Demographics of Hungary

Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Demographics of Hungary
Population Pyramid 2020
Population	9,597,085 (1st January 2023)
Growth rate	−4.9 births/1,000 population (2020)
Birth rate	9.5 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death rate	14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life expectancy	76.16 years (2019)
• male	72.86 years (2019)
• female	79.33 years (2019)
Fertility rate	1.52 children born/woman (2022)[1]
Infant mortality rate	3.4 / 1000 live births (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years	14.8%
15–64 years	67.7%
65 and over	17.5%
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.96 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.59 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnic	Hungarians
Language
Spoken	Hungarian

Population

Population density in Hungary by district.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1784[2]	2,681,595	—
1870	5,011,310	+0.73%
1880	5,329,191	+0.62%
1890	6,009,351	+1.21%
1900	6,854,415	+1.32%
1910	7,612,114	+1.05%
1920	7,986,875	+0.48%
1930	8,685,109	+0.84%
1941	9,316,074	+0.64%
1949	9,204,799	−0.15%
1960	9,961,044	+0.72%
1970	10,300,996	+0.34%
1980	10,709,463	+0.39%
1990	10,374,823	−0.32%
2001	10,200,298	−0.15%
2011	9,937,628	−0.26%
2022	9,603,634	−0.31%
Note: Only present territory of Hungary[3]

Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,^[4] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,^[5] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.^[4][6][7] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,^[8][9] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to centuries long Ottoman and Habsburg wars, the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.^[10]

1400-2023 Historical population development on the territory of present-day Hungary

Population over time

Population of Hungary over time with estimated percentages of ethnic Hungarians within Hungary
Date	Estimated Population	Estimated Percentages of Hungarian people, with and without Inclusion of the Kingdom of Croatia	Notes
c. 900 AD	250,000-350,000[11] 500,000-600,000[11] 600,000[4] 1,000,000-1,500,000[12]	66%[4][7]	Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km,[12] with a density of 3-4.5 [12] or 0.56-1.06 [11] persons per square km
1000	1,000,000-1,500,000[13]
1060	500,000-550,000[11]		A density of 1.51-1.67 persons per square km.[11]
1100	2,000,000[12]
1181	2,600,000[12]
1200	1,000,000-1,100,000[11]		A density of 3.03-3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km).[11]
1222	2,000,000[14]	70–80%[15]	The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.
1242	1,020,000-1,220,000[11] 1,200,000[15]		Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%).[16]
1300	1,400,000-1,600,000[11] 2,000,000[17] 3,000,000[12]
1348	5,000,000[18] 3,000,000[19][20]		Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings).
1370	c. 2,000,000	60–70%[15] (including Croatia)
1400	3,000,000-3,500,000[21] 3,000,000[18]
1490	5,000,000[22][23] 4,500,000-5,000,000[19][24] 4,000,000-4,500,000[21] 4,000,000[17][25][26][27] 3,500,000-4,000,000[13] 3,400,000[28]	90%[29] 80-85%[30] 80%[15][31][32][33] 77%[25] 75-80%[34][35][36][37]	Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).
1600	4,000,000-4,500,000[38] 3,500,000[39]		Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.
1699	4,000,000[38][39][40] 3,500,000-4,000,000[37] 3,500,000[41]	50–55%[15][42] 50%[37][40]	At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711	4,000,000[43] 2,500,000[23]	53%[15] 45%[30]	At the end of the Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720	4,000,000-4,500,000[44] 4,000,000[11][27][45] 3,500,000[26][46] 2,600,000-4,000,000[47]	55%[46] 45%[25] 44%[48] 40%[29] 35%[10]
1785-87	8,000,000		5% urban subjects.[49]
1790	9,000,000[26][27][50] 8,500,000[23] 8,100,000-8,200,000[47]	40%[10][51][52] 39%[11] 35%[53]	End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780).[54]
1828	11,495,536
1830		37% (44 percent in central Hungary)[55]
1837		44%[56] 37% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[56]
1846	12,033,399	40–45% 41.6%[57] 36.5-40% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[57]	Two years before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
1850	11,600,000	41.4%[58]
1857	13,830,870	44.5%[11]
1869	13,508,000	45.2%[59]
1880	13,749,603	46%
1900	16,838,255	51.4%[60]
1910	18,264,533	54.4%[60] 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[61]	5% Jews (estimated according to their religion).

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)

Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)

Land	Mother tongues (1910 census)
Kingdom of Hungary	Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia	Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)

Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census)^[62]

Land	Hungarian	Romanian	German	Slovak	Croatian	Serbian	Ruthenian	Other	Total
Danube Right Bank	72% (2,221,295)	0% (833)	18% (555,694)	0.6% (17,188)	5.5% (168,436)	0.5% (15,170)	0% (232)	3.4% (105,556)	14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank	32.7% (711,654)	0% (704)	6.6% (144,395)	58.8% (1,279,574)	0.1% (2,294)	0% (200)	0% (393)	1.7% (36,710)	10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza	81.2% (3,061,066)	0.1% (4,813)	9.5% (357,822)	2.1% (79,354)	0.1% (4,866)	4.1% (154,298)	0.3% (11,121)	4.1% (96,318)	18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank	53.5% (945,990)	0.1% (1,910)	5.6% (98,564)	25% (441,776)	0% (486)	0% (247)	14.3% (253,062)	1.6% (27,646)	8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank	61.8% (1,603,924)	24% (621,918)	3.2% (83,229)	3.1% (81,154)	0% (327)	0% (321)	7.5% (194,504)	0.3% (8,547)	12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros	22.2% (474,988)	39.5% (845,850)	19.9% (427,253)	2.1% (44,715)	0.2% (4,950)	13.6% (290,434)	0.1% (3,188)	2.4% (50,391)	10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania	34.3% (918,217)	55% (1,472,021)	8.7% (234,085)	0.1% (2,404)	0% (523)	0% (421)	0.1% (1,759)	1.8% (48,937)	12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume	13% (6,493)	0.3% (137)	4.6% (2,315)	0.4% (192)	26% (12,926)	0.9% (425)	0% (11)	54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian)	0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia	4% (105,948)	0% (846)	5.1% (134,078)	0.8% (21,613)	62.5% (1,638,354)	24.6% (644,955)	0.3% (8,317)	2.6% (67,843)	12.6% (2,621,954)
Total	48.1% (10,050,575)	14.1% (2,949,032)	9.8% (2,037,435)	9.4% (1,967,970)	8.8% (1,833,162)	5.3% (1,106,471)	2.3% (472,587)	2.2% (469,255)	100% (20,886,487)

