-ja-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"

Swahili

Etymology

From -ja (“come”).

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Infix

-ja-

1. negative perfect marker

   Antonym: -me-

   bado sijala ― I have not yet eaten

   walikuwa hawajalala ― they were not asleep

Usage notes

Often used together with the adverb bado to express "to have not yet".

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ja-

		singular	plural
1st person		sija-	hatuja-
2nd person		huja-	hamja-
3rd person	m-wa(I/II)	haja-	hawaja-
	m-mi(III/IV)	hauja-	haija-
	ji-ma(V/VI)	halija-	hayaja-
	ki-vi(VII/VIII)	hakija-	havija-
	n(IX/X)	haija-	hazija-
	u(XI)	hauja-	see n(X) or ma(VI)
	ku(XV/XVII)	hakuja-
	pa(XVI)	hapaja-
	mu(XVIII)	hamja-

For more information, see Appendix:Swahili verbs.

See also

Swahili TAM markers

• Initial
  • Positive infinitive: ku-/kw-¹
  • Negative infinitive: kuto-
  • Habitual: hu-¹
  • Telegrammic: ka-¹
• Final
  • General (positive indicative): -a
  • Positive subjunctive: -e
  • Negative present: -i
  • Second person plural: -ni
• Infix position positive subject concord
  • Positive past: -li-
  • Positive present: -na-
  • Positive future: -ta-
  • Negative subjunctive: -si-¹
  • Positive present conditional: -nge-
  • Negative present conditional: -singe-
  • Positive past conditional: -ngali-
  • Negative past conditional: -singali-
  • Gnomic: -a-¹
  • Perfect: -me-
  • "Already" past: -lisha-
  • "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
  • "If/When": -ki-¹
  • "If not": -sipo-
  • Consecutive: -ka-¹
• Infix position negative subject concord
  • Negative past: -ku-¹
  • Negative future: -ta-
  • "Not yet": -ja-¹
  • Negative present conditional: -nge-
  • Negative past conditional: -ngali-
• Relative
  • Past: -li-
  • Present: -na-
  • Future: -taka-
  • Negative: -si-

¹ Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.