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Список награждённых Национальной медалью науки США

статья-список в проекте Викимедиа Из Википедии, свободной энциклопедии

Список награждённых Национальной медалью науки США
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Список награждённых Национальной медалью науки США включает известных учёных, получивших её за свои выдающиеся достижения. Национальная научная медаль США вручается Президентом США с 1962 года. На 19 мая 2016 года награждено 506 человек[1]. Медаль не вручалась в некоторые годы: 1971, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1984 и 1985. Первая медаль была вручена 18 февраля 1963 года Президентом США Джоном Кеннеди Теодору фон Карману[2].

Краткие факты Список награждённых Национальной медалью науки США, Род занятий ...

Медаль присуждается в шести номинациях по следующим научным дисциплинам:

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Лауреаты

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Награждённые Национальной научной медалью 2010-го года в Голубой комнате Белого дома, 21 октября 2011 года. На снимке слева направо: Ричард Тапиа, Питер Стэнг[англ.], Шу Цянь, Сатхамангалам Варадхан, Барак Обама, Жаклин Бартон, Ральф Бринстер[англ.] и Рудольф Йениш.

Психология и общественные науки

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Биологические науки

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Химия

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Инженерные науки

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Математика, статистика и компьютерные науки

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Физические науки

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Комментарии

  1. [1]
    Медаль вручена 8 февраля 1965 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  2. [2]
    Медаль вручена 12 марта 1986 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
  3. [3]
    For his fundamental contributions to our understanding of human problem-solving behavior and decisionmaking, particularly in organizations
  4. [4]
    Медали вручены 25 июня 1987 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
  5. [5]
    For her work in the development of the discipline of differential psychology as a behavioral science, which illuminates the way traits are influenced by heredity and environment and the methods by which traits and human characteristics are measured
  6. [6]
    For his efforts to advance the understanding of industry, its internal organization and relation to government, and for initiating the study of information and markets
  7. [7]
    Медаль вручена 15 июля 1988 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
  8. [8]
    For his theoretical contributions, and for application, of the principles of scientific empirical and statistical methods to the field of economics and the social sciences, and to problems critical to the Nation in general
  9. [9]
    Медали вручены 13 ноября 1990 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим
  10. [10]
    For his pioneering work on the theory of modern decentralized allocation mechanisms
  11. [11]
    Медаль вручена 16 сентября 1991 года в Саду роз Белого дома президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим
  12. [12]
    Медаль вручена 23 июня 1992 года в Белом доме президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим
  13. [13]
    Медаль вручена 19 декабря 1994 года в Аудитории Эндрю У. Меллона вице-президентом Элом Гором
  14. [14]
    Медаль вручена 18 октября 1995 года в Белом доме президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  15. [15]
    Медаль вручена 26 июля 1996 года в Белом доме президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  16. [16]
    For fundamental contributions to economic science, specifically general equilibrium theory and macroeconomics, and to economic education and policy over a period for nearly 60 years
  17. [17]
    Медаль вручена 16 декабря 1997 года в комнате 450 Старого исполнительного офисного здания президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  18. [18]
    Медаль вручена 27 апреля 1999 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  19. [19]
    Медаль вручена 14 марта 2000 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  20. [20]
    For his creation of the modern framework for analyzing the effects of investment and technological progress on economic growth, greatly influencing economics and economic policy worldwide
  21. [21]
    Медаль вручена 1 декабря 2000 года
  22. [22]
    For his pioneering the economic analysis of racial discrimination, inventing the economics of human resources, producing the major modern innovations in economic demography and in economic criminology, and leading recent developments in how social forces shape individual economic behavior
  23. [23]
    Медаль вручена 14 марта 2005 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Джорджем Бушем-младшим
  24. [24]
    For his half century of advances in economics, psychology, and sociology based on mathematical modeling of behavior
  25. [25]
    Медаль вручена 13 февраля 2006 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Джорджем Бушем-младшим
  26. [26]
    For his contribution to the field of economics exemplified by his work on general equilibrium theory, social welfare theory, endogenous growth theory, health economics, and information economics
  27. [27]
    Медаль вручена 27 июля 2007 года в Белом доме президентом Джорджем Бушем-младшим
  28. [28]
    For his unparalleled contributions to cognitive and mathematical psychology, for his lucid analyses of memory and learning, and for his important service to psychology and to American science
  29. [29]
    Медаль вручена 7 октября 2009 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Бараком Обамой
  30. [30]
    For his innovative application of technology to the understanding of brain function, his incisive and accurate modeling of functional tasks, and his development of methodological and conceptual tools to help understand the mind and the development of brain networks of attention
  31. [31]
    Медаль вручена 17 ноября 2010 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Бараком Обамой