• 
  Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.^[63]
• 
  Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, based on their research. Hungarians are depicted in orange.^[64][65][66]
• 
  Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1784 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, based on their researches. Hungarians are depicted in orange. The ethnic pattern of Hungary changed due to the centuries long wars and migration movements.^[64][65][66]
• 
  The Red Map.^[67][68] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km^2[69] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.^[70]
• 
  In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.^{[71][72][73][74]} According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.^[71] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population according to a separate census on religion^[75] and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).^[76]
• 
  Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties
• 
  Demographics of pre-WW1 Kingdom of Hungary (marked with green) in Europe

^[77][78][79]

Fertility

Hungary fertility rate by county (2021)

1.7 - 1.9   1.5 - 1.7   1.4 - 1.5   1.3 - 1.4   < 1.3

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.^[80]

Years	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.18	5.15	5.12	5.09	5.06	5.03	5	4.97	4.94	4.91	4.88

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	4.85	5.11	5.41	5.03	5.11	5.02	4.64	5.09	5.12	5.14

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.23	4.96	5.18	5.23	5.55	5.61	5.29	5.23	5.58	5.23

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.28	5.4	5.5	5.59	5.48	5.57	5.41	5.36	5.35	4.93

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.2	4.96	5.25	5.08	5.48	5.11	4.97	4.95	4.62	4.79

Year Total Fertility Rate 1901 5.32 1910 4.86 1921 3.80 1930 2.84 1941 2.48 1949 2.54 1955 2.81 1960 2.02 1965 1.82 1970 1.98 1975 2.34 1980 1.91

Year Total Fertility Rate 1985 1.85 1990 1.86 1995 1.57 2000 1.32 2005 1.30 2010 1.25 2015 1.44 2019 1.49 2020 1.56 2021 1.59 2022 1.52 2023 1.51

^[81]

Total Fertility Rate by county

County	1980	1990	2001	2011
Baranya	1.70	1.65	1.52	1.47
Bács-Kiskun	1.81	1.73	1.59	1.56
Békés	1.82	1.75	1.62	1.57
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén	1.88	1.83	1.72	1.66
Csongrád	1.59	1.55	1.44	1.41
Fejér	1.85	1.79	1.62	1.56
Győr-Moson-Sopron	1.81	1.73	1.56	1.49
Hajdú-Bihar	1.92	1.82	1.65	1.56
Heves	1.79	1.69	1.57	1.53
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	1.90	1.80	1.67	1.62
Komárom-Esztergom	1.80	1.73	1.58	1.53
Nógrád	1.84	1.76	1.64	1.60
Pest	1.76	1.69	1.54	1.48
Somogy	1.74	1.68	1.58	1.53
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	2.21	2.05	1.85	1.75
Tolna	1.83	1.76	1.65	1.60
Vas	1.82	1.72	1.58	1.51
Veszprém	1.88	1.79	1.64	1.58
Zala	1.78	1.73	1.56	1.52
Budapest	1.25	1.27	1.17	1.13
All	1.71	1.65	1.53	1.47

Source: 2011 census ^[82]

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Hungary since 1900

Life expectancy in Hungary since 1960 by gender

Period	Life expectancy in Years[83]
1950–1955	64.01
1955–1960	66.91
1960–1965	68.79
1965–1970	69.45
1970–1975	69.41
1975–1980	69.59
1980–1985	69.08
1985–1990	69.42
1990–1995	69.41
1995–2000	70.88
2000–2005	72.54
2005–2010	73.74
2010–2015	75.26
2015–2020	76.65

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2018: 3.4 per 1000 live born children.^[84]

Vital statistics

^{[85][86][87][88][89]}

Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office^[90]

