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Texas

U.S. state / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Texas (/ˈtɛksəs/, also locally /ˈtɛksɪz/;[8] Spanish: Texas, Tejas [ˈtexas][lower-alpha 2][9]) is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,660 km2), and with more than 30 million residents in 2023,[10][11][12] it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California). Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.

Quick facts: Texas, Country, Before statehood, Admitted to...
Texas
State of Texas
Nickname: 
The Lone Star State
Motto: 
Friendship
Anthem: "Texas, Our Texas"
Map of the United States with Texas highlighted
Map of the United States with Texas highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodRepublic of Texas
Admitted to the UnionDecember 29, 1845 (28th)
CapitalAustin
Largest cityHouston
Largest county or equivalentHarris
Largest metro and urban areasDallas–Fort Worth
Government
  GovernorGreg Abbott (R)
  Lieutenant GovernorDan Patrick (R)
LegislatureTexas Legislature
  Upper houseSenate
  Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciarySupreme Court of Texas (Civil)
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (Criminal)
U.S. senatorsJohn Cornyn (R)
Ted Cruz (R)
U.S. House delegation25 Republicans
13 Democrats (list)
Area
  Total268,596[1] sq mi (695,662 km2)
  Land261,232[1] sq mi (676,587 km2)
  Water7,365[1] sq mi (19,075 km2)  2.7%
  Rank2nd
Dimensions
  Length801[2] mi (1,289 km)
  Width773[2] mi (1,244 km)
Elevation
1,700 ft (520 m)
Highest elevation8,751 ft (2,667.4 m)
Lowest elevation0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2020)
  Total29,145,505[5]
  Rank2nd
  Density114/sq mi (42.9/km2)
   Rank26th
  Median household income
$66,963[6]
  Income rank
22nd
Demonym(s)Texan
Texian (archaic)
Tejano (usually only used for Hispanics)
Language
  Official languageNone
  Spoken language
Time zones
Majority of stateUTC−06:00 (Central)
  Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
El Paso, Hudspeth, and northwestern Culberson countiesUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
  Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation
TX
ISO 3166 codeUS-TX
Traditional abbreviationTex.
Latitude25°50′ N to 36°30′ N
Longitude93°31′ W to 106°39′ W
Websitetexas.gov
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Quick facts: List of state symbols, Slogan, Living insigni...
State symbols of Texas
List of state symbols
Flag_of_Texas.svg
Seal_of_Texas.svg
SloganThe Friendly State
Living insignia
BirdNorthern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)
FishGuadalupe bass (Micropterus treculii)
FlowerBluebonnet (Lupinus spp., namely Texas bluebonnet, L. texensis)
InsectMonarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
MammalTexas longhorn, nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
MushroomTexas star (Chorioactis geaster)
ReptileTexas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum)
TreePecan (Carya illinoinensis)
Inanimate insignia
FoodChili
GameTexas 42 dominoes
InstrumentGuitar
ShellLightning whelk (Busycon perversum pulleyi)
ShipUSS Texas
SoilHouston Black
SportRodeo
OtherMolecule: Buckyball (For more, see article)
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Texas quarter dollar coin
Released in 2004
Lists of United States state symbols
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Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second most populous in the state and seventh-largest in the country. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are, respectively, the fourth- and fifth-largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and the Texas state seal.[13] The origin of Texas's name is from the Caddo word táyshaʼ meaning 'friends'.

Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and the Southwestern regions.[14] Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts, less than ten percent of Texas's land area is desert.[15] Most population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, terrain ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, to the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.

The term "six flags over Texas" is a colloquial term used in reference to the nations that have ruled over the territory.[lower-alpha 3] Spain was the first European country to claim and control the area of Texas. Following a short-lived colony controlled by France, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming the Republic of Texas. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state.[16] The state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican–American War in 1846. Following victory by the United States, Texas remained a slave state until the American Civil War, when it declared its secession from the Union in early 1861 before officially joining the Confederate States of America on March 2. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.

Historically, four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to World War II: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil.[17] Before and after the Civil War, the cattle industry—which Texas came to dominate—was a major economic driver for the state, and created the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century, cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. Ultimately, the discovery of major petroleum deposits (Spindletop in particular) initiated an economic boom that became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry during the mid-20th century. As of 2022, it has the most Fortune 500 company headquarters (53) in the United States.[18][19] With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including tourism, agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. Texas has led the U.S. in state export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. If Texas were a sovereign state, it would have the 10th-largest economy in the world.

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