Kasa a kudancin Afirka From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Itofiya: da turanci Ethiopia,da harshen amhare ( ኢትዮጵያ )[1][2][3] ada an santa da suna habasha, kasa ce dake a kudancin Afirka.[4][5][6] Ta kasancee'yantacciyar kasa ce wadda turawan mulkin mallaka basu mulke ta ba har zuwa shekara ta (1936)[7][8][9] sai sojojin Italiya suka fada cikin kasar amma 'yan kasar suka yi taron-dangi da sojojin Birtaniya suka kori sojojin Italiya a shekara ta, (1941)[10][11][12] amma batasamu 'yancin kanta ba sai da kasar ingila tasa mata hannu a shekara ta (1944.)[13][14][15][16]
A cikin karni na bakwai kafin haifuwar Annabi Isah habashawa sun musu masarauta Aksum a gefan,[17][18][19] kogin maliya babban birnita Aksum a yanzu ansanta da Eritrea kuma a shekara ta (500)[20][21][22][23] kafin haifuwar annabi Isah manoma da 'yan kasuwanci da suka zo daga kasashen larabawa suka hadu suka yi musu yare daya kuma suka dai-dai ta rubutun su,[24][25][26] a tsakiyar karni na hudu se sarki Izana ya shiga tare da 'yan cerci ta Misra,[27][28][29] a karni na bakwai bayan haifuwar annabi isah kogin maliya yazama a hannun musulmai,[30][31][32][32] sai Aksum ta rasa kasuwancin ta da alakar ta da taikun Indiya,[33][34] a karni na goma sai masarautar Aksum ta ruguje tazama tare da wane cerci na Ethiopia a shekara ta 800 bayan haifuwar annabi Isah manoma suka kama biya inshura ga gwamnati kuma suna gina curci curcin da suka fadi har yanzu da kuma sauran su,[35][36][37] a da Ethiopia ma'anarta konannar fuska ko bakar fuska.[38][39][40][41]
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Tattalin Arziki
Habasha ta yi rajista mafi saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Meles Zenawi.[42][43][44] A cewar IMF, Habasha na daya daga cikin kasashe masu saurin bunkasar tattalin arziki a duniya, inda ta yi rijista sama da kashi 10 cikin 100 na bunkasuwar tattalin arziki daga 2004 zuwa 2009.[45][46][45] Ita ce tattalin arzikin Afirka mafi saurin bunƙasa ba tare da dogaro da mai ba a cikin shekarun 2007 da 2008.[47][48][49] A cikin 2015, Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa Habasha ta sami saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin tare da haɓakar ainihin kayan cikin gida (GDP) a matsakaicin 10.9% tsakanin 2004 da 2014.[50][51][52]
A cikin 2008 da 2011, ayyukan ci gaban Habasha da ci gaban da aka samu sun fuskanci ƙalubale sakamakon hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da mawuyacin halin ma'auni na biyan kuɗi.[53][54][55] Haɓakar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya haura zuwa kashi 40 cikin 100 a watan Agustan 2011 saboda rashin daidaiton manufofin kuɗi, ƙarin ƙarin albashin ma'aikatan gwamnati a farkon 2011, da tsadar abinci.[56][57][58]
Duk da saurin bunƙasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, GDP na kowane mutum yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya, kuma tattalin arzikin yana fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa na tsarin. Dangane da bayanan baya-bayan nan daga shekarar 2019,[59][60][61] kashi 68.7% na yawan jama'a suna fama da talauci da yawa da kuma ƙarin 18.4% masu rauni zuwa gare shi.[62][63][64]
Tare da sanya hannun jari mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan jama'a da wuraren shakatawa na masana'antu, Habasha tana ƙoƙarin magance matsalolin tsarinta ta zama cibiyar samar da haske a Afirka.[65][66][67][67][67] A cikin 2019 an zartar da wata doka da ta ba wa 'yan Habasha 'yan gudun hijira damar saka hannun jari a masana'antar hidimar hada-hadar kudi ta Habasha.[68][69][70]
Kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha ya fayyace cewa ‘yancin mallakar filaye na “jahar da jama’a ne kawai”, amma ‘yan kasar na iya yin hayar filaye har na tsawon shekaru 99,[71][72][73] amma ba za su iya yin jinginar gida ko sayarwa ba. Ana ba da izinin yin hayar filaye na tsawon shekaru ashirin kuma ana tsammanin wannan zai tabbatar da cewa ƙasar ta tafi ga mafi yawan masu amfani. Ana daukar rabon filaye da gudanar da mulki a matsayin wani yanki da aka kafa cin hanci da rashawa,[74][75][76] kuma sau da yawa ana neman biyan sauƙaƙawa da kuma cin hanci lokacin da ake fuskantar al’amuran da suka shafi ƙasa.[77][78][79] Da yake babu mallakar filaye, ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa galibi ana yin su ne kawai ba tare da tambayar masu amfani da filaye ba,[80][81][82] wanda daga nan sai a koma gudun hijira ba tare da gida ko fili ba. Yawan fushi da rashin yarda wani lokaci yakan haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a.[83][83][83][83][84] Bugu da kari, amfanin noma ya ragu sosai, kuma har yanzu ana fama da fari da yawa a kasar, wanda hakan ke haddasa rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin gida.[85][86][87]
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Makamashi da wutar lantarki
Habasha na da manyan koguna 14 da ke kwarara daga tsaunukanta, ciki har da kogin Nilu. Tana da mafi girman wuraren ajiyar ruwa a Afirka.[88][89][90] Ya zuwa 2012, masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki suna wakiltar kusan kashi 88.2% na jimillar ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki.[91][92][93][93][93]
Babban madatsar ruwa ta Habasha da aka gina tsakanin 2011 zuwa 2023, wanda zai zama madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka.[94][95][96]
An samar da ragowar wutar lantarki daga burbushin mai (8.3%) da hanyoyin sabunta (3.6%).