	Average population (January 1)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Crude migration change (per 1000)	Total fertility rates[fn 1][80][91]
1900	6,854,000	268,019	177,363	90,656	39.4	27.0	12.4		5.28
1901		260,439	166,662	93,777	37.6	25.0	12.6		5.22
1902		270,385	179,260	91,125	38.6	26.9	11.7		5.16
1903		258,209	179,518	78,691	36.5	26.1	10.4		5.10
1904		260,446	172,704	87,742	37.0	24.8	12.2		5.04
1905		252,501	203,516	48,985	35.5	27.8	7.7		4.98
1906		258,296	176,938	81,358	36.1	24.9	11.2		4.91
1907		261,231	180,216	81,015	36.2	25.6	10.6		4.85
1908		268,637	177,872	90,765	36.7	25.0	11.7		4.79
1909		271,177	184,445	86,732	37.1	25.4	11.7		4.73
1910	7,612,000	265,457	168,875	96,582	35.4	23.4	12.0		4.67
1911		261,375	184,009	77,366	34.8	24.8	10.0		4.59
1912		270,804	172,148	98,656	36.0	23.0	13.0		4.50
1913		264,418	174,241	90,177	34.3	23.2	11.1		4.42
1914		270,690	176,574	94,116	34.5	23.4	11.1		4.34
1915		187,734	189,418	-1,684	23.7	25.3	-1.6		4.26
1916		135,443	159,810	-24,367	16.8	20.9	-4.1		4.17
1917		130,817	163,507	-32,690	16.0	20.7	-4.7		4.09
1918		127,894	207,395	-79,501	15.3	25.7	-10.4		4.01
1919	7,860,000	217,431	157,392	60,039	27.6	20.0	7.6	8.6	3.93
1920	7,987,000	249,458	169,717	79,741	31.4	21.4	10.0	-5.9	3.84
1921	8,020,000	255,453	170,059	85,394	31.8	21.2	10.6	-3.1	3.81
1922	8,080,000	249,279	173,351	75,928	30.8	21.4	9.4	1.7	3.60
1923	8,170,000	238,971	159,287	79,684	29.2	19.5	9.8	-3.7	3.39
1924	8,220,000	221,462	167,668	53,794	26.9	20.4	6.5	3.2	3.18
1925	8,300,000	235,480	142,150	93,330	28.3	17.1	11.2	-2.8	3.36
1926	8,370,000	229,484	139,905	89,579	27.4	16.7	10.7	3.6	3.24
1927	8,490,000	218,548	150,675	67,873	25.8	17.8	8.0	-5.6	3.05
1928	8,510,000	224,693	146,496	78,197	26.4	17.2	9.2	-1.0	3.08
1929	8,580,000	215,463	152,847	62,976	25.1	17.8	7.3	4.9	2.92
1930	8,685,000	219,784	134,341	85,443	25.4	15.5	9.9	-4.7	2.84
1931	8,730,000	206,925	144,968	61,957	23.7	16.6	7.1	-1.0	2.84
1932	8,783,000	205,529	157,106	48,423	23.4	17.9	5.5	1.6	2.78
1933	8,845,000	193,911	129,913	63,998	21.9	14.7	7.2	0.7	2.72
1934	8,915,000	194,279	129,049	65,230	21.8	14.5	7.3	0	2.57
1935	8,980,000	189,479	136,923	52,556	21.1	15.2	5.9	0.8	2.55
1936	9,040,000	183,369	128,333	55,036	20.3	14.2	6.1	0.5	2.48
1937	9,100,000	182,449	128,049	54,400	20.0	14.1	6.0	0.5	2.42
1938	9,159,000	182,206	130,628	51,578	19.9	14.3	5.6	0.8	2.46
1939	9,217,000	178,633	124,591	54,042	19.4	13.5	5.9	0.9	2.50
1940	9,280,000	185,562	132,735	52,827	20.0	14.3	5.7	-1.8	2.48
1941	9,316,000	177,047	123,349	53,698	19.0	13.2	5.7	2.5	2.52
1942	9,392,000	187,187	136,844	50,343	19.9	14.6	5.4	-0.3	2.55
1943	9,440,000	173,295	127,158	46,137	18.4	13.5	4.9	-25.0	2.55
1944	9,250,000	190,000	144,048	45,952	20.5	15.6	5.0	-26.1	2.61
1945	9,055,000	169,091	211,323	-42,232	18.7	23.3	-4.7	3.3	2.64
1946	9,042,000	169,120	135,486	33,634	18.7	15.0	3.7	1.9	2.67
1947	9,093,000	187,316	117,537	69,779	20.6	12.9	7.7	-0.6	2.70
1948	9,158,000	191,907	105,780	86,127	21.0	11.6	9.4	-4.3	2.73
1949	9,205,000 [92]	190,398	105,718	84,680	20.6	11.4	9.2	0.4	2.76
1950	9,293,000	195,567	106,902	88,665	20.9	11.4	9.5	0.2	2.77
1951	9,383,000	190,645	109,998	80,647	20.2	11.7	8.6	-0.1	2.76
1952	9,463,000	185,820	107,443	78,377	19.6	11.3	8.2	0.5	2.72
1953	9,545,000	206,926	112,039	94,887	21.6	11.7	9.9	0.6	2.67
1954	9,645,000	223,347	106,670	116,677	23.0	11.0	12.0	0.6	2.61
1955	9,767,000	210,430	97,848	112,582	21.4	10.0	11.5	0.4	2.53
1956	9,883,000	192,810	104,236	88,574	19.5	10.5	8.9	-14.4	2.44
1957	9,829,000	167,202	103,645	63,557	17.0	10.5	6.5	-4.4	2.34
1958	9,850,000	158,428	97,866	60,562	16.0	9.9	6.1	0.3	2.23
1959	9,913,000	151,194	103,880	47,314	15.2	10.5	4.8	0	2.12
1960	9,961,000	146,461	101,525	44,936	14.7	10.2	4.5	0.1	2.02
1961	10,007,000	140,365	96,410	43,955	14.0	9.6	4.4	0.1	1.94
1962	10,052,000	130,053	108,273	21,780	12.9	10.8	2.2	0	1.79
1963	10,074,000	132,335	99,871	32,464	13.1	9.9	3.2	0.2	1.82
1964	10,108,000	132,141	100,830	31,311	13.1	10.0	3.1	0.1	1.81
1965	10,140,000	133,009	108,119	24,890	13.1	10.7	2.5	0.1	1.82
1966	10,166,000	138,489	101,943	36,546	13.6	10.0	3.6	0	1.89
1967	10,203,000	148,886	109,530	39,356	14.6	10.7	3.9	0.1	2.01
1968	10,244,000	154,419	115,354	39,065	15.1	11.2	3.8	0.1	2.06
1969	10,284,000	154,318	116,659	37,659	15.0	11.3	3.7	0	2.03
1970	10,322,000	151,819	120,197	31,622	14.7	11.6	3.1	-0.2	1.98
1971	10,352,000	150,640	123,009	27,631	14.5	11.9	2.7	-0.2	1.93
1972	10,378,000	153,265	118,991	34,274	14.7	11.4	3.3	-0.2	1.92
1973	10,410,000	156,224	123,366	32,858	15.0	11.8	3.1	0	1.93
1974	10,442,000	186,288	125,816	60,472	17.8	12.0	5.8	-0.1	2.27
1975	10,501,000	194,240	131,102	63,138	18.4	12.4	6.0	-0.1	2.34
1976	10,563,000	185,405	132,240	53,165	17.5	12.5	5.0	-0.1	2.23
1977	10,615,000	177,574	132,031	45,543	16.7	12.4	4.3	-0.1	2.15
1978	10,660,000	168,160	140,121	28,039	15.7	13.1	2.6	-0.1	2.06
1979	10,687,000	160,364	136,829	23,535	15.0	12.8	2.2	-0.1	2.00
1980	10,709,000	148,673	145,355	3,318	13.9	13.6	0.3	-0.7	1.91
1981	10,705,000	142,890	144,757	-1,867	13.3	13.5	-0.2	-0.7	1.87
1982	10,695,000	133,559	144,318	-10,759	12.5	13.5	-1.0	-1.2	1.79
1983	10,671,000	127,258	148,643	-21,385	11.9	13.9	-2.0	-0.9	1.74
1984	10,640,000	125,359	146,709	-21,350	11.8	13.8	-2.0	-1.9	1.75
1985	10,599,000	130,200	147,614	-17,414	12.2	13.9	-1.6	-2.1	1.85
1986	10,560,000	128,204	147,089	-18,885	12.1	13.8	-1.8	-3.0	1.84
1987	10,509,000	125,840	142,601	-16,761	11.9	13.4	-1.6	-2.7	1.82
1988	10,464,000	124,296	140,042	-15,746	11.7	13.2	-1.5	-2.6	1.81
1989	10,421,000	123,304	144,695	-21,391	11.8	13.8	-2.0	-2.4	1.80
1990	10,375,000	125,679	145,660	-19,981	12.1	14.0	-1.9	1.7	1.87
1991	10,373,400	127,207	144,813	-17,606	12.3	14.0	-1.7	1.8	1.88
1992	10,374,000	121,724	148,781	-27,057	11.7	14.3	-2.6	1.7	1.78
1993	10,365,000	117,033	150,244	-33,211	11.3	14.5	-3.2	1.8	1.69
1994	10,350,000	115,598	146,889	-31,291	11.2	14.2	-3.0	1.7	1.64
1995	10,337,000	112,054	145,431	-33,377	10.8	14.1	-3.2	1.7	1.57
1996	10,321,000	105,272	143,130	-37,858	10.2	13.9	-3.7	1.8	1.46
1997	10,301,000	100,350	139,434	-39,084	9.8	13.5	-3.8	1.8	1.38
1998	10,280,000	97,301	140,870	-43,569	9.5	13.7	-4.2	1.6	1.32
1999	10,253,000	94,645	143,210	-48,565	9.2	14.0	-4.7	1.7	1.28
2000	10,222,000	97,597	135,601	-38,004	9.6	13.3	-3.7	1.5	1.32
2001	10,200,000	97,047	132,183	-35,136	9.5	13.0	-3.4	0.9	1.31
2002	10,175,000	96,804	132,833	-36,029	9.5	13.1	-3.5	0.3	1.30
2003	10,142,000	94,647	135,823	-41,176	9.3	13.4	-4.1	1.6	1.27
2004	10,117,000	95,137	132,492	-37,355	9.4	13.1	-3.7	1.8	1.27
2005	10,098,000	97,496	135,732	-38,236	9.7	13.5	-3.8	1.7	1.30
2006	10,077,000	99,871	131,603	-31,732	9.9	13.1	-3.2	2.1	1.34
2007	10,066,000	97,613	132,938	-35,325	9.7	13.2	-3.5	1.4	1.31
2008	10,045,000	99,149	130,027	-30,878	9.9	13.0	-3.1	1.7	1.35
2009	10,031,000	96,442	130,414	-33,972	9.6	13.0	-3.4	1.7	1.32
2010	10,014,000	90,335	130,456	-40,121	9.0	13.0	-4.0	1.2	1.25
2011	9,986,000	88,049	128,795	-40,746	8.8	12.9	-4.1	-1.3	1.23
2012	9,932,000	90,269	129,440	-39,171	9.1	13.0	-3.9	1.6	1.34
2013	9,909,000	88,689	126,778	-38,089	9.0	12.8	-3.9	0.7	1.34
2014	9,877,000	91,510	126,308	-34,798	9.3	12.8	-3.5	1.4	1.41
2015	9,856,000	91,690	131,697	-40,007	9.3	13.4	-4.1	1.5	1.44
2016	9,830,000	93,063	127,053	-33,990	9.5	12.9	-3.5	0.2	1.49
2017	9,798,000	91,577	131,674	-40,097	9.4	13.5	-4.1	2.1	1.49
2018	9,778,000	89,807	131,045	-41,238	9.2	13.4	-4.2	3.7	1.49
2019	9,773,000	89,193	129,603	-40,410	9.1	13.3	-4.1	3.8	1.49
2020	9,770,000	92,338	141,002	-48,664	9.5	14.5	-5.0	1.0	1.56
2021	9,731,000	93,039	155,621	-62,582	9.6	16.0	-6.4	2.1	1.59
2022	9,689,000	88,491	136,446	-47,955	9.1	14.1	-5.0	-4.5	1.52
2023	9,599,000	85,225	128,176	-42,951	8.9	13.3	-4.4	-1.8	1.51
2024	9,585,000

