Phylum

Sa taksonomiya ng larangan ng biyolohiya, phylum [isahan] o phyla [maramihan]; Griyego: Φῦλα), o ang lapi, o kalapian, ay isang kahanayang ng pagkakapangkat-pangkat na nasa antas sa ilalim ng kaharian at nasa ibabaw ng biyolohiya. Kinuha ang salitang "phylum" mula sa phylai (φυλαί) ng wikang Griyego, mga grupo ng mga angkan na naninirahan sa mga lungsod ng isinaunang Gresya; may kakayahan at karapatan sa paghalal ng pinunong-kaangkan ang mga phylai. Sa larangan ng taksonomiya, kinakatawan ng mga phylum ang pinakamalaki at pinakakaraniwang kinikilalang pagbubuklod-buklod ng mga hayop at iba pang mga nilalang na may-buhay, at may tiyak na mga katangiang pang-ebolusyonaryo, bagaman kung minsan maaaring ihanay ang mga mismong phylum sa mga superphyla (katulad ng Ecdysozoa na may walong phylum, kabilang ang mga arthropod at bulating-bilog; at ang Deuterostomia na kabilang ang mga echinoderm, chordate, hemichordate at bulating-pana) (arrow worm).

Sa impormal na paraan, maaaring isipin na ang mga phylum isang paglilipon ng mga hayop batay sa isang panlahatang kayarian ng katawan;^[1] Tinatawag itong pagpapangkat-pangkat na pang morpolohiya (ayon sa pagkakahawig ng mga anatomiya). Samakatuwid, sa kabila ng tila pagkakaiba ng mga panlabas na mga kaanyuhan ng mga nilalang, inihanay sila sa mga phylum ayon sa kanilang mga panloob na kayarian.^[2] Halimbawa, bagaman tila magkahiwalay at magkaiba, kapwa kabilang ang mga gagamba at mga alimango sa mga Arthropoda, samantalang ang mga bulating-lupa at bulating-payat, bagaman magkahugis, ay mula sa dalawang kahanayan. Kabilang ang mga bulating-lupa sa mga Annelida, samantalang ang mga bulating-payat ay mula sa mga Platyhelminthes. Datapwa pinapayagan ng Kodigong Pansandaigdigan ng Pagpapangalang Pang-botaniko ang paggamit ng salitang "phylum ilang panukoy sa mga halaman, higit na mas ginagamit ng mga botanista ang salitang "kahatian".

Ang pinakakilalang mga phylum ng hayop ay ang Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, at Chordata. Sa huli nabibilang mga ang mga tao. Bagaman may 35 - humigit-kumulang - na mga phylum, kabilang sa siyam na nabanggit ang karamihan sa mga sari. Marami sa mga phylum ang nabubuhay sa tubig, at nag-iisa lamang ang wala sa mga karagatan ng mundo: ito ang Onychophora o bulating-pelus (bulating-tersiyupelo).

Ang pinakabagong natuklasang sari ay ang Cycliophora^[3], na natuklasan noong 1993; tatlong bagong sari lamang ang natuklasan sa loob ng huling dantaon.

Ang pagsabog na Kambriyano ay isang malakihang pamumulaklak ng mga nilalang na may-buhay na naganap sa pagitan, humigit-kumulang, ng 530 at 520 milyong taon na ang nakalipas;^[4] noong mga panahong ito mayroon nang mga nilalang na kahawig ng makabagong sari, bagaman hindi naman kabilang sa mga ito;^[5] habang ang ilan naman ay parang mga kinatawan na nasa loob ng Ediacaran biota, nananatili itong isang usapin na kung ang lahat ba ng mga sari ay namumuhay na bago man dumating ang pagsabog. Sa loob ng maraming panahon, nagpabagu-bago ang mga gawain ng iba't ibang mga sari. Halimbawa, noong panahong Kambriyano, ang nakalalamang na mga megafauna (megahayop), o malalaking mga hayop, ay ang mga artropoda, ngunit sa ngayon ang mga megahayop ay nalalamangan ng mga vertebrata (kordata)^[6] Magpahanggang sa ngayon, ang pinaka-nakalalamang na sari ay ang mga artropoda.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Protostome	Bilateria	Nephrozoa
Deuterostome
Basal/disputed		Non-Bilateria
Vendobionta
Parazoa
Others