  32. [32]
    For his contributions to understanding the neural basis of perception and memory in primates, notably the delineation of sensory neocortical processing systems especially for vision, audition, and somatic sensation, and the organization of memory systems in the brain
  33. [33]
    Медаль вручена 1 февраля 2013 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Бараком Обамой
  34. [34]
    Медаль вручена 20 ноября 2014 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Бараком Обамой
  35. [35]
    Медаль вручена 19 мая 2016 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Бараком Обамой
  36. [36]
    For fundamental advances in the understanding of social learning mechanisms and self-referent thinking processes in motivation and behavior change, and for the development of the social cognitive theory of human action and psychological development
  37. [37]
    Медаль вручена в январе 1964 года в Белом доме президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  38. [38]
    For his fundamental investigations of the comparative biochemistry of microorganisms, for his studies of the basic mechanisms of photosynthesis, and for his excellence as a teacher of many scientists.
  39. [39]
    Медали вручены 8 февраля 1965 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  40. [40]
    For studies of the genetic control of protein synthesis and, in particular, for deciphering the chemical code relating nucleic acid structures to protein structures
  41. [41]
    Медали вручены 10 февраля 1966 года в Белом доме президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  42. [42]
    For the original discovery and continued elaboration of the relationship between viruses and tumors, which has come to form the biologic base for so much of our present research effort on cancer
  43. [43]
    For penetrating studies of vertebrate evolution through geologic time, and for scholarly synthesis of a new understanding of organic evolution based upon genetics and paleontology
  44. [44]
    For classic studies of the chemistry of blood and of amino acid metabolism, and for the quantitative biochemical methodology underlying much of clinical medicine
  45. [45]
    Медали вручены 6 февраля 1967 года в Белом доме президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  46. [46]
    For outstanding original contributions involving unique biological approaches to the control of insect vectors responsible for diseases of humans, domesticated animals, and plants
  47. [47]
    For original discoveries of molecular mechanisms for the transfer and transformation of energy in living cells, and for fundamental contributions to the conceptual structure of modern biochemistry
  48. [48]
    For the discovery of the essential amino acid threonine and for the subsequent brilliant studies elucidating the qualitative and quantitative amino acid requirements of man and of animals
  49. [49]
    For original and sustained contributions to the mathematical foundations of the theory of evolution and for basic contributions to experimental and biometrical genetics
  50. [50]
    Медали вручены 13 февраля 1968 года в Белом доме президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  51. [51]
    For highly original experimental and theoretical investigations of the electrical properties of biological membranes that have led to a deep understanding of the functioning of nerves
  52. [52]
    For original and ingenious contributions to comparative and experimental psychology, particularly in the controlled study of learning and motivations, the determinants of animal behavior, and development of affectional behavior
  53. [53]
    For placing the science of immunology on a quantitative chemical basis, and for showing its power to reveal the structure of molecules found in the living organism
  54. [54]
    For a long and distinguished career in genetics during which he discovered and interpreted a number of important genetic phenomena in Drosophila and other organisms
  55. [55]
    Медали вручены 17 января 1969 года в Белом доме президентом Линдоном Джонсоном
  56. [56]
    For his profound study of the chemical activities of microorganisms, including the unraveling of fatty acid metabolism and the discovery of the active coenzyme form of vitamin B12
  57. [57]
    For pioneering new qualitative concepts which have revolutionized the development, the study, and the effective use of therapeutic agents in the treatment of human disease
  58. [58]
    For his highly original research in the field of physiology and for his manifold contributions to the advance of science and its institution in the service of society
  59. [59]
    For bringing the science of genetics to bear upon animal breeding, and thus helping to remould the flocks and herds of America and Western Europe
  60. [60]
    For basic and imaginative contributions to the study of behavior which have had profound influence upon all of psychology and many related areas
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    Медали вручены 16 февраля 1970 года в Белом доме президентом Ричардом Никсоном
  62. [62]
    For contributions to the modern understanding of the biology of viruses and their role in the induction of diverse diseases
  63. [63]
    For notable contributions to systematics, biogeography, and the study of birds, and especially for great work on the evolution of animal populations
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    Медали вручены 21 мая 1971 года в Белом доме президентом Ричардом Никсоном
  65. [65]
    For establishing the relations between inherited characters in plants and the detailed shapes of their chromosomes, and for showing that some genes are controlled by other genes within chromosomes
  66. [66]
    For numerous fundamental contributions to the understanding of viruses and viral diseases, culminating in the development of the vaccine which has eliminated poliomyelitis as a major threat to human health
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    Медали вручены 10 октября 1973 года в Белом доме президентом Ричардом Никсоном
  68. [68]
