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Danube

Second-longest river in Europe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Danubemap
This article is about the river. For other uses, see Danube (disambiguation).
"Istrus" redirects here. For the Greek figure, see Istrus (mythology). For the ancient city, see Histria (ancient city).

The Danube (/ˈdæn.juːb/ DAN-yoob; see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest south into the Black Sea. A large and historically important river, it was once a frontier of the Roman Empire. In the 21st century, it connects ten European countries, running through their territories or marking a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. Among the many cities on the river are four national capitals: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade. Its drainage basin amounts to 817,000 km2 (315,000 sq mi) and extends into nine more countries.

Quick Facts Native name, Location ...
Danube
The Danube in Budapest
Course of the Danube
Native name
Location
Countries
  • Germany
  • Austria
  • Slovakia
  • Hungary
  • Croatia
  • Serbia
  • Bulgaria
  • Romania
  • Moldova
  • Ukraine
Cities
Physical characteristics
SourceBreg
 • locationFurtwangen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 • coordinates48°05′44″N 08°09′18″E
 • elevation1,078 m (3,537 ft)
2nd sourceBrigach
 • locationSt. Georgen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 • coordinates48°06′24″N 08°16′51″E
 • elevation940 m (3,080 ft)
Source confluence 
 • locationDonaueschingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 • coordinates47°57′03″N 08°31′13″E
MouthDanube Delta
 • location
Romania
 • coordinates
45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E
Length2,850 km (1,770 mi)[1]
Basin size801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi)[2]
Width 
 • minimumMiddle Danube (Iron Gates) 150 m (490 ft); Lower Danube (Brăila) 400 m (1,300 ft)[3]
 • averageUpper Danube 300 m (980 ft); Middle Danube 400 m (1,300 ft) to 800 m (2,600 ft); Lower Danube 900 m (3,000 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)[4][3][2]
 • maximumMiddle Danube 1,500 m (4,900 ft); Lower Danube 1,700 m (5,600 ft)[2][3]
Depth 
 • minimum1 m (3 ft 3 in) (Upper Danube)[2]
 • averageUpper Danube 8 m (26 ft); Middle Danube 6 m (20 ft) to 10 m (33 ft), 53 m (174 ft) (Iron Gates); Lower Danube 9 m (30 ft)[4][3][2][5]
 • maximumMiddle Danube (Iron Gates) 90 m (300 ft); Lower Danube 34 m (112 ft)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationBefore the Danube Delta
 • average(Period: 1999–2023) 6,484.3 m3/s (228,990 cu ft/s)[6][2]

(Period: 1840–2006) 6,471 m3/s (228,500 cu ft/s)[4] (Period: 1931–2010) 6,510 m3/s (230,000 cu ft/s)[7]

(Period: 1970–2015) 6,546 m3/s (231,200 cu ft/s)[8]
 • minimum1,790 m3/s (63,000 cu ft/s)[7]
 • maximum15,900 m3/s (560,000 cu ft/s)[7]
Discharge 
 • locationBelgrade, Serbia
 • average5,600 m3/s (200,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationBudapest, Hungary
 • average2,350 m3/s (83,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationVienna, Austria
 • average1,900 m3/s (67,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationPassau, Bavaria, Germany
30 km (19 mi) before town
 • average580 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s)
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The Danube's longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in the palace park in Donaueschingen onwards. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water.

The Danube river basin is home to such fish species as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to numerous diverse carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube Delta and the lower portion of the river.

Names and etymology

Name history

..."The Istros river arises among the Celts and the polis of Pyrene, cutting Europe across the middle" — Herodotus (c.484–c.425 BC).[lower-alpha 1]

Today the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen, Germany, to its discharge into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.

The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος)[10] from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE *isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.[11]

In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă).[11]

The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas,[12] "the bringer of luck".[13]

The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat.[14]

See also Wiktionary:

  1. Latin: Danubius, Dānuvius; Ister.
  2. English: Danube.

Modern name

The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names derived from the Latin name Danubius:

More information Language, Name ...
Language Name Pronunciation (IPA) Flow sequence[lower-alpha 2]
Latin Danubius, Dānuvius N/A
German Donau IPA: [ˈdoːnaʊ] ⓘ 1 Germany
2 Austria
Bavarian Doana N/A
Silesian Dōnaj N/A
Upper Sorbian Dunaj IPA: [ˈdunaj] N/A
Czech Dunaj IPA: [ˈdunaj] N/A
Slovakian Dunaj IPA: [ˈdunaj] 3 Slovakia
Polish Dunaj IPA: [ˈdunaj] ⓘ N/A
Hungarian Duna IPA: [ˈdunɒ] ⓘ 4 Hungary
Slovenian Donava IPA: [ˈdóːnaʋa] N/A
Serbo–Croatian Dunav / Дунав IPA: [dǔna(ː)ʋ] 5 Croatia
6 Serbia
Romanian Dunăre IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a][15] 7 Romania
9 Moldova
Bulgarian Дунав (Dúnav) IPA: [ˈdunɐf] 8 Bulgaria
Ukrainian Дунай (Dunáj) IPA: [dʊˈnɑj] 10 Ukraine
Greek Δούναβης (Doúnavis) IPA: [ˈðunavis] N/A
Italian Danubio IPA: [daˈnuːbjo] N/A
Spanish Danubio IPA: [daˈnuβjo] N/A
Bosnian Dunav N/A
Turkish Tuna IPA: [tuˈnɐ] N/A
Romansh Danubi N/A
Albanian Danub,
definite form: Danubi[16]		 N/A
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Etymology

