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열
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Jeju
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Native isol.: 열 (yeol) Native attr.: 열 (yeol) Sino: 십 (sip) Ordinal: 열체 (yeolche) Number of days: 열흘 (yeolheul) |
Etymology
From Middle Korean 엻〮 (yélh), from earlier Old Korean 十尸 (*YEl).
Pronunciation
Numeral
열 (yeol)
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Korean
Etymology 1
First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 엻〮 (Yale: yélh), from earlier Old Korean 十尸 (*YEl).
← 1 | ← 9 | 10 | 11 → | 20 → |
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1 | ||||
Native isol.: 열 (yeol) Native attr.: 열 (yeol) Sino-Korean: 십 (sip) Hanja: 十 Ordinal: 열째 (yeoljjae) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [열]
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 열의 / 열에 / 열까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable.
Numeral
열 • (yeol)
Usage notes
In modern Korean, numbers are usually written in Arabic numerals.
The Korean language has two sets of numerals: a native set of numerals inherited from Old Korean, and a Sino-Korean set which was borrowed from Middle Chinese in the first millennium C.E.
Native classifiers take native numerals.
- 개 한 마리 (gae han mari, “one dog”, native numeral)
- 나무 두 그루 (namu du geuru, “two trees”, native numeral)
Some Sino-Korean classifiers take native numerals, others take Sino-Korean numerals, while yet others take both.
- 종이 두 장(張) (jong'i du jang, “two sheets of paper”, native numeral)
- 이 분(分) (i bun, “two minutes”, Sino-Korean numeral)
- 서른/삼십 명(名) (seoreun/samsip myeong, “thirty people”, both sets possible)
Recently loaned classifiers generally take Sino-Korean numerals.
For many terms, a native numeral has a quantifying sense, whereas a Sino-Korean numeral has a sense of labeling.
- 세 반(班) (se ban, “three school classes”, native numeral)
- 삼 반(班) (sam ban, “Class Number Three”, Sino-Korean numeral)
When used in isolation, native numerals refer to objects of that number and are used in counting and quantifying, whereas Sino-Korean numerals refer to the numbers in a more mathematical sense.
- 하나만 더 주세요 (hana-man deo juse-yo, “Could you give me just one more, please”, native numeral)
- 일 더하기 일은? (il deohagi ir-eun?, “What's one plus one?”, Sino-Korean numeral)
While older stages of Korean had native numerals up to the thousands, native numerals currently exist only up to ninety-nine, and Sino-Korean is used for all higher numbers. There is also a tendency—particularly among younger speakers—to uniformly use Sino-Korean numerals for the higher tens as well, so that native numerals such as 일흔 (ilheun, “seventy”) or 아흔 (aheun, “ninety”) are becoming less common.
Etymology 2
Sino-Korean word from 熱, from the Middle Korean reading ᅀᅧᆯ〮 (Yale: zyél).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [열]
Noun
- fever
- heat
- 1926, Han Yong-un, 한용운(韓龍雲), “生의 藝術 (Saeng-ui yesul) [The Art of the Life]”, in 님의 沈默 (Nimui chimmuk) [The Beloved's Silence]:
- passion
Derived terms
- See the hanja entry at 熱 for Sino-Korean compounds of 열 (熱, yeol).
Etymology 3
Sino-Korean word from 列, from the Middle Korean reading 렬〮 (Yale: lyél).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [열]
Noun
Derived terms
- See the hanja entry at 列 for Sino-Korean compounds of 열 (列, yeol).
Derived terms with native elements:
- 오(伍)와 열(列) (o-wa yeol)
Etymology 4
First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 엻 (Yale: yélh).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jʌ̹ɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [열]
Noun
열 • (yeol)
- (Gyeongsang) hemp
- A general term for the string or cord attached to the end of a whip or other implement
- (North Korea) The iron tip of a spear
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