    For fundamental research into the mechanism of green plant utilization of light to produce chemical energy and oxygen and for contributions to our understanding of plant nutrition
  69. [69]
    For the discovery that epinephrine and hormones of the pituitary gland occasion their diverse regulatory effects by initiating cellular synthesis of cyclic adenylic acid, now recognized as a universal biological second messenger, which opened a new level of understanding of the subtle mechanisms that integrate the chemical life of the cell while offering hope of entirely new approaches to chemotherapy
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    Медали вручены 18 сентября 1975 года в Белом доме президентом Джеральдом Фордом
  71. [71]
    For his contributions to our knowledge of cellular and subcellular physiology made through work on enzyme-substrate complexes, on the kinetics of enzyme action, and on the mechanism and control of membrane-bound electron transfer during cellular respiration
  72. [72]
    For fundamental chemical and biological studies establishing the basis for modern concepts of the mechanisms of protein synthesis and the genetic role of nucleic acids
  73. [73]
    For pioneering achievements in creating the science of human genetics and discovering the genetic basis of several human diseases
  74. [74]
    For outstanding leadership in biomedical research following an earlier career in distinguished laboratory investigation of kidney function and antimalarial drugs
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    Медали вручены 18 октября 1976 года в Белом доме президентом Джеральдом Фордом
  76. [76]
    For outstanding contributions to agronomic research including the development of radically new and improved semidwarf varieties of wheat that now grow on five continents and have made the green revolution a reality
  77. [77]
    For fundamental research on nerve potentials, electroencephalography, and mechanisms of hearing that have formed the basis for advances in neurophysiology, neurology, otolaryngology, audiology, acoustics, occupational health safety, and pediatrics
  78. [78]
    For his discovery of three vitamins and related research that have greatly improved human nutrition
  79. [79]
    For the initiation of basic research in the physical and chemical properties of soils and proteins that have profoundly influenced agricultural practices and the production of food plants
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    Медали вручены 22 ноября 1977 года в Белом доме президентом Джимми Картером
  81. [81]
    For fundamental contributions to the elucidation of the fine structure of cells by electron microscopy, which has inaugurated a new era of cell biology integrating structure and function into a comprehensive picture of the life of cells
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    For major contributions to understanding the subcellular mechanism whereby oxidative and photosynthetic energy is transformed into the specific form of chemical energy used by living cells
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    For his pioneering work on the organization of insect societies and the evolution of social behavior among insects and other animals
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    For demonstrating the presence of a new class of hormones, made in the brain, that regulate the function of the pituitary gland, thereby making possible improved diagnosis and treatment of numerous endocrine disorders
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    Медали вручены 14 января 1980 года в Белом доме президентом Джимми Картером
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    For important contributions to biochemistry and molecular biology, discoveries that contributed greatly to our understanding of the mechanisms for energy generation within a cell, the mechanism whereby proteins are synthesized within a cell and the elucidation of the genetic code
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    For numerous original contributions leading to an understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the process of biological nitrogen fixation
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    For his outstanding contributions to the synthesis of an evolutionary theory, particularly as it applies to plants
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    For seminal contributions to understanding of the energy metabolism of anaerobic bacteria and for elucidation of major mechanisms whereby the rates of metabolic processes are finely matched to the requirements of the living cell
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    For outstanding contributions to comparative and human neuroanatomy and for the synthesis and transmission of knowledge of the entire nervous system of the vertebrate phylum
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    For outstanding contributions to cell biology and understanding of the development of the nervous system including the basis for surgical repair of injury to peripheral nerves
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    For accomplishments providing the conceptual and experimental framework for much of our current understanding of the manner in which DNA, the genetic substance, is replicated
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    For his outstanding contributions to biochemical research, resulting in significant contributions to mankind, including research that led to a clearer understanding of pellagra, and for his national leadership in furthering the state of American science
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    Медали вручены 24 мая 1983 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
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    For elucidating the fine structure of the gene and unifying the classical and molecular concepts of gene structure and function
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    For outstanding contributions to the biological sciences that have helped to feed the hungry, protect and beautify the environment, and provide recreation for millions
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    For pioneering the use of stable isotopic tracers and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the study of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis
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    Медали вручены 27 февраля 1985 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
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    For his pioneering research in molecular virology, including identification of the immunizing protein, and his collaborative role in the use of gene splicing to produce the first effective protein vaccine for use in animals or humans
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    For her pioneering contributions to establishing the concept of neurosecretion and the demonstration of the central role of neurosecretion and neuropeptides in the integration of animal function and development
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    For fundamental contributions to understanding the mechanisms of gene expression, for the development of recombinant DNA, and for a deep concern for its safe and humane application to medicine
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    For his fundamental contributions to basic and applied biology in the field of insect pheromones, their chemical composition and blends, their biosysnthesis, how insects perceive and respond to them, and their use in insect pest management
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    Медали вручены 12 марта 1986 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
  104. [104]
    For pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells through studies combining electron microscopy and biochemistry. These contributions stimulated the growth of the field of cell biology, which he continues to inspire through his own research and leadership active collaboration, and the training of new investigators
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    For her major contributions to the basic molecular biology of bacterial and mammalian cells. Her discovery of at least six new components of the cellular machinery is an accomplishment of great distinction in both basic molecular biology and in the clinical treatment of autoimmune disease
  106. [106]
    For his pioneering discovery and characterization of hormone-like growth factors which specifically control the multiplication of certain cells during growth and development
  107. [107]
    For his leading role as chief architect and implementer of the World Health Organization’s successful global eradication of smallpox
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    For his fundamental research on how the brain functions in processing and perceiving the information gathered through the somatic sensory system
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    Медали вручены 25 июня 1987 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
  110. [110]
    For his pioneering medical innovations throughout his medical career and his unique ability to bring his vast professional knowledge to bear on public policy as a national and international medical statesman
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    For the discovery of viroids, the smallest known agent of infectious disease. This discovery has opened new avenues of molecular research into some of the most serious diseases afflicting plants, animals, and humans
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    For his research in the development of reproducible conditions for the growth in culture of human and animal cells
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    For his innovative contributions that significantly contributed to our understanding of gene structure, membrane function and vision and for the work stimulated by his research which has had a major impact on the biological and chemical sciences
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    For a major breakthrough in neurobiology by her discovery of the Nerve Growth Factor and its effect on the growth of the sympathetic nervous system which set the stage for worldwide studies of the molecules involved in normal and malignant growth
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    Медали вручены 15 июля 1988 года в Белом доме президентом Рональдом Рейганом
  116. [116]
    For their historic discovery of the basic mechanisms controlling cholesterol metabolism, opening the way to a new pharmacologic approach to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world
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    For his discovery of methods for propagating and expressing the hereditary information of DNA introduced into living cells, thereby enabling the cloning of individual genes and the study of their structure and function
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    For her historic contributions to the discovery and development of radioimmunassay, a technique that employs radioactive isotopes to detect and measure the levels of insulin and hormones in the blood and body tissues
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    For his brilliant discoveries in basic research and ingenious inventiveness in creating vaccines that are the foundation for control of infectious diseases through immunologic intervention, preventing death and disability in millions of persons worldwide
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    For discovering the first cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to simple learning and memory
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    Медали вручены 18 октября 1989 года в Белом доме президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим. Медаль Роджера Сперри была вручена его сыну — Глену Сперри.
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    For his work on neurospecificity which showed how the intricate brain networks for behavior are effected through a system of chemical coding of individual cells, which has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of human nature
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    For her distinguished service to the American community of plant biologists, and for the excellence of her pioneering research, both basic and applied, on plant structure and development, which has spanned more than six decades; for her superlative performance as an educator, in the classroom and through her books; for the encouragement and inspiration she has given to a legion of young, aspiring plant biologists; and for providing a special role model for women in science
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    For his pioneering work on the biochemistry of CO2 fixation, for major contributions to medical education, and for leadership in biochemistry at the national and international levels
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    For his steadfast work that led to the discovery and understanding of normally occurring neuronal death, nerve growth factor, and competitive relationships in the vertebrate nervous system
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    For his innovative studies that have significantly advanced knowledge and provided new directions for research in molecular genetics, immunology and cancer etiology
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    For his work in bacterial genetics and immune cell single type antibody production; for his seminal research in artificial intelligence in biochemistry and medicine; and for his extensive advisory role in government, industry and international organizations that address themselves to the societal role of science
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    Медали вручены 13 ноября 1990 года в Восточной комнате Белого дома президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим
  129. [129]
    For his fundamental contributions to the understanding of the immune system, including much of the work which forms the basis of knowledge of transplantation immunology and regulatory function in the immune response
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    For his contributions to the basic research of the development of recombinant DNA technology. This seminal breakthrough has opened new vistas in experimental biology, and it has led directly to the development of the biotechnology industry.
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    For his pioneering work in the science and application of transplantation biology to successful bone marrow transplantation in man for the treatment of cancer and related conditions
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    For his demonstration and exploration of the genetic control of the development of body segments by homeotic genes
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    For his contributions to the understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of thalassemia; for his contributions to the understanding of disorders of red cell permeability; for his contributions to the understanding of the regulation of erythropoiesis; and for his contributions to the raining of a generation of hematologists and oncologists
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    Медали вручены 16 сентября 1991 года в Саду роз Белого дома президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим
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    For her discovery of the major cause of respiratory distress syndrome of premature infants and the straegies for treatment and prevention
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    For his pioneering work on plant hormones, including discovery of cyotkinins (a major class), chemical induction of organ formation and regulation of morphogenesis in plants, and contributions to the development of plant tissue culture as an experimental technique of fundamental importance in biotechnology
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    For his pioneering research of protein biosynthesis, opening the door to biochemical attack, and paving the way for dissection of the genetic code; and for introducing the concept and method of antisense DNA as an approach to viral gene inhibition and chemotherapy
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    For his fundamental contributions to the understanding of natural and man-made hazards, global environmental change, and the prevalence and persistence of world hunger
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    For his seminal contributions in the field of immunology, and for bringing the field to its present prominence
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    For his contribution to hematology in defining the genetic basis for G6PD deficiency and thalassemia, and discovery of an approach to control cancer cell proliferation with new inducers of differentiation
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    For a lifetime devoted to applying genetics to viruses and bacteria, and for guiding the development of generations of students who have helped create the modern power of molecular biology
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    Медаль вручена Темину 23 июня 1992 года в Белом доме президентом Джорджем Бушем-старшим. Сингер не смогла присутствовать на церемонии награждения, её медаль была отправлена ей в Институт Карнеги.
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    For her outstanding scientific accomplishments and her deep concern for the societal responsibility of the scientist
  144. [144]
    For his demonstration of the existence of RNA-directed DNA synthesis, leading to the discovery of proto-oncogenes within eukaryotic cells and the role of such genes in oncogenesis by viruses and other agents, laying the foundation for our knowledge of the replication of HIV, changing our ideas about evolution, and providing vital technology for genetic engineering and human gene therapy
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    Медали вручены 30 сентября 1993 года на Южной лужайке Белого дома президентом Биллом Клинтоном и вице-президентом Элом Гором
  146. [146]
    For her lifetime of work on developmental genetics, providing a large body of knowledge on the study of mammalian genetics
  147. [147]
    For his seminal research in molecular genetics that formed a foundation for contemporary biotechnology
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    Медали вручены 19 декабря 1994 года в Аудитории Эндрю У. Меллона вице-президентом Элом Гором
  149. [149]
    For his seminal contributions in the fields of insect behavior and chemical ecology, and for his international efforts on biodiversity
  150. [150]
    For her contributions to the understanding of the lysosomal storage diseases, demonstrating the strong linkage between basic and applied scientific investigation
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    Медаль вручена 18 октября 1995 года в Белом доме президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  152. [152]
    For his numerous fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structure and function of DNA and RNA, the central information carriers in living systems
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    Медаль вручена 26 июля 1996 года в Белом доме президентом Биллом Клинтоном
  154. [154]
    For her algal research, particularly the ecology and paleoecology of diatoms, and for elucidating the importance of biodiversity of aquatic life in ascertaining the natural condition of rivers and the effects of pollution
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    Медали вручены 16 декабря 1997 года в комнате 450 Старого исполнительного офисного здания президентом Биллом Клинтоном
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    For his discovery of prions, the causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other related neurodegenerative diseases, and his continuing efforts to develop effective methods for detecting and treating prion diseases
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    For improving our understanding of epigenetic regulation of gene expression: the biological mechanisms that affect how genetic information is variably expressed. His work has led to major advances in our understanding of mammalian cloning and embryonic stem cells
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    For contributions to the discovery and understanding of the dominant photosynthetic organisms in the ocean, promotion of the field of microbial oceanography, and influence on marine policy and management
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    For intellectual leadership and experimental innovation in the field of DNA replication, and for unparalleled dedication to improving science education and promoting science-based public policy
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    For international leadership in environmental science, straddling ecology and applied mathematics, to promote conservation; for his impact on a generation of environmental scientists; and for his critical contributions to ecology, environmental economics, epidemiology, applied mathematics, and evolution
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    For his contributions as one of the world’s most innovative and productive organic synthetic chemists who has discovered a variety of important synthetic reactions which have made possible the synthesis of some of the most complicated and important biologically active compounds
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    Медали вручены 18 октября 1995 года в Белом доме президентом Биллом Клинтоном
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    Медаль вручена 18 февраля 1963 года президентом Джоном Кеннеди
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    For his leadership in the science and engineering basic to aeronautics; for his effective teaching and related contributions in many fields of mechanics, for his distinguished counsel to the Armed Services, and for his promoting international cooperation in science and engineering.
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    For his outstanding contributions to communications theory, electron optics and traveling wave tubes, and for the analysis leading to world-wide radio communications using artificial earth satellites.
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    For his distinguished achievements in electrical engineering, in the technology of computing machines, in the effective coupling of the physical and life sciences; and in his mobilizing science, engineering and education in enduring ways in the service of the Nation.
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    For a half-century of distinguished leadership in the design of great bridges which combine beauty and utility with bold engineering concept and method
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    For his marvellously versatile contributions, profoundly original, ranging within pure and applied mathematics, and penetrating boldly into the engineering and biological sciences
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    For his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks, and for the functional specification of packet switching, which is the foundation of Internet technology. His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world
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    For his inspiring leadership in experimental high energy physics, continuing development of the bubble chamber, discovery of many states of elementary particles, and his contributions to National defense
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    For an imaginative new approach to the synthesis of complex organic molecules and, especially, for [his] brilliant syntheses of strychnine, reserphine, lysergic acid, and chlorophyll
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    In recognition of his major contributions to the elucidation of the complex chemistry of the steroid hormones and to the application of these compounds to medicinal chemistry and population control by means of oral contraceptives
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    For his unique contributions to the discovery of the chemical nature and source of smog, and for the successful efforts which he has carried through for smog abatement
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