Current vital statistics

^[93][94]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January–July 2023	49.757	74.680	−24,923
January–July 2024	44,726	72,712	−27,986
Difference	−5,031 (−10.1%)	−1,968 (−2.6%)	−3,063

Structure of the population

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	4 663 794	5 066 978	9 730 772	100
0–4	241 553	228 350	469 903	4.83
5–9	235 461	222 548	458 009	4.71
10–14	250 542	238 779	489 321	5.03
15–19	250 935	236 815	487 750	5.01
20–24	269 584	252 965	522 549	5.37
25–29	321 164	300 576	621 740	6.39
30–34	321 542	300 563	622 105	6.39
35–39	322 953	310 447	633 400	6.51
40–44	404 753	394 017	798 770	8.21
45–49	396 980	389 352	786 332	8.08
50–54	340 428	344 513	684 941	7.04
55–59	271 871	294 030	565 901	5.82
60–64	279 106	334 279	613 385	6.30
65-69	283 306	374 078	657 384	6.76
70-74	203 869	299 041	502 910	5.17
75-79	137 540	234 575	372 115	3.82
80-84	77 655	166 734	244 389	2.51
85-89	37 559	94 389	131 948	1.36
90-94	12 938	38 093	51 031	0.52
95-99	3 096	10 430	13 526	0.14
100-104	725	1 958	2 683	0.03
105-109	201	414	615	0.01
110+	33	32	65	<0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	727 556	689 677	1 417 233	14.56
15–64	3 179 316	3 157 557	6 336 873	65.12
65+	756 922	1 219 744	1 976 666	20.31

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.01.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.): ^[95]

Vital statistics by county

There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016: Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, while Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Pest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Békés County.