Danube is an Old European river name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don'[17] (both Celtic gods), which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *deh₂nu. Other European river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna and Tana/Deatnu. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, danu (दनु) means "fluid, dewdrop" and danuja (दनु-ज) means "born from danu" or "born from dew-drops". In Avestan, the same word means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the name of the river in German, Donau. Its Sámi name Deatnu means "Great River". It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river": Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *dānu apara "far river" and *dānu nazdya- "near river", respectively.[18]

In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister[19] or Hister. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, except Slovene (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw,[20] Middle High German Tuonowe)[21] is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland".

Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]).[11] This form was not inherited from Latin, although Romanian is a Romance language.[15] To explain the loss of the Latin name, scholars who suppose that Romanian developed near the large river propose[15] that the Romanian name descends from a hypothetical Thracian *Donaris. The Proto-Indo-European root of this presumed name is related to the Iranic word "don-"/"dan-", while the supposed suffix -aris is encountered in the ancient name of the Ialomița River, Naparis, and in the unidentified Miliare river mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica.[11] Gábor Vékony says that this hypothesis is not plausible, because the Greeks borrowed the Istros form from the native Thracians.[15] He proposes that the Romanian name is a loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg).[15]

Association with deities

The naming of rivers using the underlying PIE divinity word has been described as:[22]

..."a diagnostically Celtic cultural phenomenon"...(G. R. Isaac).

Helmet of Coțofenești – found in Romania

List of deities

List of deities that may be associated with the Danube:[lower-alpha 4]

More information Name, Terminology ...
Name Terminology Etymology
Anaw,
Ana,
Anu.		 Celtic goddess associated
with wealth and riches.[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6]		 Celtic (an- + -awes):
Gaulish anawes ("prosperity").
Old Irish anai ("wealth, riches").
Dé,
Deo,
Deiwo.		 Title for a god, goddess, deity. From PIE deywós ("Sky God").[lower-alpha 7]

Gaulish Deo ("god").[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 8] Latin deus ("god, deity")
Old Irish dé ("god")
Scottish Gaelic dia ("god, deity")
Welsh duw ("god")

Tiw, Tyr. God of war. From Proto-Germanic Tīw
Dānu,
Dana		 Celtic mother goddess – possibly
an early iteration of Dôn – known
only from place-names.[lower-alpha 9]		 Deo + Anu = Dānu.
Deo + Ana = Dana.[lower-alpha 6]
Dôn Celtic mother goddess.[lower-alpha 10] Deo + Ana = Dôn.[lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 11]
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Goddess of wealth, prosperity

Archaeological excavations around the upper Danube basin suggest that this was a wealthy and prosperous region – from the Bronze Age – to the Late Iron Age:

  1. Upper Danube basin:
    1. Heuneburg – possibly the polis of Pyrene mentioned by Herodotus.
    2. Hallstatt culture – Early Iron Age.
    3. La Tène culture – Late Iron Age.
  2. Lower Danube basin:
    1. Helmet of Coțofenești.
Gold artefacts from a Heuneburg burial
Gold and iron artefacts from a Heuneburg burial

Examples of names for the Danube that may derive from the Celtic goddess Anaw (wealth, prosperity):

More information Language, Name ...
Language Name #1 #2 Etymology
Latin Dānuvius D ānu Deo + Anu
Bavarian Doana Do ana Deo + Ana
Early Modern German Donaw D onaw Deo + Anaw
Early Modern German Tonaw T onaw Tiw + Anaw
Middle High German Tuonowe Tu onowe Tiw + Anaw
Modern German Donau D onau Deo + Anaw
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Other examples (British Isles)

Examples of river names in the British Isles that may share a common etymology:[lower-alpha 13]

More information Name, Region ...
Name Region Name history Etymology
River Don Aberdeenshire Dēouana (Ptolemy).[lower-alpha 14] Deo + Ana.
River Dee Aberdeenshire Dēoua (Ptolemy). Deo.[lower-alpha 8]
River Don Yorkshire Danu Deo + Anu.[lower-alpha 11]
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Geography

Thumb
The Danube basin
Thumb
The hydrogeographical source of the Danube at St. Martin's Chapel in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald: the Bregquelle, the source of the Danube's longest headstream, the Breg, where the Danube is symbolized by the Roman allegory for the river, Danuvius.
Thumb
The symbolical source of the Danube in Donaueschingen: the source of the Donaubach (Danube Brook), which flows into the Brigach.

Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730 km (1,700 mi), passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.

