Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element wi the seembol Ti an atomic nummer 22. It is a lustrous transeetion metal wi a siller colour, law density an heich strength. It is heichly resistant tae corrosion in sea watter, aqua regia an chlorine.

Titanium, ₂₂Ti

Titanium
Pronunciation	/tɪˈteɪniəm/ (tih-TAY-nee-əm) /taɪˈteɪniəm/ (ty-TAY-nee-əm[1])
Appearance	sillery gray-white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ti)	7001478670000000000♠47.867(1)[2]
Titanium in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium – ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium
Atomic nummer (Z)	22
Group	group 4
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 10, 2
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1941 K ​(1668 °C, ​3034 °F)
Bylin pynt	3560 K ​(3287 °C, ​5949 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	4.506 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	4.11 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	14.15 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	425 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.060 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3, +4[4] (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.54
Ionisation energies	1st: 658.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 147 pm
Covalent radius	160±8 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o titanium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed o soond thin rod	5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	21.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	420 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	+153.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[5]
Young's modulus	116 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.32
Mohs haurdness	6.0
Vickers haurdness	830–3420 MPa
Brinell haurdness	716–2770 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-32-6
History
Diskivery	William Gregor (1791)
First isolation	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Named by	Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Main isotopes o titanium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 44Ti syn 63 y ε 44Sc γ – 46Ti 8.25% stable 47Ti 7.44% stable 48Ti 73.72% stable 49Ti 5.41% stable 50Ti 5.18% stable
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Titanium wis diskivert in Cornwall, Great Breetain, bi William Gregor in 1791, an wis named bi Martin Heinrich Klaproth efter the Titans o Greek meethologie. The element occurs within a nummer o meeneral deposits, principally rutile an ilmenite, that are widely distributit in the Yird's crust an lithosphere, an it is foond in awmaist aw leevin things, watter bouks, rocks, an siles.^[6] The metal is extractit frae its principal mineral ures bi the Kroll^[7] an Hunter processes. The maist common compoond, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst an is uised in the manufactur o white pigments.^[8] Ither compoonds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), a component o smeuk screens an catalysts; an titanium trichloride (TiCl₃), that is uised as a catalyst in the production o polypropylene.^[6]

Titanium can be alloyed wi airn, alumeenium, vanadium, an molybdenum, amang ither elements, tae produce strang, lichtwecht alloys for aerospace (jet ingines, missiles, an spacecraft), militar, industrial processes (chemicals an petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, an paper), automotive, agri-fuid, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental an endodontic instruments an files, dental implants, sportin guids, jewelry, mobile phones, an ither applications.^[6]

The twa maist uisefu properties o the metal are corrosion resistance an strenth-tae-density ratio, the heichest o ony metallic element.^[9] In its unalloyed condeetion, titanium is as strang as some steels, but less dense.^[10] There are two allotropic forms^[11] an five naiturally occurrin isotopes o this element, ⁴⁶Ti throu ⁵⁰Ti, wi ⁴⁸Ti bein the maist abundant (73.8%).^[12] Awtho thay hae the same nummer o valence electrons an are in the same group in the periodic cairt, titanium an zirconium differ in mony chemical an pheesical properties.