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December 1922

Month of 1922 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

December 1922
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The following events occurred in December 1922:

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December 30, 1922: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created as the first Communist nation, with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic being joined by the Communist republics established in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan Georgia
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December 1, 1922 (Friday)

  • At the Lausanne Conference in Switzerland, İsmet İnönü of Turkey informed the European delegates that his government had decreed that the remaining Greek Christians in Eastern Thrace, numbering nearly one million, were banished and that the Greek citizens had two weeks to leave peacefully.[1]
  • The 1922 Land Code that guided the regulation of private and public property in the Soviet Union, took effect after being enacted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
  • The Bavarian towns of Passau and Ingolstadt were fined 50,000 gold marks each by the Allied governments for recent attacks on French and British military officers.[2]
  • Monica Cobb became the first woman solicitor in the United Kingdom to address a court, speaking at the Birmingham Assizes to prosecute a man for bigamy. The New York Times wrote the next day, "For the first time in the history of England a woman advocate appeared today in court to plead." Cobb had been admitted to the practice of law on November 17.[3]
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December 2, 1922 (Saturday)

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December 3, 1922 (Sunday)

  • Prince Andrew of Greece and wife Princess Alice of Battenberg boarded HMS Calypso, a British warship, bringing along their 17-month old son, Phillip, and emigrated to France.[8] Phillip, who would be sent a few years later to live with Alice's mother in the United Kingdom, would grow up to marry Princess Elizabeth, heir to the British throne, in 1947 and, in 1952, would become the Prince Consort on her accession to the throne as Queen.
  • The first radio station in Puerto Rico, WKAQ-AM, began broadcasting.

December 4, 1922 (Monday)

  • U.S. President Warren G. Harding presented a federal budget of over three billion U.S. dollars to Congress for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1923.[9] Harding said that the federal deficit would be reduced by more than half from nearly $700 million to less than $300 million ($273,038,712).[10]
  • Britain's House of Lords voted overwhelmingly to approve the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 on its third reading, with the only dissent coming from Lord Carson, who had blocked home rule in 1914 as Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons.[11]
  • Died: Hermann Baagøe Storck, 83, Danish architect and heraldist
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December 5, 1922 (Tuesday)

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December 6, 1922 (Wednesday)

  • The Irish Free State was established by proclamation of King George V of the United Kingdom.[17] Tim Healy, who had been an Irish member of the UK House of Commons, represented the King as the nation's Governor-General. At a ceremony in Dublin, the Union Jack was lowered in front of Healy's lodge and the new orange, white and green flag was raised in its place.[18]
  • Georges Clemenceau spoke in Washington, D.C., during his American lecture tour and visited Woodrow Wilson at his home.[19]
  • Born: Lloyd Gomez, American serial killer who murdered 9 homeless men over 12 months in 1950 and 1951; in Caliente, Nevada (executed, 1953)
  • Died: Hason Raja, 67, Indian Bengali mystic poet and songwriter
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December 7, 1922 (Thursday)

  • The day after the Irish Free State came into existence, both houses of the Parliament of Northern Ireland voted unanimously to exercise the option to not remain part of the new nation.[20] The six predominantly-Protestant northern counties approved a resolution to remain in a union with Britain, and the UK adopted its present name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Anglo-Irish Treaty had included a 30-day option for Northern Ireland to decide whether to be part of the Free State.[21]
  • Seán Hales, a member of the Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Free State, was shot to death by a member of the Irish Republican Army who had been against the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Another member of parliament, Patrick O'Malley, was wounded in the shooting, which took place as both men were leaving their hotel to attend the session of Parliament.[22]
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December 8, 1922 (Friday)

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O'Connor (top right) as best man at the wedding of O'Higgins in 1921
  • After an emergency cabinet meeting in the newly independent Irish Free State, the new government carried out the executions of four Irish Republican Army leaders who had led the takeover of the Four Courts in Dublin in April. Executed by hanging at Mountjoy Prison were Rory O'Connor, 39; Joe McKelvey, 24; Liam Mellows, 30; and Richard Barrett, 32. Irish Free State Justice Minister Kevin O'Higgins signed the order authorizing the death penalty, one day after the IRA assassination of Seán Hales.[23] Ironically, O'Connor had been the best man at the wedding of O'Higgins 14 months earlier.[24]
  • Former Prime Minister of Spain Manuel García Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas, formed a government[citation needed] following the resignation of the previous cabinet three days earlier.
  • A lynch mob in Perry, Florida, numbering more than 3,000 people, stopped the transport of two African-American prisoners suspected of the December 2 murder of a white teacher. Charley Wright was given a mock trial that evening, pronounced guilty, and then burned to death by the mob. The other prisoner, Albert Young, was turned over to the custody of the sheriff of Taylor County but taken from jail by a different mob on December 12 and shot to death.
  • In one of the worst disasters in the history of the U.S. state of Oregon, about 24 city blocks of the business district in Astoria were destroyed by a fire that burned under the streets. The town had been constructed on a foundation of wooden pilings and spread quickly, destroying the town's department stores, hotels, banks and many other businesses and homes.[25]
  • Appearing in person at a meeting of both houses of Congress, U.S. President Warren G. Harding delivered his State of the Union message to Congress.[26] "It is four years since the World War ended", Harding said, "but the inevitable readjustment of the social and economic order is not more than barely begun." Harding spoke at length about the country's recent labor strife and recommended the creation of a non-partisan tribunal to replace the current Labor Board. On the matter of Prohibition he said, "The day is unlikely to come when the Eighteenth Amendment will be repealed. The fact may as well be recognized and our course adapted accordingly."[27]
  • Born: Lucian Freud, painter, in Berlin, Germany (d. 2011)
  • Died: Mary Marcy, American socialist (b. 1877)
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December 9, 1922 (Saturday)

  • The National Assembly of Poland chose the nation's first President, with Foreign Minister Gabriel Narutowicz receiving 289 votes and Maurycy Zamoyski 227 votes.[28]
  • The Second London Conference began, with the purpose of once again talking about reparations. British Prime Minister Bonar Law made a surprising statement when he said that the Balfour Note no longer existed for the British government and indicated that Britain would consider canceling France's debt if a new reparations settlement made it possible.[29]
  • The American radio station WJZ made the first broadcast that could be heard across the Atlantic Ocean. Shortly after midnight, with the benefit of an increase in the wattage of the broadcast signal, listeners overseas were able to hear the Star-Spangled Banner, followed by a voice saying WJZ repeatedly, then a greeting from the British consul-general in New York to British listeners. Afterward, at 12:30 in the morning, Vaughn De Leath sang her new hit, "Oliver Twist", commissioned to be played on a phonograph in theaters showing the newly released silent film of the same name. Afterward, a jazz orchestra called "Black and White Boys" played "God Save the King" and a person read aloud the 23rd Psalm from the King James Version of the Bible.[30]
  • German physicist Erwin Schrödinger delivered his inaugural lecture at the University of Zürich, contributing to the history of quantum theory.[31]
  • By royal assent, the office of Governor of Northern Ireland was created as the principal officer and British representative for the six northern counties of Ireland, to assume the powers previously held by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,[32] whose office had been abolished with the creation of the Irish Free State after having governed the entire island for 750 years.
  • Born: Redd Foxx (stage name for John Elroy Sanford), African-American comedian and actor known for the TV situation comedy Sanford and Son; in St. Louis (d. 1991)

December 10, 1922 (Sunday)

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December 11, 1922 (Monday)

  • The Second London Conference of four Prime Ministers broke up with no agreement in place except to meet again in Paris on January 2.[36]
  • British couple Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters were found guilty of the murder of Edith's husband, Percy Thompson, and sentenced to death. They were both hanged 15 days later.[13]
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Marshal Pilsudski (left) turns power over to Narutowicz
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December 12, 1922 (Tuesday)

December 13, 1922 (Wednesday)

  • Uruguay's President Baltasar Brum engaged in a duel with deadly weapons against his political rival, Luis Alberto de Herrera, in front of several hundred witnesses. The combat took place at an airfield about nine miles (14 kilometers) from Montevideo late in the afternoon. According to an Associated Press report, the two men stood 25 paces apart and fired at each other twice, after their seconds had tried to talk them out of the duel. Whether by intention or accidentally, neither man's bullets struck the other. President Brum challenged Herrera to the duel after Herrera told a newspaper that President Brum had manipulated election results. Under Uruguayan law, dueling was permitted at the time so long as a "tribunal of honor" investigated the truth of the grievances of the challenger.[47]
  • The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was created as a unified state by the members of a loose federation consisting of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijani SSR and the Georgian SSR (which included Abkhazia).[48] The new entity would last for only 17 days before becoming a member of the Soviet Union on December 30.
  • At least 15 people were fatally scalded, and 40 injured, in an accident on the Houston East and West Texas Railway at the depot at Humble, Texas. Houston East passenger train number 28 sideswiped a freight train's locomotive, tearing loose a two-inch diameter steam pipe. The pipe crashed into the window of the car on the train reserved for smokers and sprayed the compartment with its boiling contents.[49]
  • The first trial in the Herrin Massacre began in Marion, Illinois.[50]
  • Irish irregulars took Carrick-on-Suir.[21]
  • Died: Hannes Hafstein, 61, Icelandic politician and poet

December 14, 1922 (Thursday)

  • British Prime Minister Bonar Law warned the House of Commons that Germany was very near to complete economic collapse.[51] Law said in a speech in the Commons also that the UK could not repay war loans from the United States until Britain was repaid for its loans to the Allies or when Germany made its reparation payments earmarked for Britain.[52]
  • The Ministry of Education of Soviet Russia ordered that schoolchildren were to be taught that Santa Claus and angels were myths.[53] The protocol was part of a protocol pushed by the Russian Communist Party described by them as "a battle against all religious holiday-making" and was premised on the idea that "holidays leave a psychologically bad impression on children due to decorations and legends of 'decadent religions.'"[54]
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December 15, 1922 (Friday)

December 16, 1922 (Saturday)

December 17, 1922 (Sunday)

December 18, 1922 (Monday)

  • Five men hijacked an armored car outside of the United States Mint in Denver, Colorado, taking more than $200,000 worth of newly printed five-dollar bills (equivalent to $337,700,000 a century later[63] that were being loaded for shipment within the Denver federal reserve district.[64] During the gunbattle during the robbery, one of the armed guards on the armored car, Charles Linton[65] was killed, while a gang member, Nicholas Trainor, was mortally wounded.[66] The gang escaped only 90 seconds after the raid had begun. Trainor's body was left inside the getaway car used in the robbery and abandoned in a local garage. Roughly $80,000 of the original $200,000 stolen would be located in February in Minnesota.
  • At least 10 trade union members were killed by Fascists in the Italian city of Turin the day after the murder of two Fascist Party members. One of the men killed, Pietro Ferrero, was tied up and then dragged behind a truck.[67][68]
  • The de Bothezat helicopter, nicknamed "The Flying Octopus" because of its four massive rotors, made its first flight, with trials taking place at McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio.[69] Designed by Ivan Jerome and George de Bothezat under contract with the United States Army, the helicopter set records for duration of airtime (2 minutes and 45 seconds) and altitude (30 feet (9.1 m)) but was difficult to control and incapable of proceeding into the wind.[70]
  • For the first time in more than 123 years, an Irish parliament passed legislation, as the Seanad followed the lead of the Dail Eirann in approving the "Adaptation of Enactments Bill".[71]
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December 19, 1922 (Tuesday)

December 20, 1922 (Wednesday)

December 21, 1922 (Thursday)

  • Aleksandras Stulginskis was formally elected as President of Lithuania by the Baltic nation's Constituent Assembly, after having served as the Assembly's speaker and acting president of Lithuania since 1920.
  • Pierce Butler was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the newest associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, approved 61 to 8 after a 16-day period of hearings.[85] Voting against Butler were five Democrats and three Republicans. With 61 of 69 voting Senators approving, the two-thirds majority was easily met, while another 29 U.S. Senators abstained from voting.
  • The Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) was incorporated in the United Kingdom as a non-profit organization.[86] Almost 100 years later, it would have a membership of 33,000 engineers worldwide.[87]
  • Aleen Cust became the first woman to be licensed as a veterinary surgeon in the United Kingdom. She had already been in practice for 20 years at the time of her acceptance.[88]
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  • Died: Sarah Elizabeth Doyle, 92, American educator who led the successful campaign (in 1891) for women to be admitted as students at Brown University, and who co-founded the Rhode Island School of Design.

December 22, 1922 (Friday)

December 23, 1922 (Saturday)

  • Pope Pius XI promulgated his first encyclical, Ubi arcano Dei consilio.[95]
  • The 10th All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened at the Grand Opera House in Moscow with more than 3,000 legislators, 90 percent of whom were Communist Party members, in order to give approval of the latest planning programs of the Russian government.[96] On the agenda was a proposal from the Ukraine Communist Party for a treaty of union of the Communist nations.[97]
  • Vladimir Lenin began dictating his notes expressing his views on the party leadership and the matter of who should succeed him. He expressed reservations about all the party leaders, but was particularly critical of Joseph Stalin.[55]
  • The British cargo ship SS Maid of Delos foundered a gale in St George's Channel off Skomer, Pembrokeshire, killing all 26 of her crew.[98]
  • Born: Micheline Ostermeyer, athlete and concert pianist, in Rang-du-Fliers, France (d. 2001)
  • Died: Bernard Kirk, 22, American college football player and star end for the University of Michigan, died six days after a December 17 auto accident.[99]

December 24, 1922 (Sunday)

December 25, 1922 (Monday)

December 26, 1922 (Tuesday)

December 27, 1922 (Wednesday)

  • The Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho was commissioned, the first ship designed from the beginning to be a carrier.[81]
  • The science fiction film The Man from M.A.R.S., notable for using "Teleview", an early 3-D process, was released in theaters under the title M.A.R.S.. A preview showing of the film had been given to the press on October 13.
  • "For the first time in 3,277 years,"[108] objects were taken out of the Tomb of Tutankhamun as employees of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art and the government of Egypt brought out a stretcher holding an intricately carved 14" x 12" x 12" box containing objects that had been buried with the boy pharaoh. Pictures of the contents were taken by Egyptologist Harry Burton began a 10-year project in photographing the Tomb of Tutankhamun and the individual items excavated from within.[109]
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Future home of the bridge across the Golden Gate strait
  • At a press conference in Chicago, structural engineer Joseph Strauss unveiled his plans for what would be the world's longest bridge, a span over the "Golden Gate", the strait between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. "If and when erected," The New York Times noted, "the structure will be the greatest in point of magnitude and span in the world."[110] Construction would begin ten years later and the bridge would open in 1937.

December 28, 1922 (Thursday)

December 29, 1922 (Friday)

December 30, 1922 (Saturday)

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The first Soviet flag

December 31, 1922 (Sunday)

  • France's Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected a proposal by Germany's Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno for a mutual non-aggression pact that would have replaced French troops in the occupied Rhineland (along Germany's border with France) with troops from a world power that had no active interests in the Rhineland. In addition, under Cuno's proposal, neither nation would go to war "for a generation" without a popular referendum to endorse fighting. "To my regret, France has seen fit to reject our proposal," Cuno said in a speech at the Hamburg Stock Exchange.[123][124]
  • The All India Kshatriya Society, chaired by Raja Nahar Singh, approved a policy for a "ritual purification" for Muslim Rajputs to convert from Islam to Hinduism. The policy applied to persons whose ancestors had been Hindus forcibly converted to Islam.[125]
  • The Nine-Power Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on February 6 by nine nations (Japan, Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Republic of China) with written affirmations of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, went into effect pending ratification by all the signatories.[126]
  • All remaining foreign post offices in China, which had been allowed to issue their own postage stamps for mail to be sent between China and the issuing nation, were closed in accordance with the Nine-Power Treaty.[127]
  • U.S. Supreme Court Justice Mahlon Pitney, having suffered a stroke, retired from the bench 10 days after his colleague, Justice William R. Day, had been replaced by Pierce Butler. U.S. President Harding filled the second vacancy on the Court by nominating Edward Terry Sanford, who would be confirmed by the U.S. Senate shortly afterward.
  • The Turkish passenger ship SS Pasha Baghtche foundered in the Sea of Marmara off the Princes' Islands with the loss of 20 lives.[128]

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