spread over 18 city blocks, located along the eastern edge of Forest Park within the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis.[103] The campus is home to the Washington University School of Medicine and its partners, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Children's Hospital.[103]
In 2019, Washington University was awarded a $7.6 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to establish the Implementation Science Center for Cancer Control to address disparities in cancer care in parts of Missouri and Illinois.[104] In 2022, Washington University's Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences was awarded a five-year $61 million grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, to advance precision medicine, health equity, and diversity initiatives.[105]
Tyson Research Center
| Undergraduate admissions statistics | |
|---|---|
| Admit rate | 10.0% ( −0.7) |
| Yield rate | 40.2% ( +5.1) |
| Test scores middle 50% | |
| SAT Total | 1480-1560 ( +5 median) |
| ACT Composite | 33–35 ( +2.5 median) |
| |
Tyson Research Center is a 2,000-acre (3.13 sq mi; 809.37 ha) field station situated along a broad curve of the Meramec River, across from Castlewood State Park.[108] Washington University obtained Tyson in 1963.[109]
In 2010, its Living Learning Center became one of the first two buildings in the United States accredited as a "living building" under the Living Building Challenge.[110]
Academics
Summarize
Perspective
In 2023, Washington University was one of 10 universities[111] picked to join the Kessler Scholars Collaborative, which provides support for selected first-generation and Pell-Grant eligible STEM students.[112][113] The program aims to recruit 20 fully funded Kessler scholars per year and provide additional opportunities to close the wealth gap.[114]
Admissions
Undergraduate admission to Washington University is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation and U.S. News & World Report as "most selective".[6][115] The Princeton Review, in its 2020 edition, gave the university an admissions selectivity rating of 99 out of 99.[116] The acceptance rate for the class of 2028 (those entering in the fall of 2024) was 12 percent, with students selected from more than 32,750 applications.[117] Of students admitted, 86 percent reporting rank were in the top 10 percent of their class.[118] 25 percent of the class were pell-eligible and 18 percent were first-generation college students.[117]
The Class of 2028 had a median ACT range of 33–35 and an SAT range of 1500–1570 among accepted students who submitted scores, reflecting the 25th to 75th percentiles.[118]
The student-faculty ratio is 7:1.[119]
Financial aid
Washington University practices need-blind admissions and meets 100% of admitted students' demonstrated needs.[120][121] In October 2021, Washington University announced it would invest an additional $1 billion in financial aid through its Gateway to Success initiative.[122][121] This includes $800 million in endowed funding to sustain need-blind undergraduate admissions, meaning the university will not consider an applicant's financial situation when making admissions decisions while still meeting 100% of demonstrated financial need for admitted undergraduates.[123] An additional $200 million was designated for financial aid for graduate and professional students.[120]
Libraries
The Washington University library system comprises nine libraries, with Olin Library serving as the main library.[124] According to the American Library Association, it is the 44th largest library in the United States by volume count, holding over 5.3 million volumes.[125] It is a member of the Association of Research Libraries.[126] The remaining eight libraries in the system include Al and Ruth Kopolow (Business) Library, Bernard Becker Medical Library, Brown School Library, East Asian Library, Gaylord Music Library, Kenneth and Nancy Kranzberg Art & Architecture Library, Law Library and West Campus Library.[124]
The Department of Special Collections at Washington University Libraries encompasses four units: Rare Books, Manuscripts, University Archives, and the Film & Media Archive.[127] These units collectively house a wide array of materials, ranging from ancient manuscripts to contemporary documentary film archives.[127]
Washington University holds one of the few surviving original copies of the Declaration of Independence, known as the Southwick Broadside.[128] This rare document was posted in Warwick, Rhode Island, and is signed on the back by the town clerk.[128] It is part of the university's Special Collections. The Southwick Broadside was donated to the university in 2015.[128]
Rankings and reputation
| Academic rankings | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Forbes[129] | 30 |
| U.S. News & World Report[130] | 21 (tie) |
| Washington Monthly[131] | 23 |
| WSJ/College Pulse[132] | 26 |
| Global | |
| ARWU[133] | 23 |
| QS[134] | 176 (tie) |
| THE[135] | 68 |
| U.S. News & World Report[136] | 30 |
Washington University is ranked 21st in the nation in the 2025 U.S. News & World Report National Universities ranking,[137] and 17th by The Wall Street Journal in their 2022 rankings.[138] In 2024, the university was ranked 23rd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[139]
The Princeton Review ranked Washington University first for Best College Dorms and third for Best College Food, Best-Run Colleges, and Best Financial Aid in its 2020 edition.[140] In its 2022 edition, Princeton Review also ranked Washington University as number 2 for "Top Entrepreneurship Under Ten Thousand Students", #1 for "Top Midwest Entreprenuerships", as a "Colleges That Create Futures" and of having a great quality of life.[116] QS World University Rankings ranked Washington University 19th in the world for anatomy and physiology in 2025.[141] In January 2020, Olin Business School was named the Poets&Quants MBA Program of 2019.[142]
