estonar

Galician

Alternative forms

• destonar

Etymology

From es- (“ex-”) +‎ tona (“skin, peel, bark, surface”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /estoˈnaɾ/

Verb

estonar (first-person singular present estono, first-person singular preterite estonei, past participle estonado)

1. (transitive) to shell, hull, peel

   Synonyms: bullar, descascar, deluvar

2. (transitive) to skim milk or broth

   Synonym: desnatar

3. (transitive) to debark

   Synonyms: descascar, pelar

4. (transitive or pronominal) to skin
5. (transitive) to remove the superficial layer of a litter for accessing the manure under it

Conjugation

    Conjugation of estonar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	estonar
Personal	estonar	estonares	estonar	estonarmos	estonardes	estonaren
Gerund
	estonando
Past participle
Masculine	estonado			estonados
Feminine	estonada			estonadas
Indicative
Present	estono	estonas	estona	estonamos	estonades	estonan
Imperfect	estonaba	estonabas	estonaba	estonabamos	estonabades	estonaban
Preterite	estonei	estonaches	estonou	estonamos	estonastes	estonaron
Pluperfect	estonara	estonaras	estonara	estonaramos	estonarades	estonaran
Future	estonarei	estonarás	estonará	estonaremos	estonaredes	estonarán
Conditional	estonaría	estonarías	estonaría	estonariamos	estonariades	estonarían
Subjunctive
Present	estone	estones	estone	estonemos	estonedes	estonen
Imperfect	estonase	estonases	estonase	estonásemos	estonásedes	estonasen
Future	estonar	estonares	estonar	estonarmos	estonardes	estonaren
Imperative
Affirmative		estona	estone	estonemos	estonade	estonen
Negative (non)		non estones	non estone	non estonemos	non estonedes	non estonen

    Reintegrated conjugation of estonar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	estonar
Personal	estonar	estonares	estonar	estonarmos	estonardes	estonarem
Gerund
	estonando
Past participle
Masculine	estonado			estonados
Feminine	estonada			estonadas
Indicative
Present	estono	estonas	estona	estonamos	estonades, estonais	estonam
Imperfect	estonava	estonavas	estonava	estonávamos	estonávades, estonáveis, estonávais1	estonavam
Preterite	estonei	estonaste, estonache1	estonou	estonamos	estonastes	estonárom, estonaram
Pluperfect	estonara	estonaras	estonara	estonáramos	estonárades, estonáreis, estonárais1	estonaram
Future	estonarei	estonarás	estonará	estonaremos	estonaredes, estonareis	estonarám, estonarão
Conditional	estonaria	estonarias	estonaria	estonaríamos	estonaríades, estonaríeis, estonaríais1	estonariam
Subjunctive
Present	estone	estones	estone	estonemos	estonedes, estoneis	estonem
Imperfect	estonasse	estonasses	estonasse	estonássemos	estonássedes, estonásseis	estonassem
Future	estonar	estonares	estonar	estonarmos	estonardes	estonarem
Imperative
Affirmative		estona	estone	estonemos	estonade, estonai	estonem
Negative (nom)		nom estones	nom estone	nom estonemos	nom estonedes, nom estoneis	nom estonem

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• tona

References

• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “estonar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “estonar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “estonar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “estonar”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2025
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “estonar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Occitan

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Audio (Béarn):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a

Verb

estonar

1. (transitive, intransitive) to amaze, surprise

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		estonar			aver estonat
gerund		estonant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		estonat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	estoni	estonas	estona	estonam	estonatz	estonan
	imperfect	estonavi	estonavas	estonava	estonàvem	estonàvetz	estonavan
	preterite	estonèri	estonères	estonèt	estonèrem	estonèretz	estonèron
	future	estonarai	estonaràs	estonarà	estonarem	estonaretz	estonaràn
	conditional	estonariái	estonariás	estonariá	estonariam	estonariatz	estonarián
	conditional 2nd form1	estonèra	estonèras	estonèra	estoneram	estoneratz	estonèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	estone	estones	estone	estonem	estonetz	estonen
	imperfect	estonèssi	estonèsses	estonèsse	estonèssem	estonèssetz	estonèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			estona		estonem	estonatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		estonar			aver estonat
gerund		estonant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		estonat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	estone	estones	estona	estonam	estonatz	estonon
	imperfect	estonave	estonaves	estonava	estonaviam	estonaviatz	estonavon
	preterite	estonere	estoneres	estonet	estonem	estonetz	estoneron
	future	estonarai	estonaràs	estonará	estonarem	estonaretz	estonarán
	conditional	estonariá	estonariás	estonariá	estonariam	estonariatz	estonarián
	conditional 2nd form1	estonèra	estonèras	estonèra	estoneram	estoneratz	estonèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	estone	estones	estone	estonassiam	estonassiatz	estonon
	imperfect	estonesse	estonesses	estonesse	estonessiam	estonessiatz	estonesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			estona		estonassiam	estonatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		estonar			aver estonat
gerund		estonant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		estonat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	estoni	estonas	estona	estonam	estonatz	estonan
	imperfect	estonavi	estonavas	estonava	estonàvam	estonàvatz	estonavan
	preterite	estonèi	estonès	estonè	estonèm	estonètz	estonèn
	future	estonarèi	estonaràs	estonarà	estonaram	estonaratz	estonaràn
	conditional	estonarí	estonarés	estonaré	estonarem	estonaretz	estonarén
	conditional 2nd form1	estonèra	estonèras	estonèra	estoneram	estoneratz	estonèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	estoni	estones	estone	estonem	estonetz	estonen
	imperfect	estonèssi	estonèsses	estonèsse	estonèssem	estonèssetz	estonèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			estona		estonem	estonatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		estonar			aver estonat
gerund		estonant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		estonat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	estone	estonas	estona	estonam	estonatz	estonan
	imperfect	estonava	estonavas	estonava	estonàvam	estonàvatz	estonavan
	preterite	estonei	estoneras	estonet	estonèram	estonèratz	estoneran
	future	estonarai	estonaràs	estonará	estonarem	estonaretz	estonarán
	conditional	estonariá	estonariàs	estonariá	estonariam	estonariatz	estonarián
	conditional 2nd form1	estonèra	estonèras	estonèra	estoneram	estoneratz	estonèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	estone	estones	estone	estonem	estonetz	estonen
	imperfect	estonèsse	estonèsses	estonèsse	estonèssem	estonèssetz	estonèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			estona		estonem	estonatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		estonar			aver estonat
gerund		estonant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		estonat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	estone	estones	estona	estonam	estonatz	estonan
	imperfect	estonavi	estonavas	estonava	estonàvem	estonàvetz	estonavan
	preterite	estonère	estonères	estonèt	estoneriam	estoneriatz	estonèron
	future	estonarai	estonaràs	estonarà	estonarem	estonaretz	estonaràn
	conditional	estonariáu	estonariás	estonariá	estonariam	estonariatz	estonarián
	conditional 2nd form1	estonèra	estonèras	estonèra	estoneram	estoneratz	estonèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	estone	estones	estone	estonem	estonetz	estonan
	imperfect	estonèsse	estonèsses	estonèsse	estonessiam	estonessiatz	estonèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			estona		estonem	estonatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Further reading

• Diccionari General de la Lenga Occitana‎, L’Academia occitana – Consistòri del Gai Saber, 2008-2025, page 295