International status

Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries. Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).[29]

More information Flow seq., Country ...
Flow
seq.		 Country Basin
area[29]		 Local
name		 Points of interest
1 Germany 7.0% Donau Donaueschingen – source
2 Austria 10.0% Donau Vienna – capital
3 Slovakia 5.9% Dunaj Bratislava – capital
4 Hungary 11.6% Duna Budapest – capital
5 Croatia 4.4% Dunav
6 Serbia 10.2% Dunav Belgrade – capital
7 Romania 29.0% Dunărea Danube Delta – Black Sea
8 Bulgaria[lower-alpha 15] 5.9% Dunav
9 Moldova 1.6% Dunărea
10 Ukraine 3.8% Дунай Danube Delta – Black Sea
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Drainage basin

In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6% of the basin area), the Czech Republic (2.9%), Slovenia (2.0%), Montenegro (0.9%), Switzerland (0.2%), Italy (<0.15%), Poland (<0.1%), North Macedonia (<0.1%) and Albania (<0.1%).[29] The total drainage basin is 801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi) in area,[30][31] and is home to 83 million people.[32] The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border, at 4,049 m (13,284 ft).[33] The Danube River Basin is divided into three main parts, separated by "gates" where the river is forced to cut through mountainous sections:[32]

Discharge

Mean annual discharge on the hydrological stations (period from 2000 to 2023); 1 - Reni, Isaccea; 2 - Silistra; 3 - Pristol; 4 - Batina, Bezdan; 5 - Nagymaros, Szob; 6 - Bratislava, Wolfsthal; 7 - Untergriesbach[2][34][6]

More information Year, Mean annual discharge in m3/s (cu ft/s) ...
Year Mean annual discharge in m3/s (cu ft/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2000 6,580.6 (232,390) 6,198.1 (218,880) 5,585.9 (197,260) 2,669.4 (94,270) 2,627.2 (92,780) 2,337.9 (82,560) 1,667.2 (58,880)
2001 6,304.3 (222,630) 5,919.4 (209,040) 5,421.8 (191,470) 2,432.5 (85,900) 2,382.3 (84,130) 2,231.3 (78,800) 1,627.6 (57,480)
2002 6,837.1 (241,450) 6,100.1 (215,420) 5,392 (190,400) 2,824.9 (99,760) 2,855.6 (100,840) 2,683 (94,700) 1,803.9 (63,700)
2003 5,021 (177,300) 4,571 (161,400) 3,825 (135,100) 1,786 (63,100) 1,722 (60,800) 1,647 (58,200) 1,153 (40,700)
2004 6,524 (230,400) 6,088 (215,000) 5,233 (184,800) 2,025 (71,500) 2,013 (71,100) 1,852 (65,400) 1,213 (42,800)
2005 8,711 (307,600) 7,659 (270,500) 6,396 (225,900) 2,420 (85,000) 2,329 (82,200) 2,115 (74,700) 1,359 (48,000)
2006 8,428 (297,600) 7,370 (260,000) 6,616 (233,600) 2,110 (75,000) 2,503 (88,400) 2,186 (77,200) 1,396 (49,300)
2007 5,626 (198,700) 5,195 (183,500) 4,512 (159,300) 2,182 (77,100) 2,136 (75,400) 1,916 (67,700) 1,287 (45,400)
2008 5,909 (208,700) 5,358 (189,200) 4,736 (167,300) 2,163 (76,400) 2,079 (73,400) 1,876 (66,300) 1,339 (47,300)
2009 6,492 (229,300) 5,990 (212,000) 5,412 (191,100) 2,607 (92,100) 2,441 (86,200) 2,186 (77,200) 1,433 (50,600)
2010 9,598 (339,000) 8,515 (300,700) 7,424 (262,200) 2,879 (101,700) 2,615 (92,300) 2,130 (75,000) 1,420 (50,000)
2011 5,303 (187,300) 2,000 (71,000)
2012 5,053 (178,400) 2,240 (79,000)
2013 7,164 (253,000) 6,558 (231,600) 5,946 (210,000) 2,863 (101,100) 2,684 (94,800) 2,417 (85,400) 1,671 (59,000)
2014 7,446 (263,000) 6,901 (243,700) 5,756 (203,300) 2,198 (77,600) 2,036 (71,900) 1,788 (63,100) 1,237 (43,700)
2015 6,138 (216,800) 5,722 (202,100) 4,971 (175,500) 2,030 (72,000) 1,903 (67,200) 1,629 (57,500) 1,240 (44,000)
2016 6,465 (228,300) 5,993 (211,600) 5,339 (188,500) 2,261 (79,800) 2,196 (77,600) 1,944 (68,700) 1,412 (49,900)
2017 5,202 (183,700) 4,813 (170,000) 4,270 (151,000) 2,143 (75,700) 2,041 (72,100) 1,844 (65,100) 1,307 (46,200)
2018 6,487.8 (229,110) 5,875.5 (207,490) 4,891 (172,700) 1,906.3 (67,320) 1,808.1 (63,850) 1,644.1 (58,060) 1,227.8 (43,360)
2019 5,579 (197,000) 5,168 (182,500) 4,593 (162,200) 2,253 (79,600) 2,114 (74,700) 1,962 (69,300) 1,446 (51,100)
2020 4,893.5 (172,810) 4,659 (164,500) 4,095 (144,600) 2,215 (78,200) 2,026 (71,500) 1,841 (65,000) 1,285 (45,400)
2021 5,998 (211,800) 5,505 (194,400) 4,696 (165,800) 2,178 (76,900) 2,028 (71,600) 1,838 (64,900) 1,304 (46,100)
2022 5,753 (203,200) 2,180 (77,000)
2023 6,623.8 (233,920)
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Multiannual average, minimum and maximum discharge (water period from 1876 to 2010)[35]