Washington University was named one of the "25 New Ivies" by Newsweek in 2006.[143] In Howard and Matthew Greene's 2016 Edition of The Hidden Ivies, 63 of America's Top Liberal Arts Colleges and Universities, Washington University was called a Hidden Ivy.[144] In 2025, Washington University was included in Forbes' The Private New Ivies list.[145]
In 2014, a study ranked Washington University first in the country for income inequality[146] with approximately 22 percent of its students coming from the top 1 percent of earners, and only about 6 percent from the bottom 60 percent.[147][148][149] In response to criticism, the university committed to increase the percentage of Pell-eligible students on campus from 6% to 13% by 2020.[150][151][152] The university achieved that goal three years early, and as of 2022, 19.9% of undergraduate students were eligible for Pell Grants, representing a 300% increase since 2012.[153]
The American Talent Initiative found Washington University had the highest Pell growth rate among 130 major universities between the 2015–16 and 2019–20 academic years.[154] By 2021, 16% of first-year students were from low- and moderate-income backgrounds.[155]
| College/School | Year founded |
| College of Arts & Sciences | 1853 |
| James McKelvey School of Engineering | 1854 |
| School of Law | 1867 |
| College of Art | 1879 |
| School of Medicine | 1891 |
| College of Architecture | 1910 |
| Olin Business School | 1917 |
| Graduate School of Arts & Sciences | 1922 |
| George Warren Brown School of Social Work | 1925 |
| School of Continuing & Professional Studies | 1931 |
| Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts | 2005 |
Research
Washington University in St. Louis prioritizes undergraduate research, with over 60% of undergraduates engaging in faculty-led projects across all disciplines.[161]
In fiscal year 2023, Washington University spent $1.169 billion on research and development, placing it among the top university research performers according to the National Science Foundation.[162] In 2022, Washington University developed a nasal vaccine aimed at addressing COVID-19.[163]
In 2019, Washington University School of Medicine took over Folding@Home, a distributed computing project, from Stanford University.[164] The project, which taps into the idle power of personal computers owned by volunteers to simulate protein folding,[165] reached 1.5 exaFLOPS in 2020—seven times faster than the world's top supercomputer, Summit and more powerful than the top 100 supercomputers in the world, combined.[166][167] This speed contributes fuels research into diseases like Alzheimer's, cancer, COVID-19, and Ebola.[168][169][170][171]
The university hosts NASA's Planetary Data System Geosciences Node, supporting unmanned Mars missions, with Professor Raymond Arvidson serving as deputy principal investigator for the Mars Exploration Rovers and co-investigator for the Phoenix lander's robotic arm.[172]
Beyond STEM, Professor Joseph Lowenstein and undergraduates digitized poet Edmund Spenser's collective works, the first update in a century, backed by a National Endowment for the Humanities grant and collaboration with other U.S. colleges.[173][174]
Colleges and Schools
Across its schools, it offers more than 150 undergraduate, 80 master's and professional, and 50 doctoral degree programs.[175]
College of Arts & Sciences
The College of Arts & Sciences is home to the university's largest undergraduate program, providing students selection of courses across more than 50 disciplines, including anthropology, chemistry, English, the performing arts and women, gender and sexuality studies.[176]
George Warren Brown School of Social Work
The George Warren Brown School was founded in 1925.[177] The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company.[178] In 1948, it became the first school at Washington University to admit Black students[178][179] and the first in the United States to have a building dedicated to social work education.[180]
McKelvey School of Engineering
On January 31, 2019, the School of Engineering & Applied Science was renamed to the James McKelvey School of Engineering.[181] This renaming honored trustee and alumnus Jim McKelvey Jr., the co-founder of Square, following his substantial donation.[182]
Olin Business School
Established as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after John M. Olin in the 1980s.[183] In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai,[184] in cooperation with Fudan University.[185]
Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts
The Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts was founded in 2006, merging the existing academic units of Architecture and Art with the university's museum.[186] The school comprises the College of Architecture, Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design, College of Art, Graduate School of Art and the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum,[186] which is considered one of the most distinguished university art collections in the country.[187] It was the first art museum west of the Mississippi River.[188] Steinberg Hall, completed in 1960, was the first commissioned project by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki.[189]
School of Continuing & Professional Studies
In June 2023, Washington University announced its renamed and revamped University College as the School of Continuing & Professional Studies (CAPS).[190] CAPS was established to focus on adult learners with a focus on rapidly growing and high paying fields like data analytics, education, healthcare, and management.[190] The pre-nursing program was developed in partnership with Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes-Jewish College.[190]
