Ziliujing Formation

Geological formation in China From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ziliujing Formation

The Ziliujing Formation is a geological formation in China, It is Early Jurassic in age. It is part of the stratigraphy of the Sichuan Basin. The dinosaur Gongxianosaurus and indeterminate theropod material are known from the Dongyuemiao Member of the formation, as well as dinosaur footprints, Zizhongosaurus and indeterminate prosauropods from the Da'anzhai Member.[1] The basal sauropod Sanpasaurus is known from the Maanshan Member.[2] The basal ornithschian Archaeocursor is known from the formation.[3] A possible unnamed stegosaur and the pliosauroid plesiosaur Sinopliosaurus are also known from this formation but they were found an indeterminate member.[2] An unnamed teleosaurid known from a complete skull has also been found in the formation, pending a formal description.[4] The deposition environment during the Da'anzhai Member in the lower Toarcian is thought to have been that of a giant freshwater lake encompassing the whole of the Sichuan basin, around 3 times larger than Lake Superior, coeval with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event around 183 Ma.[5] The Sinemurian-Pliensbachian boundary event (192.9 Ma) has been recorded on the top of the Dongyuemiao Member, while lower parts of this member are of Earliest Sinemurian age (around 199 Ma).[6][7]

Quick Facts Type, Sub-units ...
Ziliujing Formation
Stratigraphic range: Sinemurian-Toarcian, 199–174 Ma
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Outcrop of the Ziliujing Formation which is also the type locality of Archaeocursor asiaticus
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsDongyuemiao Member, Maanshan Member, Daanzhai Member
UnderliesXintiangou Formation
OverliesZhenzhuchong Formation
ThicknessDongyuemiao M. 5 to 11.2 metres (20 to 40 ft), Maanshan M. 131 to 180 metres (430 to 590 ft) Daanzhai M. 18 to 45.2 metres (60 to 150 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Country China
ExtentSichuan Basin
Type section
Named forZiliujing District
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Paleogeographical reconstruction
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Paleofauna

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Perspective
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Bivalves

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Acuneopsis[8][9]

  • A. luochengensis
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, considered a member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. Ecological indicator of shallow zone of the big fresh-water lake under a hot climate

Apseudocardinia[8][9]

  • A. hupehensis
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater clam, member of the family Pseudocardiniidae inside Trigoniida.

Cuneopsis[8][9]

  • C. wanxianensis
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

Eolamprotula[8][9]

  • L. (Eolamprotula) cremeri
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

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Lamprotula

Luochengella[8][9]

  • L. luochengensis
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

Modiolus[8][9]

  • M. yunnanensis
  • M. sichuanensis
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Mytilidae inside Mytiloida.

Palaeunio[8][9]

  • U. (Palaeunio) sichuanensis
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

Palaeomargaritifera[8][9]

  • M. (Palaeomargaritifera) qianweiensis
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Margaritiferidae inside Unionida.

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Margaritifera

Pseudocardinia[8][9]

  • P. inflata
  • P. ventricosa
  • P. elliptica
  • P. aff. yangziensis
  • P. hupehensis
  • P. angulata
  • P. kweichouensis
  • P. carinata
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater clam, member of the family Pseudocardiniidae inside Trigoniida.

Psilunio[8][9]

  • P. thailandicus
  • P. giganteus
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

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Gastropods

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Lioplacodes[7]

  • L. orientalis
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Shells

A freshwater snail, member of the family Viviparidae

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Phyllopods

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Euestheria[10]

  • E. taniiformis
  • E. changtanensis
  • E. elegans
  • E. elongata
  • E. khinganensis
  • E. orientalis
  • E. shandanensis
  • E. shandongensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae.

Iliestheria[10]

  • I. nilkaensis
  • I. xinjiangensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Triglyptidae.

Lioestheria[10]

  • L. shimamurai
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae.

Loxomegaglypta[10]

  • L. dafangensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Triglyptidae.

Loxomicroglypta[10]

  • L. laohugouensis
  • L. liaoxiensis
  • L. kirgizica
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Triglyptidae.

Ovjurium[10]

  • O. cf.ubsanuri
  • O. yixianensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Ovjuridae.

Palaeolimnadia[10]

  • P. baitianbaensis
  • P. acuta
  • P. baoxingensis
  • P. chuanbeiensis
  • P. dachaidanensis
  • P. diannanensis
  • P. dundugobica
  • P. exiensis
  • P. grandis
  • P. guangyuanensis
  • P. intermedia
  • P. hubeiensis
  • P. kangnaiensis
  • P. lingguanensis
  • P. longmenshanensis
  • P. longyinensis
  • P. parva
  • P. menglaensis
  • P. pengxianensis
  • P. rhombica
  • P. semicircularis
  • P. sichuanensis
  • P. subcircularis
  • P. subtriangularis
  • P. venusta
  • P. xiaomeigouensis
  • P. yangziensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Limnadiidae. The species Palaeolimnadia baitianbaensis represent the main member of its own fauna section, that comprises other 52 species of Phyllopods

Pseudolimnadia[10]

  • P. reticulata
  • P. weixinensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Limnadiidae.

Pseudestheria[10]

  • P. cf. subovata
  • P. tanii
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Maanshan member
  • Daanzhai member
  • Valves

A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae.

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Fish

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images
Ceratodontiformes[7] Indeteminate
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao member
Partial and semicomplete specimens: SSGT L01-HY-661, SSGT L01-HY-654, SSGT THS2715, SSGT TXH132, SSGT THS2716. Indeterminate or unnamed members this lungfish group
Ceratodus[2] C. szechuanensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Weiyuan, Szechuan
  • Maanshan Member
  • Isolated tooth plates
A freshwater Lungfish, type member of the Ceratodontidae inside Ceratodontiformes. Lungfish related with late jurassic genera of the same region
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Ceratodus reconstruction
Ginglymodi[7] Indeteminate
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao member
Several complete specimens: SSGT JK062, SSGT L01-HY892, SSGT JK004 Indeterminate or unnamed members of this bony fish order
Hybodontiformes[7] Indeteminate
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao member
  • Dorsal fin-spine, SSGT L01-HY224
  • Tooth, SSGT TX01
  • Coprolites SSGT CQ-YF02, SSGT CQ-YF04, SSGT L01-HY1011, SSGT L01-HY283
Indeterminate or unnamed members of this Chondrichthyes group

Lepidotes[11]

  • L. chunkingensis
  • L. luchowensis
  • L. minor
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Maanshan Member
  • Complete Specimens
  • Isolated Scales
  • Isolated Teeth

Bony Fish, considered a member of the family Lepidotidae. Currently the only identified Bony fish recovered in this unit, with resemblance with coeval European species. Unlike that ones, the local Lepidotes lived in Freshwater settings.

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Lepidotes
Ptycholepiformes[7] Indeteminate
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao member
Complete specimen, SSGT JK029 Indeterminate or unnamed members of this bony fish group
Teleostei[7] Indeteminate
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao member
Complete specimens, SSGT L01-HY269-2, SSGT L01-HY749, SSGT JXL1062 Indeterminate or unnamed members of this bony fish group
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Plesiosaurs

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Bishanopliosaurus[7][12]

  • B. youngi
  • Bishan county, sichuan province
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • IVPP V 5869, an incomplete postcranial skeleton of a young individual
  • Referred SSGT T035, SSGT C078, SSGT JHSY60

A plesiosaur, considered a member of the family Rhomaleosauridae. An unusual freshwater plesiosaur linked to the large Sichuan Lake system developed locally.[13]

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Bishanopliosaurus

Sinopliosaurus[2]

  • S. weiyuanensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V.140, isolated remains
  • IVPP V.229, V.157, several isolated remains

A plesiosaur, considered a member of the family Pliosauridae. Likely an invalid genus of freshwater pliosaur

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Testudinata

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images
Chelonipus[14]
  • cf.C. isp.
  • Yaocun tracksite
  • Maanshan Member
Footprints Potentially the largest turtle tracks currently known from China and an example of one of the earliest known globally

Testudinata[2][11][15]

  • Indet. A
  • Indet. B
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Weiyuan, Szechuan
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Maanshan Member
  • Fragments of Shells

Turtle remains of uncertain affinity. The only major turtle remains recovered in this unit. This along some undescribed shell fragments from the Lower Jurassic of Sichuan appear to represent the first documented occurrence of the fossil Testudines in China

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Crocodylomorphs

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Teleosaurinae[4]

  • Gen et sp. nov
  • Daxian, Szechuan
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • IVPP V 10098, a complete skull

A teleosaur, considered a member of the family Teleosaurinae. An unusual freshwater teleosauroid, previously referred Peipehsuchus teleorhinus.[16]

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Skull of the Ziliujing teleosaurid

Teleosaurus?[17]

T.? sp.

  • Tatsu, Chongqing
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Single scute

A teleosaur, considered a member of the family Teleosaurinae.

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Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

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Anomoepus[18]

  • A. isp.
  • Yuanbaoqing tracksite, Guizhou Province
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Ornithischian footprints which resemble the pes of some neornithischians

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Archaeocursor asiaticus
Archaeocursor[7][3]
  • A. asiaticus
  • Chongqing Central Park
  • Dongyuemiao Member
Nearly complete left femur, SSGT L01-HY999 An early ornithischian

Ornithopoda[19]

Indeterminate

  • Hulukou, Huangshiban
  • Maanshan Member
  • Isolated Remains

Indeterminate remains of possible ornithischians

Thyreophora?[2]

  • Stegosauria? Indet.
  • "Gen. indet. imperfectus"
  • Changshanling, Potzewan
  • Kuantsaishan, Houchiatsun
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V.219, four fragments of spines
  • An anterior caudal vertebra, a distal end of a left femur, a left tibia, a right fibula, and right foot with a few elements missing

Indeterminate remains of possible thyrephorans. "Gen. indet. imperfectus" represents a large possible ornithischian or a sauropod that was originally assigned to Sanpasaurus

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Prosauropods

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Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Liujianpus[20]

L. shunan

  • Changhebian site, Sichuan Province
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Hejie site, Sichuan Province
  • Dazhuanwan site, Guizhou Province
  • Yantan tracksite, Guizhou Province
  • Yaocun tracksite[14]
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Sauropodomorph footprints, with features seen in the ichnogenus Otozum, as well as in the sauropod ichnogenus Brontopodus. This ichnogenus dominates all the track assemblages where it is found, with a presence of up the 97%.[21]

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Qianlong shouhu
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Lufengosaurus

Lufengosaurus?[22]

  • L.? sp.
  • Liangshuijing, Zigong
  • Weixin area, Yunnan Province
  • Daanzhai member
  • ZDM 0011: Damaged dentary with a tooth
  • Uncertain Remains

A sauropodomorph; probably a member of the family Massospondylidae. One of the youngest non-sauropod sauropodomorphs discovered worldwide. It represents its own faunal section.

Qianlong[23]

  • Q. shouhu
  • Zhuanpo, Pingba District
  • Zhenzhuchong Member
  • Three partial semi-articulated skeletons (GZPM VN001, 002, and 003)
  • Five clutches of embryo-containing eggs

A sauropodomorph; the associated clutch provides strong evidence for the earliest known leathery eggs.

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Sauropods

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Brontopodus[1][20]

  • B. isp.
  • Cf.B. isp.[18]
  • Yuanbaoqing tracksite, Guizhou Province
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Hejie tracksite, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Sauropod footprints which resemble the pes of some mamenchisaurids. Associated Brontopodus-like trackway with Liujianpus indicates that small and large sauropodomorphs may have co-existed.

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Shunosaurus
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Sanpasaurus

Cetiosauridae[19]

Indeterminate

  • Hulukou, Huangshiban, Sichuan Province
  • Shiziling Tiefo, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member
  • IVPP V9070, desarticulated postcraneal skeleton
  • Isolated dorsal vertebrae
  • Tibia

A eusauropod related to the family Cetiosauridae; likely the oldest referred specimen to this family

Gongxianosaurus[24][25]

  • G. shibeiensis
  • G. sp.
  • Shibei Township, Gongxian County
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Four complete and incomplete skeletons are similar in both size and appearance
  • A large number of scapula, dorsal vertebrae and ilium, and a complete caudal system with 51 centra

A sauropod that may represent a late-surviving basal member of the group. It has some features of both sauropods and sauropodomorphs, and may be regarded as an intermediate type in the evolution between both groups.

Mamenchisauridae[2][19][26]

Indeterminate

  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Shapingpa, Chongqing country
  • Chinkangpei, Chongqing country
  • Datienwan, Chongqing country
  • Chongqing suburbs, Chongqing country
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member
  • Associated Tibia, femur and isolated Phalages
  • Several caudal vertebrae
  • Dorsal vertebra
  • Vertebra (caudal?)

An eusauropod, related to the family Mamenchisauridae; likely the oldest referred specimen to this family (Unless Tonganosaurus is a mamenchisaur)

Parabrontopodus[1]

P. isp.

  • Hejie tracksite, Zigong City
  • Yaocun tracksite[14]
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Sauropod footprints. The narrow-gauge trackway pattern resembles Parabrontopodus, well known from the Jurassic, but other features, such as the low heteropody, are different

Sanpasaurus[2]

  • S. yaoi
  • Weiyuan, Szechuan
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V156A (IVPP V156 partim); Disarticulated middle-posterior dorsal vertebral series, consisting of three complete centra with partial neural arches.
  • IVPP V156B; two centra from the dorsal vertebral series

A sauropod with uncertain affinities inside the group. Originally interpreted it as the remains of an ornithopod ornithischian.[27]

"Shunosaurus"[11]

  • "S." ziliujingensis
  • Loquanjing, Sichuan country
  • Maanshan Member
  • Uncatalogued Partial skeleton

A sauropod, referred to the family Shunosaurinae. Likely not Shunosaurus. It was described in the Zigong Museum Guide

"Yibinosaurus"[28]

  • "Y. zhoui"
  • Shibei Township, Gongxian County
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Partial disarticulated skeleton

An invalid genus of sauropod of uncertain affinities. "Yibinosaurus" is from the same locality as Gongxianosaurus, and Gongxianosaurus sp. nov. may be the "Yibinosaurus" material

Zizhongosaurus[19]

  • Z. chuanchensis
  • "Z. huangshibanensis"[29]
  • Loquanjing, Sichuan country
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan County
  • Maanshan Member
  • A dorsal spine, a distal end of pubis and a fragmentary humerus
  • Uncertain Remains

A sauropod, referred to the family Vulcanodontidae or Shunosaurinae. It builds its own faunal section, yet some authors view it as a nomen dubium.

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Theropods

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Elaphrosaurinae?[2]

Indeterminate

  • Kuantsaishan, Houchiatsun
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V.138, Four vertebrae and a distal part of a metatarsus

Indeterminate remains of theropods with resemblance to the genus Elaphrosaurus, initially thought to be a member of Coeluridae.[2]

Eubrontes[30]

  • E. isp.
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member

Footprints

Theropod footprints of uncertain affinity, probably related to theropods such as Dilophosaurus

Grallator[1][31][32]

  • G. ssatoi
  • G. isp.
  • Dongyuemiao tracksite, Sichuan Province
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Hejie site, Sichuan Province
  • Wuli site, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Theropod footprints of uncertain affinity. The Grallator relationships of these tracks are solid, as they don't display features of other ichnogenera found in the early Jurassic of the same region. Includes some of the smallest Grallator (and avian theropod) tracks ever described in the literature.[33]

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Grallator

Neotheropoda[24]

Indeterminate

  • Shibei Township, Gongxian County
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated Teeth
  • Isolated Vertebrae

Indeterminate remains of theropods, very common along Gongxianosaurus fossils.

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Flora

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Perspective
More information Genus, Species ...
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Anomozamites[34][35]

  • Anomozamites cf. gracilis

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Anomozamites is characterised by slender, (almost) completely and regularly segmented leaves whose leaflets are generally as long as broad or, at maximum, two times as long as broad. This genus is related with more arboreal Bennetitalean flora. Shows coriaceous leaves and is a genus linked more with dry climates.

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Anomozamites specimen

Baiera[7][36]

  • B. kidoi
  • B. sp.
  • Badong-Lichuan
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Karkeniaceae inside Ginkgoales.

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Example of Baiera specimen

Cladophlebis[34][35]

  • C. sp.

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Osmundales. Lower vegetation members

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Cladophlebis nebbensis specimen

Clathropteris[34][35]

  • C. meniscioides
  • C. platyphylla

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales.

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Example of Clathropteris meniscioides specimen

Coniopteris[34][35]

  • C. cf. burejensis
  • C. hymenophylloides
  • C. murrayana

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Cyatheales. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic Tree fern genus.

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Coniopteris specimen

Cycadites[34][35]

  • C. sp. nov.

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadales inside Cycadopsida.

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Cycadites specimen

Dictyophyllum[34][35]

  • D. nathorsti
  • D. nilssoni

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales. Dictyophyllum is a common Dipteridacean genus of the mid-Mesozoic. Here is indicator of Toarcian age for the sedimnets

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Dictyophyllum nilssonii specimen

Equisetites[7][37][34][35]

  • E. lateralis
  • E. columnaris
  • E. filus
  • Equisetites sp.
  • Yangtze Gorges area
  • Yuzhou Biota
  • Hechuan, Chongqing
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Stems

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Based on analogies with morphologically similar extant Equisetum species, it is interpreted to represent a plant of consistently moist habitats, such as marshes, lake margins or forest understorey, developed normally dense thickets.

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Example of Equisetites specimen

Ferganiella[34]

  • F. podozamiodes

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales.

Ginkgoites[36]

  • G. sp.

Badong-Lichuan

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoales.

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Ginkgoites specimen

Klukia[34][35]

  • K. exilis

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Grass Ferns

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Example of Klukia exilis specimen
Nilssonia[7][35]
  • N. xilinhotensis
  • N. inouyei
Yuzhou Biota
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets
Affinities with Nilssoniales within Cycadophyta or Bennettitales.
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Nilssonia specimen

Otozamites[34][35]

  • O. mixomorphus
  • O. hsiangchiensis
  • O. nalajingensis

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Insufficient and incomplete material prevents certain allocation to that species.

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Otozamites specimen

Phlebopteris[34][35]

  • P. cf. polypodioides

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.

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Example of Phlebopteris specimen

Podozamites[36]

  • P. schenki
  • P. lanceolatus

Badong-Lichuan

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales.

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Podozamites reconstruction

Stachypteris[34][35]

  • S.? anomala

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Grass Ferns

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See Also

References

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