Vital statistics as of 2016 [96]
County	Birth rate (‰)	Death rate (‰)	Natural increase
Baranya	8.0	13.6	-5.6
Bács-Kiskun	9.3	13.6	-4.3
Békés	8.2	15.7	-7.5
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén	11.0	14.2	-3.2
Budapest	9.2	12.0	-2.9
Csongrád	8.4	12.9	-4.5
Fejér	9.4	12.5	-3.1
Győr-Moson-Sopron	8.9	11.4	-2.4
Hajdú-Bihar	10.3	11.6	-1.3
Heves	9.4	14.5	-5.1
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	9.9	14.8	-4.8
Komárom-Esztergom	9.7	13.4	-3.7
Nógrád	9.1	15.1	-6.0
Pest	9.8	11.3	-1.5
Somogy	8.8	14.3	-5.5
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	11.2	12.2	-0.9
Tolna	9.0	13.7	-4.7
Vas	8.3	13.5	-5.2
Veszprém	8.7	13.5	-4.8
Zala	7.9	14.0	-6.1

Ethnic groups and language

County	Hungarian	Bulgarian	Romani	Greek	Croat	Polish	German	Armenian	Romanian	Rusyn	Serbian	Slovak	Slovenian	Ukrainian
All	93.5%	0.1%	3.2%	0.0%	0.3%	0.1%	1.9%	0.0	0.4%	0.0%	0.1%	0.4%	0.0%	0.1%
Budapest	95.5%	0.1%	1.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	1.7%	0.1%	0.5%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Bács-Kiskun	93.7%	0.0%	2.2%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%	2.4%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%	0.2%	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Baranya	86.3%	0.1%	4.6%	0.0%	1.9%	0.1%	6.7%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Békés	91.9%	0.0%	2.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.9%	0.0%	1.7%	0.0%	0.1%	2.5%	0.0%	0.0%
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén	90.0%	0.0%	8.5%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.6%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%	0.1%
Csongrád	96.8%	0.0%	1.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.5%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%
Fejér	96.0%	0.0%	1.5%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	1.7%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%
Győr-Moson-Sopron	95.0%	0.1%	0.8%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%	2.7%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Hajdú-Bihar	95.4%	0.1%	3.4%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%
Heves	92.6%	0.0%	6.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	94.2%	0.0%	4.9%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Komárom-Esztergom	93.2%	0.1%	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	3.6%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%	0.0%	1.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Nógrád	90.0%	0.0%	7.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Pest	94.2%	0.1%	1.7%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	2.5%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.1%	0.6%	0.0%	0.1%
Somogy	92.1%	0.0%	5.3%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	1.7%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	90.8%	0.0%	8.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.3%
Tolna	90.3%	0.0%	3.9%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	5.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%
Vas	94.5%	0.0%	1.0%	0.0%	1.2%	0.0%	2.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%
Veszprém	94.8%	0.0%	1.5%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	3.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%
Zala	94.1%	0.0%	2.6%	0.0%	1.3%	0.0%	1.6%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%

^[97]

History

Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

The Red Map.^[98][99] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km^2[100] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.^[70]

  Hungarians

  Germans

  Slovaks

  Rusyns

  Romanians

  Serbs

  Croats

  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,^[101] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians,^[60] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.^[102]

Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.^{[103][104][105]} Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

• In Upper Hungary (mostly Slovakia): 885,000 - 30%
• In Transylvania (Romania): 1,658,045 - 31.6%
• In Vojvodina (Serbia): 425,672 - 28.1%
• In Transcarpathia (Ukraine): 183,000 - 30%
• In Croatia: 121,000 - 3.5%
• In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 14,065 - 15%
• In Burgenland (Austria): 26,200 - 9%

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

• In Upper Hungary (mostly Slovakia): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.^[106]
• In Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
• In Transylvania (Romania): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)^[107]
• In Vojvodina and Croatia-Slavonia (Serbia, Croatia): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
• In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540 Germans (2,7%)
• In Burgenland (Austria): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)

Post-Trianon Hungary

Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930^[108]

Ethnic group	estimation 1495		1715		1785		census 1880		census 1900		census 1910		census 1920		census 1930
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Hungarians	990,000	95.6%	1,176,000	79.1%	2,103,000	79.0%	4,402,364	82.4%	5,890,999	85.9%	6,730,299	88.4%	7,155,973	89.6%	8,000,335	92.1%
Germans	17,000	1.6%	136,600	9.2%	291,900	11.0%	606,363	11.3%	604,751	8.8%	553,179	7.3%	550,062	6.9%	477,153	5.5%
Slovaks	n.d	n.d.	37,700	2.5%	130,400	4.9%	199,788	3.7%	192,227	2.8%	165,317	2.2%	141,877	1.8%	104,786	1.2%
Croats	1,200	0.1%	58,900	4.0%	71,700	2.7%	59,251	1.1%	68,161	1.0%	62,018	0.8%	58,931	0.7%	47,337	0.5%
Others	23,800	2.4%	70,800	4.8%	66,214	2.4%	75,598	1.5%	98,277	1.5%	101,301	1.3%	80,026	1.0%	55,503	0.6%
Total	1,032,000		1,480,000		2,663,214		5,343,364		6,854,415		7,612,114		7,986,875		8,685,109

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

• 551,212 German (6.9%)
• 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
• 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
• 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
• 23,228 Bunjevac and Šokci (0.3%)
• 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
• 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.^[109]

From 1938 to 1945

Ethnic groups in 1938 in the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, the state borders before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 is marked on the map.

  Hungarians

  Bunjevci

  Croatians

  Germans

  Serbs

  Slovaks

  Slovenes

  Romanians

  Ruthenians

  Unpopulated regions (high mountains, large forests, marshes)

Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.

Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the First Vienna Award (1938) and Second Vienna Award (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians,^[110] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.^[111] The territory of Bácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.^[111] The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.^[108]

Population of Hungary in 1941^[112]

Ethnic group	census 1941
	Number	%
Hungarians	11,881,455	80.9%
Romanians	1,051,026	7.2%
Ruthenians	547,770	3.7%
Germans	533,045	3.6%
Serbs	213,585	1.5%
Slovaks	175,550	1.2%
Jewish[Note 1]	139,041	0.9%
Roma	76,209	0.5%
Croats	12,346	0.1%
Slovenes	9,400	0.1%
Others	29,210	0.2%
Total	14,679,573

After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.