More information Station, Discharge (m3/s) ...
Station Discharge (m3/s) Discharge (cu ft/s)
Min Mean Max Min Mean Max
Ceatal Izmail 1,889 6,489 14,673 66,700 229,200 518,200
Reni, Isaccea 1,805 6,564 14,820 63,700 231,800 523,000
Zimnicea, Svishtov 1,411 6,018 14,510 49,800 212,500 512,000
Orșova 1,672 5,572 13,324 59,000 196,800 470,500
Veliko Gradište 1,461 5,550 14,152 51,600 196,000 499,800
Pančevo 1,454 5,310 13,080 51,300 188,000 462,000
Bogojevo 959 2,889 8,153 33,900 102,000 287,900
Bezdan, Batina 749 2,353 7,043 26,500 83,100 248,700
Mohács 667 2,336 7,227 23,600 82,500 255,200
Nagymaros, Szob 628 2,333 7,057 22,200 82,400 249,200
Bratislava 633 2,059 7,324 22,400 72,700 258,600
Vienna 506 1,917 6,062 17,900 67,700 214,100
Krems an der Donau 596 1,845 5,986 21,000 65,200 211,400
Linz 468 1,451 4,783 16,500 51,200 168,900
Hofkirchen 211 638 1,943 7,500 22,500 68,600
Regensburg 128 444 1,330 4,500 15,700 47,000
Ingolstadt 83 312 965 2,900 11,000 34,100
Ulm 6 38 153 210 1,300 5,400
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Simulated water and suspended sediment results from climate-driven decadal study (with STD through specific decade):[36]

P – Simulated average precipitation in the Danube basin; T – Simulated average temperature in the Danube basin; Q – Simulated average discharge in the Danube River at delta; S – Simulated sediment load in the Danube River at delta;

More information Period (CE), Scenario ...
Period (CE) Scenario P T Q S
mm in °C °F m3/s cu ft/s metric tons
(millions) 		short tons
(millions)
LIA
1530–1540 Cool/wet 79431.3 9.048.2 6,207219,200 72.980.4
1650–1660 Cool/dry 88534.8 8.447.1 7,929280,000 67.374.2
1709–1719 Warm/wet 86133.9 8.346.9 7,616269,000 52.958.3
1770–1780 Warm/dry 86534.1 8.948.0 7,728272,900 74.181.7
Modern
1940–1950 Cool/dry 77830.6 8.948.0 7,209254,600 55.060.6
1960–1970 Cool/wet 85033 8.847.8 7,399261,300 73.080.5
1975–1985 Warm/wet 81832.2 9.048.2 7,186253,800 77.885.8
1990–2000 Warm/dry 79031 9.549.1 5,068179,000 73.881.4
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Discharge chronology

Historical average flow to the present day; Measured and reconstructed average water flows from 1742. The reconstructed and observed streamflow (Q – m3/s) at Ceatal Izmail for the 1742 to 2022:[37][38][39][40][41]

