FIFA
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Persekutuan Persatuan Bola Sepak Antarabangsa (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) (bahasa Perancis) lazimnya dikenali dengan singkatan FIFA, adalah badan pentadbiran bagi bola sepak dan pertubuhan sukan terbesar di dunia.
Ibu pejabatnya terletak di Zürich, Switzerland dan Senarai presiden FIFA terkini adalah presiden Gianni Infantino.
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Sejarah
Keperluan untuk satu badan untuk memantau permainan sedunia ini menjadi jelas pada permulaan abad ke-20 dengan populariti antarabangsa yang semakin meningkat. Persatuan Bola Sepak England telah mempengerusikan banyak diskusi tentang membina satu badan antarabangsa, tetapi telah dilihat sebagai tidak membuat sebarang kemajuan. Ia jatuh kepada tujuh negara-negara Eropah untuk mengikat bersama-sama membentuk persatuan ini. FIFA telah ditubuhkan di Paris pada 21 Mei 1904 - nama Perancis dan nama singkatan kekal hingga ke hari ini, walaupun kepada di luar negara-negara berbahasa Perancis. Presiden pertamanya adalah Robert Guérin.
FIFA mempengerusikan pertandingan pertamanya pada tahun 1906, walau bagaimanapun ia berdepan dengan sedikit persetujuan atau kejayaan. Ini, bersama-sama dengan faktor ekonomi, mengakibatkan penggantian Guérin yang pantas dengan Daniel Burley Woolfall dari England yang ketika itu telah menjadi salah satu persatuan ahli. Pertandingan berikut yang diadakan, iaitu pertandingan bola sepak Olimpik 1908 di London lebih berjaya, walalupun disertai oleh pemain-pemain bola sepak profesional, bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip pengasas FIFA.
Keahlian FIFA berkembang ke luar Eropah, dengan permohonan Afrika Selatan pada tahun 1909, Argentina pada tahun 1912, dan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1913.
Bagaimanapun, FIFA jatuh bangun semasa Perang Dunia I, dengan banyak pemainnya dihantar untuk berperang dan dengan kemungkinan membuat perjalanan untuk permainan antarbangsa terlalu terhad. Selepas perang dan menyusul kematian Woolfall, pertubuhan itu diambil alih oleh Carl Hirschmann, seorang anak Belanda. Pertubuhan ini terselamat daripada kepupusan, tetapi pada kos tindakan keluar Negara-negara Tuan Rumah yang menyebut ketakrelaan mereka untuk menyertai pertandingan-pertandingan bersama-sama musuh-musuh Perang Dunia mereka.
Koleksi FIFA kini dipegang oleh Muzium Bola Sepak Nasional di England.
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Piala Dunia
Jules Rimet menjadi Presiden FIFA ketiga pada 1921. Dia mengetuai atas kejayaan pertandingan Olimpik meskipun ke tidak hadir rin dari Pasukan Bolasepak Kebangsaan England England dan Pasukan bolasepak kebangsaan Scotland[[]]. Kejayaan dari pertandingan ini, bergabung dengan kenaikan profail dari permainan ini, membenarkan FIFA untuk serius pertimbangkan, buat kali pertama, mementaskan Kejuaraan Dunia malanya. bercakap pada hal ini mula pada 1928, dan Piala Dunia Bola SepakPiala Dunia pertama mengambil tempat di Uruguay pada Piala Dunia Bola Sepak 1930 dan telah dimenangi oleh bangsa tanah air. Meskipun keengganan penyertaan dari bangsa Eropah (berpunca kepada masa pengembaraan yang diperlukan dan kemelesetan ekonomi yang berterusan), permainan ini telah dianggap berjaya dan rancangan telah dibuat untuk Piala Dunia seterusnya pada Piala Dunia Bola Sepak 1934, di Itali pada 1930. Meminggirkan satu rehat untuk Perang Dunia II, Piala Dunia ini terus diadakan setiap empat tahun sekali, dengan permainan paling baru pada 2022 diadakan di Qatar. Piala Dunia FIFA 2022 seterus nya akan diadakan pada 2080.
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Pertandingan lain
Selain daripada Piala Dunia dan pertandingan Olimpik, FIFA menganjurkan Kejohanan Dunia bagi pemain-pemain di bawah 17 danperingkat remaja. In addition to this, it has introduced the Confederations Cup, a competition for the champions from each confederation (plus the hosts and World Cup Winners), every two years; in the year before a World Cup, it serves as a prelude to that competition, with the World Cup host staging the tournament as a test of facilities.