Population of Hungary 1949–1990

Ethnic group	census 1949		census 1960		census 1970		census 1980		census 1990
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Hungarians	9,076,041	98.6%	9,786,038	98.2%	10,166,237	98.5%	10,638,974	99.3%	10,142,072	97.8%
Roma	21,387	0.2%	25,633	0.3%	34,957	0.3%	6,404	0.1%	142,683	1.4%
Germans	22,455	0.2%	50,765	0.5%	35,594	0.4%	11,310	0.1%	30,824	0.3%
Slovaks	25,988	0.3%	30,630	0.3%	21,176	0.2%	9,101	0.1%	10,459	0.1%
Croats	20,423	0.2%	33,014	0.3%	17,609	0.2%	13,895	0.1%	13,570	0.1%
Romanians	14,713	0.2%	15,787	0.2%	12,624	0.1%	8,874	0.1%	10,740	0.1%
Serbs	5,158	0.1%	4,583	0.1%	12,235	0.1%	2,805	0.0%	2,905	0.0%
Slovenes	4,473	0.1%	-		4,205	0.0%	1,731	0.0%	1,930	0.0%
Others	14,161	0.1%	14,534	0.1%	17,462	0.2%	16,369	0.2%	19,640	0.2%
Total	9,204,799		9,961,044		10,322,099		10,709,463		10,374,823

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2022

^{[113] [114]}

Population of Hungary 2001–2022

Ethnic group	census 2001		census 2011		census 2022
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Hungarians	9,416,045	92.3%	8,504,492	85.6%	8,438,129	87.9%
Roma	189,984	2.0%	315,583	3.2%	209,909	2.2%
Germans	62,105	0.6%	185,696	1.9%	142,551	1.5%
Romanians	7,995	0.1%	35,641	0.4%	27,554	0.3%
Slovaks	17,693	0.2%	35,208	0.4%	29,881	0.3%
Croats	15,597	0.2%	26,774	0.3%	21,824	0.2%
Serbs	3,816	0.0%	10,038	0.1%	11,622	0.1%
Slovenes	3,025	0.0%	2,820	0.0%	3,965	0.0%
Others	57,059	0.6%	73,399	0.9%	55,610	0.6%
Not stated	570,537	5.6%	1,398,731	14.1%	1,086,239	11.3%
Total	10,198,315		9,937,628		9,603,634

• Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,398,731 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
• Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also.^[115]
• Roma people is estimated to be around 8.8% Roma^[116][117]

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

Hungarians in Hungary (2001)

Minorities of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureș at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

Main article: Romani people in Hungary

The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.^[118] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.^{[119][120][121][122][123]} Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.^[124] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.^[124]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

• Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.^[125]
• Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.^[126]
• Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas

• 
  Population pyramid of Budapest (99.2% non-Romany inhabitants), see: Demographics of Budapest
• 
  Population pyramid of Alsószentmárton (100% Romany inhabitants)

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.^[50] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.^[127] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.^[128]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.^[129] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.^[14]

Romanians

See also: Origin of the Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the Gesta Hungarorum,^[130][131] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283.^[132][133] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222, 1280)^{[133][134][135][136]} showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.^[133] The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).^[133]

They were a significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium (Crișana). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by István Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,^[137] and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.^[137] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period,^[137] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.^[137] Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from Venice to Constantinople, claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians^[138] and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.^[139] Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,^[140] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.^[141] Nevertheless, Grigore Ureche in Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.^[142] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.^{[143][144][145]}

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd.^[146] Important communities lived in the villages of Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, Zsáka and in the town of Gyula.^[146]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as Békéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or Nyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.^[146] After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary^{[147][148][149]} were transferred to Slovakia – the exact number depends on source consulted – were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000^[150][151] or 120,000^[152][153] Hungarians.

Serbs

See also: Great Migrations of the Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).^[154] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).^[155]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.^[156]

Armenians

See also: Armenians in Hungary

The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,^[157] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;^[158] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.^[157] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.^[158] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary after the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.

Bulgarians

See also: Bulgarians in Hungary

The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Hungary from the 18th century.

Religion

Religious affiliation in Hungary (2022)^[159]

Denominations	Population	% of total
Catholicism	2,886,619	30
Roman Catholics	2,643,855	28.3
Greek Catholics	165,135	1.7
Protestantism	1,120,485	11.6
Calvinists	943,982	9.8
Lutherans	176,503	1.8
Orthodox Christianity	15,578	0.2
Judaism	7,635	0.1
Other religions	171,174	1.8
Total religions	4,201,491	43.7
No religion	1,549,610	16.2
Did not wish to answer	3,852,533	40.1
total	9,603,634	100.00

Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary

See also: Religion in Hungary

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation led to the first Lutherans, and later Calvinists, which were embraced by nearly the entire Hungarian population at the time.

In the second half of the 16th century, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.

Distribution of religions in Hungary

According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),^[160] while the largest denomination in Hungary is the Catholic Church (38.9% — Latin Church 37.1%; Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 1.8%).^[161] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all.^[162] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish to answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

Hungary migration data, 2001-present

Year	Foreign Immigrants	Foreign Emigrants	Net Migration (Foreigners)	Hungarian Returning Citizens	Hungarian Emigrants	Net Migration (Hungarians)	Total Net Migration
2001	20,308	1,944	18,364	-	-	-
2002	17,972	2,388	15,584	-	-	-
2003	19,365	2,553	16,812	-	-	-
2004	22,164	3,466	18,698	-	-	-
2005	25,582	3,320	22,262	-	-	-
2006	23,569	3,956	19,613	-	-	-
2007	22,607	4,133	18,474	-	-	-
2008	35,547	4,241	31,306	-	-	-
2009	25,582	5,600	19,982	-	-	-
2010	23,884	6,047	17,837	1,575	7,318	-5,743	12,094
2011	22,514	2,687	19,827	2,443	12,413	-9,970	9,857
2012	20,340	9,916	10,424	4,194	12,964	-8,770	1,654
2013	21,250	13,111	8,139	9,354	21,580	-12,226	-4,087
2014	26,004	10,828	15,176	11,356	31,385	-20,029	-4,853
2015	25,787	10,373	15,414	14,810	32,852	-18,042	-2,628
2016	23,803	10,464	13,339	16,215	29,425	-13,210	129
2017	36,453	12,872	23,581	20,906	26,957	-6,051	17,530
2018	49,312	24,370	24,942	23,401	23,808	-407	24,535
2019	55,297	27,895	27,402	23,172	21,900	1,272	28,674
2020	43,785	48,042	-4,257	23,104	19,322	3,782	-475
2021	49,069	46,269	2,800	22,583	21,730	853	3,653
2022	55,514	29,583	25,931	24,147	28,825	-4,678	21,253
2023	61,347	35,633	25,714	23,866	35,736	-9,870	15,844

Foreign citizenship population

Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary on January 1:
(countries with at least 2,000 persons)^[163]