More information Year, m3/s ...
Year m3/s cu ft/s Year m3/s cu ft/s Year m3/s cu ft/s Year m3/s cu ft/s Year m3/s cu ft/s Year m3/s cu ft/s
Reconstructed
1742 5,780204,000 1751 6,760239,000 1761 6,470228,000 1771 9,700340,000 1781 5,830206,000 1791 5,540196,000
1743 5,355189,100 1752 7,090250,000 1762 6,510230,000 1772 6,050214,000 1782 6,470228,000 1792 6,930245,000
1744 5,370190,000 1753 4,980176,000 1763 5,950210,000 1773 4,600160,000 1783 7,930280,000 1793 7,800280,000
1745 4,940174,000 1754 6,330224,000 1764 6,280222,000 1774 6,150217,000 1784 8,400300,000 1794 5,230185,000
1746 7,140252,000 1755 6,840242,000 1765 6,130216,000 1775 6,060214,000 1785 7,610269,000 1795 6,530231,000
1747 5,850207,000 1756 6,370225,000 1766 8,530301,000 1776 6,320223,000 1786 6,570232,000 1796 6,460228,000
1748 6,840242,000 1757 6,830241,000 1767 6,850242,000 1777 5,530195,000 1787 6,980246,000 1797 6,700240,000
1749 6,690236,000 1758 8,410297,000 1768 8,400300,000 1778 7,470264,000 1788 5,860207,000 1798 6,560232,000
1750 5,180183,000 1759 5,520195,000 1769 5,720202,000 1779 6,600230,000 1789 7,190254,000 1799 9,590339,000
1760 6,840242,000 1770 10,700380,000 1780 6,990247,000 1790 6,940245,000 1800 6,150217,000
5,905 (208,500) 6,597 (233,000) 7,154 (252,600) 6,547 (231,200) 6,978 (246,400) 6,749 (238,300)
1801 7,310258,000 1811 8,220290,000 1821 6,390226,000 1831 6,670236,000 1841 6,210219,000 1851 7,350260,000
1802 6,590233,000 1812 5,230185,000 1822 5,700200,000 1832 4,820170,000 1842 5,340189,000 1852 6,550231,000
1803 6,870243,000 1813 6,680236,000 1823 6,520230,000 1833 5,350189,000 1843 6,710237,000 1853 7,800280,000
1804 6,220220,000 1814 7,290257,000 1824 6,420227,000 1834 6,470228,000 1844 6,960246,000 1854 5,060179,000
1805 7,010248,000 1815 6,640234,000 1825 8,040284,000 1835 7,040249,000 1845 7,440263,000 1855 7,020248,000
1806 6,830241,000 1816 8,090286,000 1826 5,800200,000 1836 9,740344,000 1846 6,750238,000 1856 5,390190,000
1807 7,000250,000 1817 8,650305,000 1827 6,650235,000 1837 6,770239,000 1847 7,070250,000 1857 4,880172,000
1808 5,600200,000 1818 6,920244,000 1828 8,140287,000 1838 10,440369,000 1848 5,620198,000 1858 5,580197,000
1809 7,150252,000 1819 6,470228,000 1829 8,280292,000 1839 9,960352,000 1849 5,360189,000 1859 5,630199,000
1810 8,430298,000 1820 6,560232,000 1830 7,790275,000 1840 5,560196,000 1850 7,360260,000 1860 7,220255,000
6,901 (243,700) 7,075 (249,900) 6,973 (246,200) 7,282 (257,200) 6,482 (228,900) 6,248 (220,600)
1861 5,980211,000 1871 8,860313,000 1881 8,320294,000 1891 5,440192,000 1901 5,570197,000 1911 5,120181,000
1862 5,040178,000 1872 5,970211,000 1882 5,130181,000 1892 5,620198,000 1902 5,650200,000 1912 6,940245,000
1863 3,340118,000 1873 5,150182,000 1883 7,590268,000 1893 5,710202,000 1903 5,490194,000 1913 6,410226,000
1864 6,150217,000 1874 4,680165,000 1884 5,250185,000 1894 4,770168,000 1904 4,940174,000 1914 6,560232,000
1865 5,690201,000 1875 5,360189,000 1885 5,430192,000 1895 6,240220,000 1905 6,100220,000 1915 9,540337,000
1866 3,780133,000 1876 7,520266,000 1886 5,660200,000 1896 6,470228,000 1906 6,190219,000 1916 7,550267,000
1867 6,350224,000 1877 6,660235,000 1887 5,340189,000 1897 7,700270,000 1907 6,770239,000 1917 6,410226,000
1868 5,660200,000 1878 7,040249,000 1888 6,800240,000 1898 4,550161,000 1908 4,400160,000 1918 4,300150,000
1869 5,370190,000 1879 8,300290,000 1889 6,530231,000 1899 4,500160,000 1909 5,590197,000 1919 7,410262,000
1870 7,470264,000 1880 5,660200,000 1890 4,650164,000 1900 6,900240,000 1910 7,450263,000 1920 6,720237,000
5,483 (193,600) 6,520 (230,000) 6,070 (214,000) 5,790 (204,000) 5,815 (205,400) 6,770 (239,000)
Observed
1921 3,906137,900 1931 6,706236,800 1941 9,916350,200 1951 6,368224,900 1961 5,860207,000 1971 5,272186,200
1922 6,530231,000 1932 6,181218,300 1942 7,266256,600 1952 5,850207,000 1962 6,628234,100 1972 6,160218,000
1923 6,430227,000 1933 6,344224,000 1943 4,308152,100 1953 6,117216,000 1963 6,047213,500 1973 5,766203,600
1924 6,700240,000 1934 5,644199,300 1944 7,190254,000 1954 6,168217,800 1964 5,259185,700 1974 7,258256,300
1925 5,255185,600 1935 5,718201,900 1945 5,870207,000 1955 8,834312,000 1965 8,400300,000 1975 7,190254,000
1926 8,144287,600 1936 6,392225,700 1946 4,684165,400 1956 7,100250,000 1966 7,954280,900 1976 6,567231,900
1927 5,990212,000 1937 8,325294,000 1947 5,418191,300 1957 6,254220,900 1967 7,500260,000 1977 7,073249,800
1928 5,005176,700 1938 6,867242,500 1948 6,357224,500 1958 6,340224,000 1968 5,660200,000 1978 7,120251,000
1929 5,330188,000 1939 6,310223,000 1949 4,301151,900 1959 5,375189,800 1969 7,710272,000 1979 7,747273,600
1930 5,197183,500 1940 9,533336,700 1950 5,130181,000 1960 6,514230,000 1970 9,602339,100 1980 8,767309,600
5,888 (207,900) 6,802 (240,200) 6,044 (213,400) 6,492 (229,300) 7,062 (249,400) 6,892 (243,400)
1981 8,172288,600 1991 6,274221,600 2001 6,304.3222,630 2011 5,303187,300 2021 6,018212,500
1982 6,700240,000 1992 5,710.8201,670 2002 6,837.1241,450 2012 5,053178,400 2022 5,753203,200
1983 5,543195,700 1993 4,873172,100 2003 5,021177,300 2013 7,164253,000 2023 6,623.8233,920
1984 6,325223,400 1994 6,031.8213,010 2004 6,524230,400 2014 7,446263,000 2024
1985 6,449227,700 1995 6,223.7219,790 2005 8,711307,600 2015 6,138216,800 2025
1986 6,257221,000 1996 7,035.8248,470 2006 8,428297,600 2016 6,465228,300 2026
1987 6,619233,700 1997 6,684.2236,050 2007 5,626198,700 2017 5,202183,700 2027
1988 6,383225,400 1998 6,804.6240,300 2008 5,909208,700 2018 6,487.8229,110 2028
1989 5,448192,400 1999 7,951.5280,800 2009 6,492229,300 2019 5,579197,000 2029
1990 4,194148,100 2000 6,580.6232,390 2010 9,598339,000 2020 4,893.5172,810 2030
6,209 (219,300) 6,417 (226,600) 6,945 (245,300) 5,973 (210,900) 6,131.6 (216,540)
Multiannual average discharge 1742 to 2022: ~ 6,500 m3/s (230,000 cu ft/s)
Close