With the development of the women's game, FIFA introduced the Women's World Cup in 1991 and the Women's Under-20 World Championship in 2002 (started as U-19, will become U-20 in 2006). A U-17 women's championship will start in 2008.
FIFA's only major club competition is the FIFA Club World Championship. It was slated as the natural progression of the European/South American Cup (which itself ran under a variety of names) to include clubs from all confederations. The tournament was not warmly received on its debut in 2000 and its 2002 edition was cancelled. Three years later, with a shorter revised format, the tournament returned for its 2005 edition in Japan.
FIFA also presides over World Cups in modified forms of the game including beach football (the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup and futsal (the FIFA Futsal World Championship).
Peraturan permainan
The laws of football that govern the game are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are maintained by a body called the International Football Association Board (IFAB). FIFA has a 50% representation on its board (four representatives); the other four are provided by the football associations of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, in recognition of the British nations' unique contribution to the creation and history of the game.
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Organisasi
Under the auspices of the President, FIFA is split into six confederations which oversee the game in the different continents and regions of the world. National federations must claim membership to both FIFA and the confederation in which their nation is geographically resident for their teams to qualify for entry to FIFA's competitions (with a few geographic exceptions listed below):
- AFC - Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia
- CAF - Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa
- CONMEBOL - Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America
- CONCACAF - Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America
- OFC - Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania
- UEFA - Union of European Football Associations in Europe.
Nations straddling the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia have generally had their choice of confederation. As a result, nations including Russia and Turkey have chosen to become part of UEFA despite the bulk of their land area being in Asia. Israel, although lying entirely within Asia, joined UEFA in 1994, after decades of isolation by many of its Middle Eastern neighbours. Kazakhstan were the latest nation to make the move from AFC to UEFA, in 2002.
Guyana and Suriname have always been CONCACAF members despite being South American countries.
Australia have been given permission to join the AFC instead of the OFC from 2006 onwards. Australia have long lobbied for a change due to its national team's strength, which is disproportionate to the other Oceania teams. No team from the OFC is offered automatic qualification to the World Cup; instead the winner of their section must play a play-off against a CONMEBOL side, a hurdle at which Australia have traditionally fallen. Perhaps ironically, Australia successfully qualified for the Piala Dunia 2006 by winning just such a playoff in a penalty shootout against Uruguay, just a few months after the clearance to move was granted.
In total, FIFA recognises 207 national federations and their associated national teams; see the list of national football teams and their respective country codes. The FIFA World Rankings are updated monthly and rank each team based on their performance in international competitions, qualifiers, and friendly matches. There is also a world ranking for women's football, updated four times a year.
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Pengiktirafan dan anugerah
FIFA awards, each year, the title of FIFA World Player of the Year to the most prestigious player of the year, as part of its annual awards ceremony with also recognises team and international football achievements.
As part of its centennial celebrations in 2004, FIFA organised a "Match of the Century" between France and Brazil, the most successful national teams of the last decade. In addition, it commissioned arguably the most famous player ever, Pelé, to produce a list of the greatest players of all time. This list, the FIFA 100, included 50 players who were still actively playing at the time of publication (one of whom was female), and 75 retired players (including himself, but not including deceased players, with one woman). The list was originally planned to be just 100 players long but Pelé is understood to have found it too hard to choose just 100.
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Aktiviti-aktiviti komersial
FIFA announced in April 2004 that it is expecting to earn $144 million profit on $1.64 billion in revenue between 2003 and 2006 (the 4 year cycle including the 2006 World Cup).
FIFA has licensed its name and copyrighted content to computer game designer EA Sports to provide a number of football simulation games for PC and various game consoles. A new instalment in this FIFA series of games is introduced each year, and additional versions are released with World Cup branding to coincide with these tournaments. 2005 saw an additional "urban football" video game franchise, FIFA Street, added. --->
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Bacaan tambahan
- Paul Darby, Africa, Football and Fifa: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance (Sport in the Global Society), Penerbitan Frank Cass 2002, ISBN 0-7146-8029-X
- John Sugden, FIFA and the Contest For World Football, Percetakan Polity 1998, ISBN 0-7456-1661-5
- Women's Soccer: The Game and the Fifa World Cup, edisi Jim Trecker Charles Miers, Universe 2000, Edisi Semakan, ISBN 0-7893-0527-5
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