Country	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Ukraine	5,774	10,503	24,197	30,316	27,380	30,707	36,017
Germany	18,627	17,879	16,537	18,344	17,490	19,747	22,310
China	19,111	19,905	18,851	19,655	18,558	17,685	18,192
Romania	24,040	22,747	21,017	22,162	18,220	16,601	16,542
Slovakia	9,519	9,652	9,563	10,582	14,677	16,040	16,744
Vietnam	3,256	3,698	4,669	5,719	6,719	6,376	7,150
Russia	4,902	4,790	5,088	5,264	5,035	4,980	6,193
Austria	4,021	3,743	3,142	3,318	4,132	4,637	4,922
Italy	3,353	3,576	3,635	4,038	3,662	3,717	3,881
Serbia	2,312	3,356	5,342	4,989	3,471	3,518	3,988
Turkey	2,063	2,327	2,785	3,233	3,217	3,461	3,917
United Kingdom	3,081	3,190	3,105	3,540	3,373	3,323	3,392
Netherlands	2,814	2,877	2,834	3,158	3,065	3,299	3,652
United States	3,198	3,373	3,387	3,501	2,977	3,051	3,069
France	2,523	2,633	2,593	2,833	2,602	2,754	2,933
Mongolia	838	917	1,470	1,834	1,845	1,854	2,692
Poland	2,061	1,928	1,960	2,145	2,017	2,038	2,063
Syria	1,519	1,987	2,139	2,195	2,277	1,889	1,941
Total	151,132	161,809	180,773	199,957	194,491	202,525	226,267

Foreign citizenship population by continent^[163]

Continent	2017 population	% of total	2018 population	% of total	2019 population	% of total	2020 population	% of total	2021 population	% of total	2022 population	% of total	2023 population	% of total
Europe	99,194	65.63	104,254	64.43	117,552	65.03	131,291	65.66	124,422	63.97	131,431	64.90	144,102	63.60
Asia	39,937	26.42	44,692	27.62	49,056	27.14	53,099	26.56	54,730	28.14	55,000	27.16	64,945	28.7
America	5,397	3.57	5,891	3.64	6,850	3.79	7,631	3.82	6,933	3.56	7,454	3.68	7,591	3.35
Africa	5,985	3.96	6,334	3.91	6,660	3.68	7,278	3.64	7,748	3.98	8,028	3.96	7,741	3.00
Other and unknown	619	0.41	638	0.39	655	0.36	658	0.33	658	0.34	612	0.30	588	0.26

Largest cities

For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities and towns of Hungary.

Name	Population (1949)	Population (1990)	Population (2011)	Population (2022)	Agglomeration	Status
Budapest	1,590,316	2,016,681	1,729,040	1,682,426	3,310,786 (2022)	Capital city
Debrecen	115,399	212,235	211,320	199,520	281,432 (2022)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged	104,867	169,930	168,048	158,022	197,245 (2022)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc	109,841	196,442	167,754	145,735	231,034 (2022)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs	89,470	170,039	156,049	139,647	181,342 (2022)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr	69,583	129,331	129,527	128,050	275,574 (2022)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza	56,334	114,152	119,746	116,439	175,211 (2022)	County seat, urban county
Kecskemét	61,730	102,516	111,411	108,334	180,023 (2022)	County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár	42,260	108,958	100,570	94,906	-	Regional centre, county seat, urban county

See also

• Hungary portal

• Hungarian diaspora
• Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary by county
• History of Hungary
• Demographic history of Syrmia
• Magyarization

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.

1. Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

Sources

• Taylor, A.J.P. (1948). The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 – A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. London: Hamish Hamilton.