Tributaries

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The Tisza is the longest tributary of the Danube.
Main article: List of tributaries of the Danube

The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (as they enter):

  1. Iller (entering at Ulm)
  2. Lech
  3. Altmühl (entering at Kelheim)
  4. Naab (entering at Regensburg)
  5. Regen (entering at Regensburg)
  6. Isar
  7. Inn (entering at Passau)
  8. Ilz (entering at Passau)
  9. Enns
  10. Morava (entering near Devín Castle)
  11. Rába (entering at Győr)
  12. Váh (entering at Komárno)
  13. Hron (entering at Štúrovo)
  14. Ipeľ
  15. Sió
  16. Drava (entering near Osijek)
  17. Vuka (entering at Vukovar)

18. Tisza (entering near Titel)
19. Sava (entering at Belgrade)
20. Timiș (river) (entering at Pančevo)
21. Great Morava (entering near Smederevo)
22. Mlava (entering near Kostolac)
23. Karaš (entering near Banatska Palanka)
24. Jiu (entering at Bechet)
25. Iskar (entering near Gigen)
26. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele)
27. Osam (entering near Nikopol, Bulgaria)
28. Yantra (entering near Svishtov)
29. Argeș (entering at Oltenița)
30. Ialomița
31. Siret (entering near Galați)
32. Prut (entering near Galați)

Cities and towns

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3-color confluence of (from left to right) Inn, Danube, and Ilz in Passau
Main article: List of cities and towns on the Danube river

The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world. Ordered from the source to the mouth they are:

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Danube in Linz, Austria
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The Danube in Bratislava, Slovakia
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Basilica of Esztergom, Hungary
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Petrovaradin Fortress overlooking the Danube and Novi Sad, regional capital of Vojvodina in Serbia
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Confluence of river Sava into the Danube beneath Fortress in Belgrade, capital of Serbia
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Danube at Nikopol, Bulgaria in winter
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The Danube in Sulina, Romania
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Panorama of the Danube in Vienna
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The Danube Bend is a curve of the Danube in Hungary, near the city of Visegrád. The Transdanubian Mountains lie on the right bank (left side of the picture), while the North Hungarian Mountains on the left bank (right side of the picture).
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Panorama of the Danube in Budapest with the Hungarian Parliament (left)
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Budapest at night
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Panorama of the Danube in Novi Sad from Petrovaradin Fortress, Serbia
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The confluence of the Sava into the Danube at Belgrade. Pictured from Belgrade Fortress, Serbia
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Panoramic image of the Danube and Sava river from Kalemegdan, Belgrade Serbia
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The Danube entering the Iron Gate at the South-Western end of the Carpathian Mountains. Romania on the left side, Golubac Fortress and Serbia on the right side.

Islands

Further information: List of islands in the Danube
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Aerial view of Margaret Island, Budapest, Hungary. There are 15 bridges over the Danube in Budapest.
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Great War Island in Belgrade, Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube.
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The Ada Kaleh island in the Danube was forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, which allowed it to remain a de jure Turkish territory and the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II's private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (de facto until Romania unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened it with the Treaty of Trianon in 1920).[42][43] The island was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970.

Sectioning

  • Upper Section: From spring to Devín Gate, at the border of Austria and Slovakia. Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0.0012% (12 ppm), from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.0006% (6 ppm).
  • Middle Section: From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania. The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.00006% (0.6 ppm).
  • Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0.00003% (0.3 ppm).

Modern navigation

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The Danube in Budapest
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Fisherman in the Danube Delta
Freight ship on the Danube near Vienna

The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania (the maritime river sector), and further on by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.

Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years.[citation needed] The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.[citation needed]

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m3/s (540,000 cu ft/s).