School of Law
Established in 1867, Washington University School of Law is the oldest continuously operating law school west of the Mississippi River.[191]
Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work.[192]
Since 1997, Anheuser-Busch Hall has been home to the School of Law.[193]
School of Medicine
The Washington University School of Medicine was established in 1891.[194] In 2024, it ranked second in the United States for NIH funding.[195]
Former dental school
Main article: Washington University School of Dental Medicine
Established in 1866, the Washington University School of Dental Medicine was the first dental school west of the Mississippi River.[196] The school closed in 1991.[197]
Campus life
Summarize
Perspective
Student body
In 2024, Washington University enrolled approximately 16,400 students who came from all 50 U.S. states and more than 110 countries.[2]
Of the 1,848 first year students enrolled in Fall 2024, 37% were Caucasian, 26 percent were Asian, 12 percent were Latino/Hispanic, 8 percent were Black/African-American, 11 percent were International, and 5 percent did not identity; 53 percent were female and 47 percent were male.[198]
Student organizations
| Race and ethnicity[199] | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| White | 44% | ||
| Asian | 20% | ||
| Hispanic | 12% | ||
| Black | 9% | ||
| Other[a] | 8% | ||
| Foreign national | 7% | ||
| Economic diversity | |||
| Low-income[b] | 16% | ||
Washington University has over 400 undergraduate student organizations on campus.[200] Most receive funding by the Washington University Student Union, which, as of fiscal year 2024, has an annual budget of $4.2 million.[201] The Student Union sponsors major campus programs including WILD[202] and free copies of The New York Times, USA Today, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through The Collegiate Readership Program.[203]
Many of these organizations and other campus life amenities are housed in the $43 million Danforth University Center on the Danforth Campus, also dedicated in honor of emeritus Chancellor William Henry Danforth.[204] The building opened on August 11, 2008.[205]
Greek life
In 2020, a large number of Greek life members, primarily from sororities permanently deactivated from their chapters as a result of perceived systematic oppression, racism, and sexism.[206] Some students called for the total abolition of Greek Life on campus.[206] As of 2024, approximately 18% of the undergraduate student body participated in Greek life.[207]
Residences
Comprising 10 residential colleges and 23 residential halls, the South 40 serves as the primary housing area for underclassmen and is named for its location south of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres (16 ha).[208] It is also home to Bear's Den (the largest dining hall on campus), Bear Necessities (a gift shop), a fitness center, a technology center, the Student Health Center for the Danforth Campus, the Residential Life Office, student-owned businesses, meeting rooms, a mail room, intramural fields and basketball and sand volleyball fields.[209]
The Village is a residential area for upperclassman located on the Danforth Campus.[210] It includes two suite-style buildings, Lopata House and Village House, which contain multiple four-person single suites, each with two shared bathrooms.[211]
Student media
Washington University is home to seven student-run media organizations: The Hatchet, Law Review, Washington University Political Review, Student Life, Spires, KWUR 90.3FM, and WUTV.[212]
Student Life, is published twice a week under the auspices of Washington University Student Media, Inc., an independent not-for-profit organization incorporated in 1999.[213] Founded in January 1878,[214] it is one of the oldest college newspapers in the United States.[215][216]
KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station.[217] In 2003, KWUR won the critic's choice from the Riverfront Times for the Best Radio Station in St. Louis.[218]
WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. It was founded in 1976.[219]
Athletics
Washington University was a founding member of the University Athletic Association of NCAA Division III[220] and previously was a founding member of the Missouri Valley Conference.[221] The Bears have won 26 NCAA Division III Championships—ten in volleyball (1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2007, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998–2001, 2010), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), two in women's cross country (2011, 2018), two in women's outdoor track and field (2017, 2024), two in women's soccer (2016, 2024), one in men's tennis (2008), one in women's indoor track and field (2017), and one in men's indoor track and field (2022) – and 267 conference titles.[222]
Washington University hosts more than 40 club sports.[2]
Washington University is home to Francis Olympic Field (formerly Francis Field),[223][224] the site of the 1904 Summer Olympics.[225] The field also serves as the home for the university's football, soccer, and track and field teams.[225] In 2019, the venue was renamed Francis Olympic Field to honor its significance in Olympic history and St. Louis' role as the host city of the first Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[225] The Olympic flame has also passed through Francis Olympic Field three times, during the torch relays for the 1984 Los Angeles, 1996 Atlanta, and 2004 Athens Summer Olympics.[225]
Traditions
- WILD – Walk In, Lay Down, the semesterly concert in the Quad which brings in popular musical acts.[226]
- Thurtene Carnival – The oldest and largest student-run carnival in the nation.[227]
- Vertigo – A dance party put on by the Engineering School Council (EnCouncil)[228]