Adadin wutar lantarki na jimillar yawan jama'a a shekarar 2016 ya kai kashi 42%, tare da kashi 85% a cikin birane da kuma kashi 26% a yankunan karkara. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016,[97][98][99] jimlar samar da wutar lantarki ya kai TW⋅h 11.15 kuma ana amfani da shi ya kai 9.062 TW⋅h. An fitar da wutar lantarki 0.166 TW⋅h, da 0 kW⋅h da aka shigo da su, da kuma 2.784 GW na karfin samar da wutar lantarki.[100][101][102] Habasha tana isar da kusan kashi 81% na yawan ruwa zuwa kogin Nilu ta cikin kogin Blue Nile, kogin Sobat da Atbara.[103][104][105] A shekara ta 1959, Masar da Sudan sun rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya ta kasashen biyu, yarjejeniyar ruwan Nilu ta shekarar 1959,[106][107][107] wadda ta bai wa kasashen biyu ‘yancin kan ruwa na ruwan Nilu.[108][109][110] Tun daga lokacin, Masar ta hana kusan dukkan ayyukan da ake yi a Habasha da ke neman amfani da magudanan ruwan Nilu na cikin gida.[111][112][113] Wannan ya yi tasiri wajen hana tallafin samar da wutar lantarki daga waje da ayyukan ban ruwa a yammacin Habasha,[114][114][115] wanda hakan ya kawo cikas ga ayyukan raya tattalin arziki na tushen albarkatun ruwa. Sai dai kasar Habasha na shirin gina wani katafaren madatsar ruwa mai karfin megawatt 6,450 a kogin Blue Nile.[116][117][118] An kammala shi a shekara ta 2023, wannan babbar madatsar ruwa ta Habasha za ta kasance tashar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka.[119][120][121] Aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Gibe III ya zuwa yanzu shi ne mafi girma a kasar tare da samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 1,870. A cikin shekara ta 2017-18 (2010 E.C)[122][123][124] wannan madatsar ruwa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta samar da 4,900 GW⋅h.[245]
Tsufa
Manyan labaran: D'mt da Mulkin Aksum
Kudin Akshaye
A cikin 980 BC, an kafa D'Mt a cikin Are Eritrea da kuma arewacin Ethiopia a yankin Tigray,[125][126][127] kuma an yi imani da cewa yanayin da zai gaje ya zama magaji ya zama magajinsa.[128][129][130] Wannan babban birnin kasar da aka samu a Yeha a cikin menene yanzu yanzu Habasha.[131][132][133] Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da wannan wayewar dan adam dan kasar Habasha na asalin kasar, kodayake a farkon lokacin da suka ba da gudummawa saboda yawan tasirin Bahar Maliya.[134][135][136]
Sauran malamai sun dauki matsayin wata kungiyar al'adun afroasicic da rassan da ke magana da kayayyaki da kuma semitic; Wato,[137][138][139] jama'ar lard na gida da Sabaenans daga Kudancin Arabia. Duk da haka, Geez,[140][141][142][142][142] tsohon Semit Harshen Habasha na Habasha na Habasha, ana tunanin ya haɓaka da kansa daga yaren Sabaenan.[143] A farkon rabin 2000 BC, sauran masu magana da Semitic suna zaune a Habasha da Eritrea inda Gealz ya kirkira. [144][145][146] Yanzu haka Sabaea ya kasance yana tunanin ya kasance ƙarami,[147][148][149] iyakance ga wasu ƙananan yankuna, kuma ya ɓace bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ko karni.[150][151][152] Wataƙila mulkin ciniki ne ko kuma mallaka na soja cikin Alliance tare da Wuta ta Habasha ko kuma wasu ƙasashen Preto-Axumite.[153][154][155]
Daular Axum a ganiya a karni na 6
Bayan faɗuwar D'Mt a karni na 4 BC, filin duniya Filato ya zo da mulkin magazarta.[156][157][158] A cikin karni na 1 AD, mulkin Aksharum ya fito a cikin abin da yake yanzu yankin Tigray da Eritrea.[159][160][161] A cewar littafin Axum, babban babban babban babban birnin farko, Itiyopis, ɗan Cush.[162][163][164] Daga baya ya mika akmarinum a baya a wasu lokata a wannan gefen Bahar Maliya.[165][166][167] A cikin Peran Annabi Mani da aka lissafa Axum tare da Rome, Farisa,[168][169][170] da China a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan iko guda hudu na zamanin sa, a cikin karni na 3.[171][172][173] An kuma yi imani da cewa akwai wata alaka tsakanin majami'u na Masarawa.[174][175][176] Akwai tabbataccen shaida cewa Akshumite suna da alaƙa da Sarauniyar Sheba, ta hanyar rubutun sarauta.[177][178][179]