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.[44] A Danube-Aegean canal has been proposed.[45]

Danube River cruise for sightseeing is popular, especially between Passau, Germany, to Budapest, Hungary.[46]

Piracy

In 2010–12, shipping companies, especially from Ukraine, claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks" on the Serbian and the Romanian stretches of the Danube.[47][48][49] However, the transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery".[50]

On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on "pirates", and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband theft along the river.[51]

Danube Delta

Main article: Danube Delta
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Russian-speaking Lipovans in the Danube Delta

The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunării pronounced [ˈdelta ˈdunərij]; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, romanized: Del'ta Dunayu) is the largest river delta in the European Union. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odesa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4,152 km2 (1,603 sq mi), of which 3,446 km2 (1,331 sq mi) are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1,015 km2 (392 sq mi) of which 865 km2 (334 sq mi) water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km2 (1,994 sq mi).

The Danube Delta is also the best-preserved river delta in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1991) and a Ramsar Site. Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species. Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species, including the endangered pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal.[52]

2022 heat wave

In 2022, there was a major heat wave in Europe. As a result, there was less water flowing in the rivers. As the water level decreased, a number of ship wrecks from World War II emerged in the Danube River. Many of the ships were from Nazi Germany's Black Sea Fleet and had been scuttled to stop them from falling into enemy hands.[53]

International cooperation

Ecology and environment

Main article: International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
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Pelicans in the Danube Delta, Romania

The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization that consists of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro, and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube river basin, which includes tributaries and groundwater resources. Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement, and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the Danube Strategy.

Main article: Danube Commission

The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia; it meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission's working plans.

The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube. Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states.

Geology

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Iron Gates, Serbia-Romania border
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Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station, Romania-Serbia

Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.

Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is thus an underfit stream.

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The Iron Gate, on the Serbian-Romanian border (Iron Gates natural park and Đerdap national park)

Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alb, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km (7.5 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 L/s (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sinkholes in the Donauversickerung.

Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.

The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.[54]

History

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Combat between Russian and Turkish forces on the Danube in 1854, during the Crimean War (1853–1856)

The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BCE Vinča culture (Vinča, Serbia), are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BCE Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics.

Darius the Great, king of Persia, crossed the river in the late 6th century BCE to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians.

Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BCE.

Under the Romans, the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time, it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From 37 CE to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was abandoned by emperor Aurelian.

Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century.

Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube

Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282).

At the end of the Okeanos Potamos, is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.[55]

Rivalry along the Danube

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The Holy League took Ottoman-held Buda after a long siege in 1686.

Between the late 14th and late 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire competed first with the Kingdom of Serbia, Second Bulgarian Empire, Kingdom of Hungary, Principality of Wallachia, Principality of Moldavia and later with the Habsburg monarchy, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Russian Empire for controlling the Danube (Tuna in Turkish), which became the northern border of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Many of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars (1366–1526) and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (1526–1791) were fought along the river.

The most important wars of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube include the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), the Siege of Belgrade (1456), the Battle of Mohács (1526), the first Turkish Siege of Vienna (1529), the Siege of Esztergom (1543), the Long War (1591–1606), the Battle of Vienna (1683), the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

Second World War

During the 2011 renovation of the Margaret Bridge, Budapest, human remains were discovered. The mostly Jewish remains were victims of the far-right Arrow Cross Party, who briefly governed Hungary from 1944.[56]

Economics

Drinking water

Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people.[57][58] In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, almost 30 percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, Aalen and Alb-Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube.

In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis.[59]

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Fishing from a Zille on the Danube in Lower Austria, 1982

In the 19th century, the Danube was an important waterway but was, as The Times of London put it, "annually swept by ice that will lift a large ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot."[60]

Today, as "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centers of Western Europe with the Black Sea and, also, through the Danube – Black Sea Canal, with the Port of Constanța.

The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110 × 11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.

Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions. Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres (530 mi).

The Danube connects with the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal at Kelheim, with the Donaukanal in Vienna, and with the Danube–Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă.

Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canals, links sections downstream.

In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube, a type of flat-bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river. Zillen are still used today for fishing, ferrying, and other transport of goods and people in this area.

Fishing

The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important industry. However, some of the river's resources have been managed in an environmentally unsustainable manner in the past, leading to damage by pollution, alterations to the channel, and major infrastructure development, including large hydropower dams.[61]

The sturgeon stocks associated with the Danube River basin have, over the centuries, formed the basis of a large and significant commercial fishery, renowned throughout the world. The construction of the dams, besides overfishing and river pollution, has a significant role in sturgeon population decline because it creates a barrier for fish migratory species that usually spawn in the upper parts of the river.[62] The spawning areas of migratory fishes species has been dramatically reduced by the construction of hydropower and navigation systems at Iron Gates I (1974) and Iron Gates II (1984).[63] The initial design of these dams has not included any fish passage facility.[64] The possibility of building a human-made fish pass enabling migration for fish species including the sturgeon, is currently under review by projects such as We Pass.[65]

The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube–Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many.[66] Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon, a total of six species (beluga, Russian sturgeon, bastard sturgeon, sterlet, starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon), but these are all threatened and have largely–or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon–disappeared from the river.[66] The huchen, one of the largest species of salmon, is endemic to the Danube basin, but has been introduced elsewhere by humans.[67]

Tourism

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The ruins of Aggstein Castle above the Danube
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Wachau Valley near Spitz, Austria

Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley, the Nationalpark Donau-Auen in Austria, Gemenc in Hungary, the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany, Kopački rit in Croatia, Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania, the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria.

Also, leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance. Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest, some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back. During the peak season, more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river, while the traffic-free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats.