References

1. "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital events (1941–)". www.ksh.hu.
2. Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787)/The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30
3. Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–) KSH.hu
4. A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
5. "Eurasian Studies Yearbook". Eurolingua. May 10, 2006 – via Google Books.
6. "Eurasian Studies Yearbook". Eurolingua. 6 April 2018 – via Google Books.
7. Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150
8. Editors of Kingfisher (2004). The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. Kingfisher. p. 120. ISBN 9780753457849. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
9. McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins (6 April 2018). "The Encyclopedia Americana". Americana Corporation – via Google Books.
10. Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
11. József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165
12. Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58
13. Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658
14. Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72
15. Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 978-963-352-002-4 CM
16. Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500, Boydell & Brewer, 2009, p. 15
17. Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170
18. Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100
19. György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23
20. Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42
21. Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88
22. Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424
23. M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143
24. Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995
25. Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383
26. Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201
27. Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22
28. Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59
29. George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405
30. The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25
31. Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4
32. László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16
33. Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39
34. Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79
35. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258
36. Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79
37. Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21
38. István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321
39. Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
40. Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. Archived 2011-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
41. Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100
42. The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 ^{[permanent dead link]}
43. Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331
44. Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
45. Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
46. Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191
47. David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130
48. M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19
49. IIván T. Berend History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
50. Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.
51. "The Encyclopedia Americana". Americana Corporation. 6 April 1968 – via Google Books.
52. Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230
53. Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4
54. Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919-1936, East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2
55. Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. p. 284. ISBN 9788022408523. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
56. Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4
57. Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286
58. A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179
59. Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945
60. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356
61. Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306
62. Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 9789637070433. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
63. Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian Area, Elemér Illyés
64. Kocsis, Károly; Tátrai, Patrik; Agárdi, Norbert; Balizs, Dániel; Bognár, András; Bottlik, Zsolt; Kovács, Anikó; Varga, Árpád E.; Farkas, Zoltán; Keresztesi, Zoltán; Koczó, Fanni; Nemerkényi, Zsombor; Szabó, Balázs; Szabó, Renáta; Sziládi, József; Bagaméri, Gergely; Balázs, Éva; Butor, Zsanett; Gertheis, Anna; Szigeti, Csaba; Veszely, Zsuzsanna; Gercsák, Gábor; Klinghammer, István (2015). Changing Ethnic Patterns of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area (3rd ed.). Budapest: The Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences Geographical Institute. ISBN 978-963-9545-48-9.
65. Őri, Péter; Kocsis, Károly; Faragó, Tamás; Tóth, Pál Péter (2021). "History of Population" (PDF). In Kocsis, Károly; Őri, Péter (eds.). National Atlas of Hungary – Volume 3 – Society. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (CSFK), Geographical Institute. ISBN 978-963-9545-64-9.
66. Kocsis, Károly; Tátrai, Patrik; Agárdi, Norbert; Balizs, Dániel; Kovács, Anikó; Gercsák, Tibor; Klinghammer, István; Tiner, Tibor (2015). Changing Ethnic Patterns of the Carpatho–Pannonian Area from the Late 15th until the Early 21st Century – Accompanying Text (PDF) (in Hungarian and English) (3rd ed.). Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Geographical Institute. ISBN 978-963-9545-48-9.
67. "Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút". National Geographic Hungary (in Hungarian). 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
68. "A kartográfia története" (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
69. Spatiul istoric si ethnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992
70. "Browse Hungary's detailed ethnographic map made for the Treaty of Trianon online". dailynewshungary.com. 9 May 2017.
71. Kocsis, Károly (1996–2000). "V. Népesség és társadalom – Demográfiai jellemzők és folyamatok – Magyarország népessége – Anyanyelv, nemzetiség alakulása" [V. Population and Society – Demographic Characteristics and Processes – Hungary's Population – Development of Mother Tongue and Nationality]. In István, Kollega Tarsoly (ed.). Magyarország a XX. században – II. Kötet: Természeti környezet, népesség és társadalom, egyházak és felekezetek, gazdaság [Hungary in the 20th century – II. Volume: Natural Environment, Population and Society, Churches and Denominations, Economy] (in Hungarian). Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. ISBN 963-9015-08-3.
72. Kocsis, Károly. "Series of Ethnic Maps of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area".
73. Árpád, Varga E. (1999). Népszámlálások Erdély területén 1850 és 1910 között [Censuses in Transylvania between 1850 and 1910] (PDF). Bucharest.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
74. "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
75. Taylor 1948, p. 268.
76. Kocsis, Károly; Bottlik, Zsolt. The Changing Ethnic Patterns on the Present-Day Territory Of Hungary (PDF).
77. Magyarország a XX. században / Születési mozgalom és termékenység. Mek.niif.hu. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
78. Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
79. "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1949– )". portal.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
80. Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
81. "22.1.1.6. Live births, total fertility rate". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
82. "Területi adatok (Territorial data) – 2011 Census". Hungarian Central Statistical Office.
83. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
84. "STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
85. B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
86. United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
87. "Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office". ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
88. "22.1.2.7. Vital events by county and region". www.ksh.hu.
89. "22.1.1.1. Main indicators of population and vital events". www.ksh.hu.
90. "Hungarian Central Statistical Office". www.ksh.hu.
91. "World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY", The World Factbook, July 12, 2018
92. hungarian central statistical office, 22.1.1.2. The number of population and average age by sex, visited Oktober 7 2023
93. "First Releases – Vital events". ksh.hu.
94. "22.2.1.1. Main indicator of vital events (monthly data)". www.ksh.hu.
95. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
96. "STADAT – 6.1.5. Main rates in vital statistics (2001–)". www.ksh.hu.
97. "Népszámlálás 2011 - Területi adatok". www.terezvaros.hu.
98. "Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút". National Geographic Hungary (in Hungarian). 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
99. "A kartográfia története" (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
100. Spatiul istoric si ethnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992
101. "Open-Site:Hungary". Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
102. "Treaty of Trianon WORLD WAR I [1920]". Britannica. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
103. Francis Tapon: The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us, Thomson Press India, 2012
104. Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 262
105. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture pp. 359–360M1
106. Pavol Tišliar. "Census in Slovakia in 1919 and 1921" (PDF).
107. Árpád Varga. "Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995".
108. A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009, ISBN 978-963-9545-19-9)
109. Philip D. Morgan (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (Routledge history, politics). Oxford: Psychology Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780415169431.
110. Charles Upson Clark (1941). Racial Aspects of Romania's Case. Caxton Press.
111. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
112. Joseph Rothschil. East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars
113. "Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001". nepszamlalas2001.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
114. "Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
115. Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
116. A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades. ksh.hu Retrieved 2018-01-1
117. Ennyi roma él Magyarországon. hvg.hu. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
118. Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111
119. Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Demos.hu (2009-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
120. "The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos". www.nytimes.com.
121. "Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center". errc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
122. The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary's population
123. The Christian science monitor: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
124. "Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában | "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."". index.hu. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
125. "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."". mek.oszk.hu.
126. "Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában". mek.oszk.hu. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
127. Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135
128. "National and historical symbols of Hungary". nemzetijelkepek.hu. Archived from the original on 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
129. Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
130. Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895-1324). Lucidus Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-9465-12-1.
131. Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
132. György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831
133. Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83
134. Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58
135. István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28 ^{[permanent dead link]}
136. Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204
137. Louis L. Lote (editor), ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY, COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10
138. "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... " cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
139. White, G.W. (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129. ISBN 9780847698097. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
140. Sedlar, Jean W.: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500; University of Washington Press, 1994; ISBN 0-295-97290-4, page 8
141. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) ^{[permanent dead link]}
142. "În ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiescu numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste samă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul, de mai multu-i ţara lăţită de români decât de unguri." cited from Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, pp. 133–134
143. A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.
144. "Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája". Varga.adatbank.transindex.ro. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
145. Erdély rövid története, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1989, 371. o. - The short history of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989 Budapest p. 371.
146. "Hungarian 1881 census" (in Hungarian).
147. obchod ⛰️, Roy sk | outdoorový. "České mesiace - mesiace po česky ❤️ Roy.sk". roy.sk. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
148. Bobák, Ján (1996). Maďarská otázka v Česko–Slovensku, 1944–1948 [Hungarian Question in Czechoslovakia] (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-354-4.
149. Zvara, Juraj (1969). Maďarská menšina na Slovensku po roku 1945 [Hungarian minority in Slovakia after 1945] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Epocha, t. Pravda.
150. Kaplan, Karel (1987). The short march: the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948. C.Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-905838-96-0.
151. Šutaj, Štefan (2005). Nútené presídlenie Maďarov zo Slovenska do Čiech [Deportation of population of Hungarian nationality out of Slovakia to Bohemia after the World War II] (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-89046-29-4.
152. Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 23 ^{[permanent dead link]}
153. Pertti Ahonen, People on the move: forced population movements in Europe in the Second World War and its aftermath, Berg Publishers, 2008, p. 83
154. Sue Clarkson. "History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary". Feefhs.org. Archived from the original on 1997-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
155. "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office Archived May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
156. Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology (2015 ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 21.
157. "Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
158. "Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria". Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
159. "Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office". Nepszamlalas.hu/KSH. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
160. "2011 Hungary Census Report" (PDF). ksh.hu. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
161. "Population by religions, 2001 census (English)". nepszamlalas.hu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
162. "World Values Survey". worldvaluessurvey.org. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
163. "Foreign citizens residing in Hungary" Hungarian Statistical Bureau

External links

• KSH, vital statistics, 1960-2012
• Hungarian Central Statistical Office (in English) Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine