1922 - Wikiwand

1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1922nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 922nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1922, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

From top to bottom, left to right: The Irish Civil War breaks out between pro- and anti-Treaty forces following the creation of the Irish Free State, plunging Ireland into a brutal and divisive struggle that shapes the foundations of its independence; the March on Rome brings Benito Mussolini and the National Fascist Party to power in the Kingdom of Italy, ushering in an era of fascist rule that inspires authoritarian movements across Europe; the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter captivates the world, sparking a global wave of fascination with ancient Egypt; the Burning of Smyrna ravages the city in the final phase of the Greco-Turkish War, leaving massive destruction and triggering a humanitarian catastrophe; the Washington Naval Treaty is signed by leading world powers to curb naval armaments and avert another costly arms race; and the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formally establishes the Soviet Union, uniting multiple Soviet republics under a single federal government and redefining the political order of Eastern Europe and Asia.

Quick Facts

1922 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1922 MCMXXII
Ab urbe condita	2675
Armenian calendar	1371 ԹՎ ՌՅՀԱ
Assyrian calendar	6672
Baháʼí calendar	78–79
Balinese saka calendar	1843–1844
Bengali calendar	1328–1329
Berber calendar	2872
British Regnal year	12 Geo. 5 – 13 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2466
Burmese calendar	1284
Byzantine calendar	7430–7431
Chinese calendar	辛酉年 (Metal Rooster) 4619 or 4412 — to — 壬戌年 (Water Dog) 4620 or 4413
Coptic calendar	1638–1639
Discordian calendar	3088
Ethiopian calendar	1914–1915
Hebrew calendar	5682–5683
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1978–1979
- Shaka Samvat	1843–1844
- Kali Yuga	5022–5023
Holocene calendar	11922
Igbo calendar	922–923
Iranian calendar	1300–1301
Islamic calendar	1340–1341
Japanese calendar	Taishō 11 (大正１１年)
Javanese calendar	1852–1853
Juche calendar	11
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4255
Minguo calendar	ROC 11 民國11年
Nanakshahi calendar	454
Thai solar calendar	2464–2465
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Iron-Bird) 2048 or 1667 or 895 — to — ཆུ་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་ (male Water-Dog) 2049 or 1668 or 896

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Events

January

Thumb — January 11: Use of insulin for diabetes.

January 7 – Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.^[1]
January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera resigns.^[2]
January 11 – The first successful insulin treatment of diabetes is made, by Frederick Banting in Toronto.
January 15 – Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State.
January 26 – Italian forces occupy Misrata, Libya; the reconquest of Libya begins.

February

February 6
- Pope Pius XI (Achille Ratti) succeeds Pope Benedict XV, to become the 259th pope.^[3]
- The Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.
February 8
- President of the United States Warren G. Harding introduces the first radio in the White House.
- In the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Cheka becomes the Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie (GPU), a section of the NKVD.
February 10–17 – Modern Art Week in São Paulo marks the start of Modernism in Brazil.^[4]
February 14
- Finnish Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori is assassinated by Ernst Tandefelt.
- Baragoola, the last of the Binngarra class Manly ferries, is launched at Balmain, New South Wales.
February 15 – The inaugural session of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) is held in The Hague.^[5]
February 26 – Leser v. Garnett: The Supreme Court of the United States rebuffs a challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote on the same terms as men.
February 28 – The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt, and grants the country nominal independence, reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.^[6]^{[page needed]}^[7]^[8]

March

March 2
- An ice mass breaks the Oder Dam in Breslau.
- The British Civil Aviation Authority is established.
March 4 – The silent horror film Nosferatu is premièred at the Berlin Zoological Garden in Germany.
March 10 – Mahatma Gandhi is arrested in Bombay for sedition.
March 13 – Edward, Prince of Wales, inaugurates the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College in Dehradun, India, marking a capitulation of the Governor General and Secretary of State for India to growing pressure for Indianization of the officer cadre of the Indian Army.
March 15 – With Egypt having gained self-government from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.^[9]
March 16 – The Rand Rebellion, which began as a strike by white South African mine workers on 28 December 1921 and became open rebellion against the state, is suppressed.
March 18 – In British India, Mahatma Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for sedition (he serves only two).
March 20 – The USS Langley is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier.
March 22 – Radio station WLW in Cincinnati begins broadcasting.^[10]
March 23 – Queensland, Australia, abolishes the Legislative Council (Upper House).
March 26 – The German Social Democratic Party is founded in Poland.
March 31 – Six die in the Hinterkaifeck murders north of Munich.