Forawa 316 AD, FRUMEMIUS da ɗan'uwansa Edesius daga Taya tare da kawunsu a kan Habasha zuwa Habasha.[180][180][180] Lokacin da tukunyar ta tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa mai launin tekun, da natifa suka kashe masu tafiyar matafiya sai dai 'yan'uwan biyu biyu, waɗanda aka kai a kotu a matsayin bayi.[181][182][183] Sanarwar amintattu ne suka bashe su, suka musulunta a kori shugaban sarki ya yi karatun Kiristanci.[184][185][186] Frumpentius ya zama bishop na farko na Akkum.[187][188][189] A tsabar kudin ya nuna 324 ya nuna cewa kasar Habasha ita ce kasa da ta biyu da ta dauki addinin Kiristanci (bayan da duk da cewa ana iya yin hakan a cikin da'irar kotu;[190][191][192] Wannan shi ne babban iko na farko da yin hakan.[193][194][195] AKSUMITEITY sun kasance sumbata ga Greco-Roman da ke da mahimman dangantakar al'adu da kuma ular kasuwanci da empire da emeral, a cikin kwasfa da emerals, da kuma shigo da siliki.[196][197][198] Aikin zinare a cikin 2015 shine tan 9 na awo.[199][199][199]
Tsakanin Zamani
Babban labarin: Habasha a tsakiyar zamanai
Masarautar ta karbi sunan "Ethiopia" a zamanin mulkin Ezana a karni na 4.[200][201][202] Bayan cin nasarar daular Kush a shekara ta 330, yankin Aksumite ya kai kololuwarsa tsakanin karni na 5 da na 6.[203][204][205] An katse wannan lokacin ta hanyar kutse da dama cikin yankin kariyar Larabawa ta Kudu,[206][207][208] gami da Dhu Nuwas na Yahudawa na Masarautar Himyarite da yaƙe-yaƙe na Aksumite-Farisiya.[209][210][211] A shekara ta 575, Aksumiyawa sun kewaye birnin Sana'a suka sake mamaye birnin bayan kashe gwamnanta Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan.[212][213][214] An bar Bahar Maliya ga Khalifancin Rashidun a shekara ta 646,[215][216][217] kuma musulmin Larabawa sun wawashe birnin Adulis mai tashar jiragen ruwa a karni na 8; tare da lalata ƙasa da ba za a iya jurewa ba, da'awar sauyin yanayi da ruwan sama na lokaci-lokaci daga 730 zuwa 760,[218][219][220] waɗannan abubuwan na iya haifar da mulkin ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci.[221][222][223] Aksum ya zo karshe a shekara ta 960 lokacin da Sarauniya Gudit ta yi nasara akan sarkin Aksum na karshe.[224][225][226] A sakamakon haka, ragowar al'ummar Aksumiyya su koma yankin kudancin kasar, su kafa daular Zagwe, suka canza babban birninsu zuwa Lalibela.[227][228][229] Mulkin Zagwe ya ƙare lokacin da wani babban mutum mai daraja na Amhara Yekuno Amlak ya yi tawaye ga Sarki Yetbarak kuma ya kafa daular Habasha (wanda aka sani da "Abyssinia").[230][231][232]
Biete Medhane Alem, wanda aka gina a zamanin daular Zagwe a tsakiyar zamanai
Daular Habasha ta fara fadada yankunan karkashin jagorancin Amda Seyon I.[233][234][235][236] Ya kaddamar da yakin yaki da makiya musulmi na gabas, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a cikin ma'auni wajen nuna goyon baya ga kiristoci tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[237][238][239] Bayan nasarar yakin gabas da Amda Seyon ya yi, akasarin sarakunan musulmi a yankin kahon Afirka sun shiga karkashin mulkin daular Habasha.[240][241][242] An miƙe daga Gojjam zuwa gabar tekun Somaliya a cikin Zelia.[243][244][245] Daga cikin wadannan al'ummomin musulmi akwai masarautar Ifat. A zamanin sarki Zara Yaqob,[246][247][248] daular Habasha ta kai kololuwarta.[249][250][251] Mulkinsa ya kasance alama ce ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar mallakar yankuna daga sarakunan farko,[252][253][254] da kula da gina majami'u da gidajen ibada da yawa, haɓaka wallafe-wallafe da fasaha, da ƙarfafa ikon daular tsakiya.[255][256][257] Magajin Ifat, Adal Sultanate,[258][259][260] ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci Habasha a lokacin yaƙin Habasha-Adal, amma a ƙarshe an ci nasara a yakin Wayna Daga 1543.[261][262][263]
