Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a nonmetallic chemical element wi seembol P an atomic nummer 15. A multivalent pnictogen, phosphorus as a mineral is almaist always present in its maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in twa major forms—white phosphorus an reid phosphorus—but due tae its heich reactivity, phosphorus is never foond as a free element on Yird.

Phosphorus, ₁₅P

waxy white (yellae cut), reid (granules centre left, chunk centre richt), an violet phosphorus
Phosphorus
Pronunciation	/ˈfɒsfərəs/ ​(FOS-fər-əs)
Appearance	colourless, waxy white, yellae, scarlet, reid, violet, black
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(P)	7001309737619980000♠30.973761998(5)[1]
Phosphorus in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium N ↑ P ↓ As silicon ← phosphorus → sulfur
Atomic nummer (Z)	15
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Element category	Reactive nonmetal
Electron confeeguration	[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 5
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Density (near r.t.)	(white) 1.823, (red) ≈ 2.2 – 2.34, (violet) 2.36, (black) 2.69 g/cm3
Treeple pynt	(red) 862.7 K, 4367 kPa
Heat o fusion	(white) 0.66 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	(white) 12.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(white) 23.824 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur (white) P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 279 307 342 388 453 549
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 455 489 529 576 635 704
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1,[3] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.19
Ionisation energies	(more)
Covalent radius	107±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o phosphorus
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​simple triclinic
Thermal conductivity	(white) 0.236, (black) 12.1 W/(m·K)
Magnetic orderin	(white, red, violet, black) diamagnetic[4]
Bulk modulus	(white) 5, (reid) 11 GPa
CAS Nummer	7723-14-0 (reid) 12185-10-3 (white)
History
Diskivery	Hennig Brand (1669)
Recognized as an element bi	Antoine Lavoisier[5] (1777)
Main isotopes o phosphorus
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 31P 100% stable 32P syn 14.28 d β− 32S 33P syn 25.3 d β− 33S
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