April

April 1 – South African Railways takes control of all railway operations in South West Africa.^[11]^[12]
April 3 – Joseph Stalin is appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.
April 7 – 1922 Picardie mid-air collision: The first midair collision between airliners occurs, between a Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.18 and a Grands Express Aériens Farman Goliath over Poix-de-Picardie, Amiens, France.
April 10 – Genoa Conference: The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak in Genoa, Italy about monetary economics, in the wake of World War I.
April 12 – The United Kingdom's Prince of Wales arrives in Yokohama aboard HMS Renown and rides by train to Tokyo, starting a one-month visit to Japan.^[13]^[14]
April 13 – The State of Massachusetts opens all public offices to women.
April 16 – The Treaty of Rapallo marks a rapprochement between the Weimar Republic and Bolshevik Russia.
April 24 – The first portion of the Imperial Wireless Chain, a strategic international wireless telegraphy network created to link the British Empire, is opened, from the UK to Egypt.

May

May 8 – In Moscow, eight priests, two laymen and one woman are sentenced to death for opposition to the Soviet government's confiscation of church property.
May 18 – Sergei Diaghilev, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Erik Satie and Clive Bell dine together at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, their only joint meeting.^[15]^{[page needed]}
May 19 – The All-Russian Young Pioneer Organisation is established.
May 29 – British Liberal MP Horatio Bottomley is jailed for seven years for fraud.
May 30 – In Washington, D.C., United States, the Lincoln Memorial is dedicated.^[16]

June

June 1
- Bolshevik forces defeat Basmachi troops, under Enver Pasha.
- The first issue of the magazine Krestyanka is published in Russia.^[17]^{[full citation needed]}
June 9 – Åland's Regional Assembly convenes for its first plenary session in Mariehamn, Åland;^[18] the day will be celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.^[19]
June 11 – Robert J. Flaherty's Nanook of the North, the first commercially successful feature-length documentary film, is premiered in the U.S.^[20]^{[page needed]}
June 14 – President of the United States Warren G. Harding makes his first speech on the radio.
June 22 – Irish Republican Army agents assassinate British Army field marshal Sir Henry Wilson in London; the assassins are sentenced to death on July 18.^[21]
June 24 – Weimar Republic foreign minister Walther Rathenau is assassinated; the murderers are captured on July 17.
June 26 – Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco.
June 28
- The Irish Civil War and Battle of Dublin begin when the Irish National Army, using artillery loaned by the British, begins to bombard the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army forces occupying the Four Courts in Dublin. Fighting in Dublin lasts until July 5.
- The Syrian Federation is constituted by arrêté of Henri Gouraud.
June 29 – Subhi Barakat becomes president of the Syrian Federation.

July

July 11 – The Hollywood Bowl open-air music venue opens.
July 17 – The final signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Liard.
July 20 – The German protectorate of Togoland is divided into the League of Nations mandates of French Togoland and British Togoland.
July 27 – The Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast is established within the Russian SFSR.
July – Hyperinflation in Germany means that 563 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar – more than double the 263 needed eight months before, dwarfing the mere 12 needed in April 1919, and even the 47 needed in December of that year.

August

August 2 – The 1922 Swatow typhoon hits Shantou, China, killing more than 5,000 people.
August 22 – Irish Civil War: General Michael Collins is assassinated in West Cork.^[22]
August 23
- Morocco revolts against the Spanish.^{[citation needed]}
August 26
- A Turkish large-scale attack opens against Greek forces in Afyon; Turkish victory is achieved on August 30.
August 28 – Japan agrees to withdraw its troops from Siberia.
August
- Hyperinflation in Germany sees the value of the Papiermark against the dollar rise to 1,000.
- The last hunted California grizzly bear is shot.

September

September 3 – The Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, the world's third purpose-built motorsport race track, is officially opened at Monza in the Lombardy Region of Italy.^[23]
September 9 – Turkish forces pursuing withdrawing Greek troops enter İzmir, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).
September 11
- The Sun News-Pictorial, a predecessor of the Melbourne, Australia, Herald Sun, is founded.
- The Mandate of Palestine is approved by the Council of the League of Nations.
September 13 – The Gdynia Seaport Construction Act is passed by the Polish Parliament.
September 13–15 – The Great Fire of Smyrna destroys most of İzmir. Responsibility is disputed.^[24]
September 17 – Dutch cyclist Piet Moeskops becomes world champion sprinter.
September 18 – The Kingdom of Hungary joins the League of Nations.
September 24 - The Latvia national football team and Estonia national football team played their first official international match.^[25]
September 24 (O. S. September 11) – 11 September 1922 Revolution in Greece.
September 29 – Drums in the Night (Trommeln in der Nacht) becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, at the Munich Kammerspiele.