The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance, but also important for the regional tourism industry due to its fascinating landmarks and sights. With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling, hiking, and travel possibilities, the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele. In Austria alone, there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million arrivals per year.[68]

The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites, they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city.

The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination.

Danube Bike Trail

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The Danube Bike Trail running along the Schlögener Schlinge
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The Danube Bike Trail leading through the city of Linz

The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river. Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular, which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany.[69]

The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea. It is divided into four sections:

  1. Donaueschingen–Passau (559 km or 347 mi)
  2. Passau–Vienna (340 km or 210 mi)
  3. Vienna–Budapest (306 km or 190 mi)
  4. Budapest–Black Sea (1,670 km or 1,040 mi)

Sultans Trail

The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia. From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube, terminating in Istanbul. Sections along the river are as follows.

  1. Vienna–Budapest (323 km or 201 mi)
  2. Budapest–Smederevo (595 km or 370 mi)

Donausteig

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Resting area along the Donausteig hiking trail near Bad Kreuzen

In 2010, the Donausteig, a hiking trail from Passau to Grein, was opened. It is 450 km (280 mi) long and it is divided into 23 stages. The route passes through five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities. A landscape and viewpoints, which are along the river, are the highlights of the Donausteig.[70]

The Route of Emperors and Kings

The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest, calling in Passau, Linz and Vienna.[71] The international consortium ARGE Die Donau-Straße der Kaiser und Könige, comprising ten tourism organisations, shipping companies, and cities, strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region.[68]

In medieval Regensburg, with its maintained old town, stone bridge and cathedral, the Route of Emperors and Kings begins. It continues to Engelhartszell, with the only Trappist monastery in Austria. Further highlight-stops along the Danube, include the "Schlögener Schlinge", the city of Linz, which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness, the Melk Abbey, the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna. Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends, you pass Bratislava and Budapest, the latter of which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Since ancient Roman times, famous emperors and their retinue traveled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation. While traveling on the mainland was quite exhausting, most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube. So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events, which characterize the Danube up until today.

The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Dürnstein Castle, which is situated above the Danube. The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family. Once crowned in Frankfurt, the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg. Many famous castles, palaces, residences, and state-run convents were built by the Habsburger along the river. Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the "Donaubarock".

Today, people can not only travel by boat on the Danube but also by train, by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the "Donausteig" and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg, Wachau and Vienna.[72]

Important national parks

In popular culture

Thumb
16th-century Danube landscape near Regensburg, by Albrecht Altdorfer – a member of the Danube school
  • The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss, The Blue Danube Waltz (On the Beautiful Blue Danube). This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby. The Waves of the Danube (Romanian: Valurile Dunării) is a waltz by the Romanian composer Iosif Ivanovici (1845–1902); as the Anniversary Song, it has been performed by many vocalists, such as Al Jolson, Rosemary Clooney, Vera Lynn, Tom Jones, and countless others. [It is most commonly known as the Anniversary Waltz, though that is actually a different song and melody.] Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called Stories of the Danube. It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival, at Linz.
  • The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem, as a symbolic representation of the country's natural beauty. In Lithuanian folklore songs, the appearance of Danube (Dunojus, Dunojėlis) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman.
  • The German tradition of landscape painting, the Danube school, was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century.[citation needed]
  • One of Claudio Magris's masterpieces is called Danube (ISBN 1-86046-823-3). The book, published in 1986, is a large cultural-historical essay, in which Magris travels the Danube from the first sources to the delta, tracing the rich European ethnic and cultural heritage, literary and ideological past and present along the way.
  • The Great Danube Adventure(1838) is an epic travel diary.
  • Jules Verne's The Danube Pilot (1908) (Le Pilote du Danube) depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river.
  • In the Star Trek universe, the Danube-class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet, featured prominently in the Deep Space Nine series.
  • Miklós Jancsó's film the Blue Danube Waltz (1992)
  • Algernon Blackwood's short story "The Willows" mostly takes place on the river.

See also

Further reading

  • Lóczy, Dénes. The Danube: Morphology, Evolution, and Environmental Issues. In Avijit Gupta, ed., Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. 2nd Ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2022, pp. 335–367. ISBN 9781119412601
  • SOMMERWERK, NIKE, JURG BLOESCH, CHRISTIAN BAUMGARTNER, THOMAS BITTL, DUBRAVKA CERBA, BELA CSANYI, GRIGORE DAVIDEANU, MARTIN DOKULIL, GEORG FRANK, IULIA GRECU, THOMAS HEIN, VLADIMIR KOVAC, ILULIAN NICHERSU, TIBOR MIKUSKA, KARIN PALL, MOMIR PAUNOVIC, CARMEN POSTOLACHE, MAJA RAKOVIC, CRISTINA SANDU, MARTIN SCHNEIDER-JACOBY, KATHARINA STEFKE, KLEMENT TOCKNER, ION TODERAS, AND LAURENTIA UNGUREANU. The Danube River Basin. In Klement Tockner, Christiane Zarfl, and Christopher T. Robinson (eds.), Rivers of Europe, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier, 2022, pp. 83–181. ISBN 978-0-08-102612-0

References

External links

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