Phylum	Kahulugan	Karaniwang pangalan	Natatanging katangian	Inilalarawang taxa
Annelida	Little ring ^[7]^:306	Segmented worms	Multiple circular segments	&0000000000022000.00000022,000 + extant
Agmata	Fragmented	Agmates	Calcareous conical shells	5 species, extinct
Archaeocyatha	Ancient cups	Archaeocyathids	An extinct taxon of sponge-grade, reef-building organisms living in warm tropical and subtropical waters during the Early Cambrian.	3 known classes (Extinct)
Arthropoda	Jointed foot	Arthropods	Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with Chitin exoskeleton	&0000000001250000.0000001,250,000+ extant;^[8] 20,000+ extinct
Brachiopoda	Arm foot^[7]^:336	Lampshells^[7]^:336	Lophophore and pedicle	&0000000000000300.000000300-500 extant; 12,000+ extinct
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)	Moss animals	Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts^[7]^:332	Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus outside ring of cilia	&0000000000006000.0000006,000 extant^[8]
Chaetognatha	Longhair jaw	Arrow worms^[7]^:342	Chitinous spines either side of head, fins	&0000000000000100.000000100 extant
Chordata	With a cord	Chordates	Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail	&0000000000055000.00000055,000+^[8]
Cnidaria	Stinging nettle	Cnidarians	Nematocysts (stinging cells)	&0000000000016000.00000016,000^[8]
Ctenophora	Comb bearer	Comb jellies^[7]^:256	Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia	&0000000000000100.000000100-150 extant
Cycliophora	Wheel carrying	Symbion	Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies	&0000000000000003.0000003+
Echinodermata	Spiny skin	Echinoderms^[7]^:348	Fivefold radial symmetry in living forms, mesodermal calcified spines	&0000000000007500.0000007,500 extant;^[8] approx. 13,000 extinct
Entoprocta	Inside anus^[7]^:292	Goblet worms	Anus inside ring of cilia	&0000000000000150.000000150
Gastrotricha	Hairy stomach^[7]^:288	Gastrotrich worms	Two terminal adhesive tubes	&0000000000000690.000000690
Gnathostomulida	Jaw orifice	Jaw worms^[7]^:260	Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity	&0000000000000100.000000100
Hemichordata	Half cord^[7]^:344	Acorn worms, hemichordates	Stomochord in collar, pharyngeal slits	&0000000000000130.000000130 extant
Kinorhyncha	Motion snout	Mud dragons	Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate	&0000000000000150.000000150
Loricifera	Corset bearer	Brush heads	Umbrella-like scales at each end	&0000000000000122.000000122
Micrognathozoa	Tiny jaw animals	Limnognathia	Accordion-like extensible thorax	&0000000000000001.0000001
Medusoid	Jellyfish-like	Medusoids	These are extinct creatures described as jellyfish-like and inhabited the late Precambrian, Ediacaran and early Cambrian.	18 genera, extinct
Mollusca	Soft^[7]^:320	Mollusks / molluscs	Muscular foot and mantle round shell	&0000000000085000.00000085,000+ extant;^[8] 80,000+ extinct^[9]
Nematoda	Thread like	Round worms, thread worms^[7]^:274	Round cross section, keratin cuticle	&0000000000025000.00000025,000^[8]
Nematomorpha	Thread form^[7]^:276	Horsehair worms, gordian worms^[7]^:276	Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes	&0000000000000320.000000320
Nemertea	A sea nymph^[7]^:270	Ribbon worms, rhynchocoela^[7]^:270	Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel	&0000000000001200.0000001,200
Onychophora	Claw bearer	Velvet worms^[7]^:328	Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws	&0000000000000200.000000200 extant
Petalonamae	Shaped like leaves	No	An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles.	3 classes, extinct
Phoronida	Zeus's mistress	Horseshoe worms	U-shaped gut	&0000000000000011.00000011
Placozoa	Plate animals	Trichoplaxes^[7]^:242	Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between	&0000000000000003.0000003
Platyhelminthes	Flat worm^[7]^:262	Flatworms^[7]^:262	Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic.	&0000000000029500.00000029,500^[8]
Porifera	Pore bearer	Sponges^[7]^:246	Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals	&0000000000010800.00000010,800 extant^[8]
Priapulida	Little Priapus	Penis worms	Penis-shaped worms	&0000000000000020.00000020
Proarticulata	Before articulates	Proarticulates	An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran.	3 classes, extinct
Rhombozoa (Dicyemida)	Lozenge animal	Rhombozoans^[7]^:264	Single anteroposterior axial celled endoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells	&0000000000000100.000000100+
Rotifera	Wheel bearer	Rotifers^[7]^:282	Anterior crown of cilia	&0000000000002000.0000002,000^[8]
Saccorhytida	Saccus : "pocket" and "wrinkle"	Saccorhytus	Saccorhytus is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds.	1 species, extinct
Tardigrada	Slow step	Water bears, Moss piglets	Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head	&0000000000001000.0000001,000
Trilobozoa	Three-lobed animal	Trilobozoan	A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged	18 genera, extinct
Vetulicolia	Ancient dweller	Vetulicolian	Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills - or at least openings in the vicinity of the animal. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments.	15 species, extinct
Xenacoelomorpha	Strange hollow form	Subphylum Acoelomorpha and xenoturbellida	Small, simple animals. Bilaterian, but lacking typical bilaterian structures such as gut cavities, anuses, and circulatory systems^[10]	&0000000000000400.000000400+
Total: 40				1,525,000^[8]