- Brookings Hall – A superstition among students to never step on the university seal at Brookings Hall. It is said that doing so will prevent one from graduating on time.[229]
- Underpass Panels – A series of panels along the walls of the underpass connecting the South 40 to the main Danforth Campus.[230]
Notable people
Summarize
Perspective
Washington University has more than 166,000 living alumni and 22,500 employees.[231] Its alumni and faculty have received numerous prestigious awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, National Medal of Science, National Medal of Arts, Rhodes Scholarship, Harry S. Truman Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Churchill Scholarship, Guggenheim Fellowship, Fulbright Fellowship, Putnam Fellowship, MacArthur Fellowship, and the title of U.S. Poet Laureate, along with memberships in the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Royal Society of London, American Institute of Architects, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, American Academy of Arts and Letters, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Law Institute, American Philosophical Society, National Academy of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[7]
Alumni
In the sciences, alumni include Nobel laureates, such as Earl Sutherland (Nobel laureate in physiology and medicine),[232] Edwin Krebs (Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine),[233][234] and Daniel Nathans (Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine).[235] Other notable scientists include J. C. R. Licklider (pioneer in the development of computing and the Internet),[236] Julian W. Hill (discoverer of nylon),[237] Clyde Cowan (co-discoverer of the neutrino)[238] and Bob Behnken (NASA astronaut and former Chief of the Astronaut Office).[239][240]
In politics and public service, alumni include William H. Webster (the only person to serve as director of both the FBI and CIA),[241] Rochelle Walensky (Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention),[242] and Clark Clifford (political advisor to presidents Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter).[243] Others include Jim Talent (former U.S. senator from Missouri),[244] Alan J. Dixon (former U.S. senator from Illinois),[245] Alexander M. Dockery (Governor of Missouri),[246] Siniša Mali (finance minister of Serbia),[247] Jonathan Mann (first director of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS),[248] and Phoebe Couzins (first female U.S. Marshal in the U.S.).[249]
In business and entrepreneurship, alumni include Avram Glazer (executive co-chairman of Manchester United),[250] Jim McKelvey (co-founder of Square Inc),[251] Bruce Levenson (owner of the Atlanta Hawks)[252] and Charles Nagel (founder of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce).[253]
In the arts, media and performing arts, alumni include Harold Ramis (Ghostbusters, Groundhog Day and Animal House),[254] Peter Sarsgaard (award-winning actor),[255][256] Robert Guillaume (Emmy-winning actor in Benson, first African American to play the title role in Phantom of the Opera, and voice of Rafiki in Disney’s The Lion King),[257] Dave Garroway (founding host of NBC’s Today),[258][259] and Steven Sater (Tony Award, Grammy Award, and Laurence Olivier Award-winning American poet and playwright).[260] Literary and cultural figures include Fannie Hurst (prolific novelist),[261] Dan Simmons (Hugo Award winner),[262] and A.E. Hotchner (playwright and novelist).[263]
In architecture, George Hellmuth, Gyo Obata, and George Kassabaum founded HOK, one of the world’s largest architectural firms.[264][265]
Higher education leaders include Abram L. Sachar (founding president of Brandeis University) and Thomas Lamb Eliot (founder of Reed College).[266][267] Alumni also include the former presidents of Johns Hopkins,[268] Clemson,[269] Wake Forest,[270] Morehouse,[271] Florida A&M University,[272] Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,[273], University of Louisville,[274] San Francisco State University,[273] and University of California.[275]
Notable individuals who attended but did not graduate include Tennessee Williams (a renowned playwright who left after a prize dispute),[276][277] Robert Culp (I Spy, Everybody Loves Raymond),[278] and Marilyn vos Savant (IQ-record holder who pursued family business interests).[279]
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Faculty
Notable faculty at Washington University have included Roger Nash Baldwin (American Civil Liberties Union cofounder[280] and Washington University's first instructor in sociology),[281] Gerty Cori (the first woman Nobel laureate in Physiology/Medicine),[282] Rita Levi-Montalcini (Nobel laureate, co-discover of nerve growth factor),[283] Peter Mutharika (President of Malawi),[284] William Inge (Playwright, Pulitzer Prize for drama in 1953),[285][286] Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (founded the American Association of University Professors),[287] Mona Van Duyn (Pulitzer Prize winner, National Book Award winner and first woman U.S. Poet Laureate),[288][289] Howard Nemorov (U.S. Poet Laureate, National Medal of Arts recipient, Bollingen Prize winner),[290][291] Joseph W. Kennedy (co-discoverer of the element plutonium),[292] Barbara A. Schaal (first woman VP of National Academy of Sciences),[293] Henry Smith Pritchett (Head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching),[294] Virginia E. Johnson (co-author of Human Sexual Response),[295] and Thomas Eagleton (United States senator from Missouri).[296][297]
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See also
Notes
- Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
References
Further reading
External links
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