A karni na 16, kwararowar 'yan kabilar Oromo zuwa sassan arewacin yankin ya wargaza karfin daular.[264][265][266] Da suka taso daga yankin Guji da Borena a yau, Oromos sun sami ƙwarin guiwa ne da ra'ayoyi da yawa na al'ada - tun daga Moggaasaa[267][268][269] da Liqimssa - waɗanda yawancinsu ke da alaƙa da farmakin da suka kai. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa gada na Meslé.[270][271][272] A cewar Abba Bahrey, farkon fadada ya faru ne a karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Dawit II (luba Melbah),[273][274][275] lokacin da suka mamaye Bale kafin su mamaye Adal Sultanate.[276][277][278]
Habasha ta ga babban huldar diflomasiyya da Portugal daga karni na 17, galibin alaka da addini. Tun daga 1555,[279][280][281] Jesuits Portuguese sun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka Roman Katolika a matsayin addinin jiha. Bayan gazawa da yawa, sun aika da masu mishan da yawa a cikin 1603,[282][283][284] ciki har da wanda ya fi tasiri, Mutanen Espanya Jesuit Pedro Paez.[285][286][287] A karkashin sarki Susenyos na I, Roman Katolika ya zama addinin daular Habasha a shekara ta 1622.[288][289][290] Wannan shawarar ta haifar da tashin hankali daga al'ummar Orthodox.[291][292][293]
ginin itofiyaTaswiran Kasar Etofiya a zamanin da[294]
Tsohon hoto a kasar ta Etofiya
Sojan kasar Etofiya da shugaban kasa
Sassaken Gragne akan doki
Manunin itofiya
Manunin itofiya
Map din itofiya
Lokacin damuna a itofiya
Tutar itofiya
Itofiya
Wassan alada a Itofiya
Faduwar Rana itofiya
Itofiya
Wasanni a itofiya
Itofiya
Ruwan itofiya
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Habasha da Musulunci
Kasar habasha ita ce kasa ta farko da ta kare musulmin farko da su ka tsira daga arnan makka,[295][296][297] da kyakkyawar dangantakar da take tsakanin musulmai da habasha a zamanin Annabi Muhammad (S. A. W)[298][299][300]manzon Allah, amma ta soma wargajewa tsakanin habasha da kasashen musulinci a zamanin Umar dan khaddab yardar Allah ta Kara tabbata a ga reshi,[301][302][303] a wannan lokacin habashawa suka yi ruwan bama-bamai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta jidda kasar saudiyya abin da yasa musulmai suka maida martani.[304][305][306]
A shekara ta 83 ta hijira musulmai suka kama wani birni a kusa da habasha dan su ringa lura da habashawa, a shekara ta 1510 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isah[307][308][309] sarauniyar habasha ta aika manzo na musamman zuwa ga aiman wail sarkin Burtugal dan saboda ya ci musulmai da yaki a taikun Indiya ta kuma nemi hadin kai daga wajan shi dan ya turamata da sojoji ta yaki makka sai ya yadda da maganarta ya turumata sojojin masu dumbin yawa ko da haka musulmai sun ci su da yaki sun kashe musu babban hafsan sojojin su,[310][311][312] amma duk da haka musulmai basusamu dama sun shiga habasha ba.[313][314][315]
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Tsohon hoto a kasar ta Etofiya
Sojan kasar Etofiya da shugaban kasa
Sassaken Gragne akan doki
Manunin itofiya
Manunin itofiya
Map din itofiya
Lokacin damuna a itofiya
Tutar itofiya
Itofiya
Wassan alada a Itofiya
Faduwar Rana itofiya
Itofiya
Itofiya
Ruwan itofiya
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