French colonial empire

The French colonial empire (French: Empire colonial français) was land that was controlled by France from the 16th century to the late 1960s.

French Colonial Empire Empire colonial français
1534–1980
Flag
French conquests and territories over the centuries
Capital and largest city	Paris
• Upper house	Bourbon Bonaparte
History
• Established	1534
• Cartier planted the French flag at Gaspé Bay	24 July 1534
• Louisiana Purchase by Napoleon Bonaparte	30 April 1803
• Independence of Vanuatu	30 July 1980
• Disestablished	1980
Area
1680 (first colonial empire peak)	10,000,000 km2 (3,900,000 sq mi)
1938 (second colonial empire peak)	13,500,000 km2 (5,200,000 sq mi)
1534-1980	24,000,000 km2 (9,300,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1938 (second colonial empire peak)	150,000,000
Today part of	Countries today  Algeria  Antarctica  Benin  Burkina Faso  Cambodia  Cameroon  Canada  Central African Republic  Chad  Comoros  Congo, Republic of the  Djibouti  Dominican Republic  France  Gabon  Guinea  Haiti  India  Ivory Coast  Laos  Lebanon  Libya  Madagascar  Mauritania  Mauritius  Mali  Morocco  Niger  Senegal  Seychelles  Syria  Togo  Tunisia  Vanuatu  Vietnam  United States  Suriname  Thailand  Israel  Palestine  Iraq  South Africa  Australia  Guyana  Spain  Netherlands  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Monaco  Luxembourg  Poland  Egypt

In the 17th and the 18th centuries, France gained and then lost large territories in North America and India. Like other empires of the time, it was powered by slaves, most of whom had been captured in Africa.^[1] The Haitian Revolution, when many of those slaves in the colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) fought and defeated the French, caused major changes in the empire.

Some historians believe in a first and a second French colonial empire. The "First French Colonial Empire" began with the French colonization of the Americas and ended in the Napoleonic Wars. The "Second French Colonial Empire" was mostly the French colonies in Africa.

Lasting from the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French Colonial Empire had a total area of over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi) at its peak, in 1680. At the time, it was the second-largest empire in the world, behind the Spanish Empire. In terms of land area, the Second French Colonial Empire extended to over 13,500,000 square kilometres (5,200,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1936. It was also the second largest in the world at the time, at 10% of the world's land area, behind the British Empire. The total land area of both French colonial empire combined reached 24,000,000 square kilometres (9,300,000 sq mi).

France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century but lost most of them after it lost the Seven Years' War. The North American colonies were lost to Britain and Spain. Spain returned Louisiana, which had been part of New France, in 1800. However, France sold it to the United States in 1803.

France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, mostly in Africa but also in Indochina and in the South Pacific. It started to trade with the regions by supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Rebuilding an empire improved the reputation of France as an international power by spreading its French language and the Catholic religion. It also provided more men to fight for France in the world wars.

A major goal was the "Civilizing Mission" (French: Mission civilisatrice). "Civilizing" the populations of Africa by spreading language and religion was stated as to explain why the French colonial project should be supported.^[2] France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power but always remained a minority.