	Land plants	Viridiplantae
	Green algae	Viridiplantae
	Other algae (Biliphyta)^[11]

Division	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristics	Species described
Anthocerotophyta^[12]	Anthoceros-like plants	Hornworts	Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system	&0000000000000100.000000100-300+
Bryophyta^[12]	Bryum-like plants, moss plants	Mosses	Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system	&0000000000012000.00000012,000
Charophyta	Chara-like plants	Charophytes		&0000000000001000.0000001,000
Chlorophyta	(Yellow-)green plants^[7]^:200	Chlorophytes		&0000000000007000.0000007,000
Cycadophyta^[13]	Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants	Cycads	Seeds, crown of compound leaves	&0000000000000100.000000100-200
Ginkgophyta^[14]	Ginkgo-like plants	Ginkgo, maidenhair tree	Seeds not protected by fruit (single living species)	&0000000000000001.0000001 extant; 50+ extinct
Glaucophyta	Blue-green plants	Glaucophytes		&0000000000000015.00000015
Gnetophyta^[15]	Gnetum-like plants	Gnetophytes	Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels	&0000000000000070.00000070
Lycopodiophyta,^[16] Lycophyta^[17]	Lycopodium-like plants Wolf plants	Clubmosses & spikemosses	Microphyll leaves, vascular system	&0000000000001290.0000001,290 extant
Magnoliophyta	Magnolia-like plants	Flowering plants, angiosperms	Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels	&0000000000300000.000000300,000
Marchantiophyta,^[18] Hepatophyta^[12]	Marchantia-like plants Liver plants	Liverworts	Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system	&0000000000009000.0000009,000
Polypodiophyta, Monilophyta	Polypodium-like plants	Ferns	Megaphyll leaves, vascular system	&0000000000010560.00000010,560
Pinophyta,^[16] Coniferophyta^[19]	Pinus-like plants Cone-bearing plant	Conifers	Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids	&0000000000000629.000000629 extant
Rhodophyta	Rose plants	Red algae	Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments.	&0000000000007000.0000007,000
Total: 14

Dibisyon	Kahulugan	Karaniwang pangalan	Natatanging katangian	Inilalarawang espesye
Ascomycota	Bladder fungus^[7]^:396	Ascomycetes,^[7]^:396 sac fungi	Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).^[20] Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.^[21]	30,000
Basidiomycota	Small base fungus^[7]^:402	Basidiomycetes,^[7]^:402 club fungi	Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.^[22]	31,515
Blastocladiomycota	Offshoot branch fungus^[23]	Blastoclads		Less than 200
Chytridiomycota	Little cooking pot fungus^[24]	Chytrids	Predominantly Aquatic saprotrophic or parasitic. Have a posterior flagellum. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.^[25]^[26]^[27]	1000+
Glomeromycota	Ball of yarn fungus^[7]^:394	Glomeromycetes, AM fungi^[7]^:394	Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.^[22]	284
Microsporidia	Small seeds^[28]	Microsporans^[7]^:390		1400
Neocallimastigomycota	New beautiful whip fungus^[29]	Neocallimastigomycetes	Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.^[30]	approx. 20 ^[31]
Zygomycota	Pair fungus^[7]^:392	Zygomycetes^[7]^:392	Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.^[30]	aprox. 1060
Total: 8

Phylum

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Mga halaman

Fungi

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Bacteria

Archaea

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Wikiwand - on

	Harosa
	Protozoa

Phylum/Dibisyon	Kahulugan	Karaniwang pangalan	Natatanging katangian	Halimbawa	Inilalarawang espesye
Amoebozoa	Amorphous animal	Amoebas	Presence of pseudopodia	Amoeba	2400
Bigyra	Two rings
Cercozoa
Choanozoa	Funnel animal			Presence of a colar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum	125
Ciliophora	Cilia bearer	Ciliates	Presence of multiple cilia and a cytostome	Paramecium	4500
Cryptista	Hidden
Euglenozoa	True eye animal			Euglena	800
Foraminifera	Hole bearers	Forams	Complex shells with one or more chambers	Forams	10000, 50000 extinct
Haptophyta
Loukozoa	Groove animal
Metamonada	Middle single-celled organisms				Giardia
Microsporidia	Small spore
Myzozoa	Suckling animal				1555+
Ochrophyta	Yellow plant				Diatoms
Oomycota	Egg fungus^[7]^:184	Oomycetes
Percolozoa
Radiozoa	Ray animal	Radiolarians
Sarcomastigophora	Flesh and whip bearer
Sulcozoa
Total: 19