October

October – 3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar – triple the figure three months ago due to hyperinflation.
October 1 – G. I. Gurdjieff opens his Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man at Fontainebleau, France.
October 3 – Rebecca Latimer Felton becomes the first female U.S. senator when Georgia's governor gives her a temporary appointment pending an election to replace Senator Thomas Watson, who has died suddenly.
October 11 – Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 ends in Turkish victory.
October 15 – T. S. Eliot establishes The Criterion magazine, containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This first appears in the United States later this month in The Dial (dated November 1), and is first published complete with notes in book form, by Boni and Liveright in New York in December.
October 18 – The British Broadcasting Company is formed.^[6]^{[page needed]}
October 25 – The Third Dáil enacts the Constitution of the Irish Free State.
October 27 – Southern Rhodesians reject union with South Africa in a referendum.
October 28
- In Italy, the March on Rome brings the National Fascist Party and Benito Mussolini to power. Italy begins a period of dictatorship that lasts until the end of the Second World War.
- The Red Army occupies Vladivostok.
- Rose Bowl sports stadium officially opens in Pasadena, California.^[26]^[27]
October 31 – Benito Mussolini, 39, becomes the youngest ever Prime Minister of Italy.

November

November 1
- The Ottoman Empire is abolished after 600 years, and its last sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates, leaving for exile, initially in Malta, on November 17.
- A broadcast receiving licence with a fee of ten shillings is introduced in the United Kingdom.
November 4 – Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun: in Egypt, English archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to the pharaonic tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings.^[1]
November 12 – Sigma Gamma Rho (ΣΓΡ) Sorority, Incorporated is founded by seven educators in Indianapolis, Indiana. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha chapter at Butler University in Indianapolis.
November 14 – The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom, broadcasting from station 2LO in London.
November 15
- In the 1922 United Kingdom general election forced by the Conservatives' withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall majority. Labour for the first time becomes the main opposition party, winning more seats than the divided Liberals. A dining club of newly elected Conservative Members of Parliament evolves the following year into the 1922 Committee.
- 1922 Guayaquil general strike: During a 3-day strike action in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, police and military fire into a crowd, killing at least 300.
November 19 – Abdülmecid II, Crown Prince of the Ottoman Empire, is elected Caliph.
November 21 – Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.
November 24 – Popular author and anti-Treaty Republican Erskine Childers is executed by firing squad in Dublin, after conviction by an Irish Free State military court for the unlawful possession of a gun, a weapon presented to him by Michael Collins in 1920 as a gift.^[28]^{[page needed]}

November 26 – Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first people to see inside KV62, the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, in over 3,000 years.

December

December 5 – The British Parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.
December 6 – The Irish Free State officially comes into existence.^[1] George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and W. T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.
December 9 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland.
December 11 – The trial of Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters ends at the Old Bailey in London, for the murder of Thompson's husband; both are found guilty and sentenced to hang.
December 16 – Gabriel Narutowicz, sworn on December 11 as first president of the Second Polish Republic, is assassinated by a right-wing sympathizer in Warsaw.
December 20 – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on stage in Paris, with settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger and costumes by Coco Chanel.^[29]
December 27 – Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō becomes the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be commissioned.
December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
December – The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar.^[30]

Date unknown

Wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations, and motivated by hostility and arrogance as well, the Weimar Republic announces its inability to pay more, and proposes a moratorium on reparations for 3 years.
Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin, the Kurdish Independence Committee, is founded.
The Inter-Parliamentary Union is established.
L'Action sénégalaise weekly newspaper is founded in Senegal.^[31]
Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
Vegemite is invented by Australian entrepreneur Fred Walker.
The Barbary lion becomes extinct in the wild, with the last killed in Morocco, in the area of the Zelan and Beni Mguild Forests.^[32]
The Amur tiger becomes extinct in South Korea.^[33]
During his first rebellion, Simko Shikak launched an attack on Mahabad in mid-May and July. In the ensuing fighting, Simko's forces captured Mahabad and killed a Persian commander.

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