Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Soviet republic from 1919 to 1991 / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian: Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка, romanized: Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika;[note 1] Russian: Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика[note 2]), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine,[11][12][13] was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991.[14] Under the Soviet one-party model, the Ukrainian SSR was governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union through its republican branch, the Communist Party of Ukraine.
| 1919–1991 1941–1944: German occupation | |
 Flag
(1950–1991)  State emblem
(1949–1991) | |
| Motto: Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! (Ukrainian) Proletari vsikh krain, yednaitesia! (transliteration) "Workers of the world, unite!" | |
| Anthem: Державний гімн Української Радянської Соціалістичної Республіки (Ukrainian) Derzhavnyi himn Ukrainskoi Radianskoi Sotsialistychnoi Respubliky (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" | |
 Location of the Ukrainian SSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and light yellow) between 1954 and 1991 | |
| Status | Satellite state of the Russian SFSR (1919–1922) Union Republic of the Soviet Union (1922–1991) |
| Capital | Kharkov (1919–1934)[2] Kiev (1934–1991)[3] |
| Largest city | Kiev |
| Official languages | Russian[4][5] Ukrainian[5][6] (Ukrainian declared as sole official language in 1990)a[7] |
| Recognised languages | Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish |
| Religion | State atheism (treated officially until glasnost era) Russian Orthodox Church (de facto) (through Ukrainian Exarchate) Greek Catholic Church (illegal) Sunni Islam Judaism |
| Demonym(s) | Ukrainian, Soviet |
| Government | 1919–1990: Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party Soviet socialist republic 1990–1991: Unitary multi-party parliamentary republic |
| First Secretary | |
• 1918–1919 (first) | Emanuel Kviring |
• 1990 (last)[8] | Stanislav Hurenko |
| Head of state | |
• 1919–1938 (first) | Grigory Petrovsky |
• 1990–1991 (last) | Leonid Kravchuk |
| Head of government | |
• 1918–1919 (first) | Georgy Pyatakov |
• 1988–1991 (last) | Vitold Fokin |
| Legislature | Congress of Soviets (1919–1938)[9] Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)[10] |
| History | |
• Declaration of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic | 10 March 1919 |
| 30 December 1922 | |
| 15 November 1939 | |
| 2 August 1940 | |
| 24 October 1945 | |
| 19 February 1954 | |
| 16 July 1990 | |
• Declaration of independence, Ukrainian SSR renamed to Ukraine | 24 August 1991 |
| 1 December 1991 | |
| 10 December 1991 | |
• Dissolution of the Soviet Union (Ukraine's independence formally recognized) | 26 December 1991 |
| 28 June 1996 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 603,700 km2 (233,100 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| 51,706,746 | |
| HDI (1990) | 0.725 high |
| Currency | Soviet ruble (руб) (SUR) |
| Calling code | +7 03/04/05/06 |
| Internet TLD | .su |
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The first iterations of the Ukrainian SSR were established during the Russian Revolution, particularly after the Bolshevik Revolution. The outbreak of the Ukrainian–Soviet War in the former Russian Empire saw the Bolsheviks defeat the independent Ukrainian People's Republic, during the conflict against which they founded the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets, which was governed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in December 1917; it was later succeeded by the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1918, also under the Russian SFSR. Simultaneously with the Russian Civil War, the Ukrainian War of Independence was being fought among the different Ukrainian republics founded by Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian anarchists, and Ukrainian separatists – primarily against Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian SSR, with either help or opposition from neighbouring states.[15] In 1922, it was one of four Soviet republics (with the Russian SFSR, the Byelorussian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR) that signed the Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union. As a Soviet quasi-state, the Ukrainian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945[16] alongside the Byelorussian SSR, in spite of the fact that they were legally represented by the Soviet Union in foreign affairs. Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Ukrainian SSR emerged as the present-day independent state of Ukraine, although the modified Soviet-era constitution remained in use until the adoption of the modern Ukrainian constitution in June 1996.[17]
Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now western Ukraine having been acquired via the Soviet-German Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, with the annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia in 1939, significant portions of Romania in 1940, alongside another annexation of territory in 1945 from Carpathian Ruthenia in Czechoslovakia. From the 1919 establishment of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934, the city of Kharkov served as its capital; however, the republic's seat of government was subsequently relocated in 1934 to the city of Kiev, the historic Ukrainian capital, and remained at Kiev for the remainder of its existence.
Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe, to the north of the Black Sea, and was bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia (since 1940), Byelorussia, and Russia, and the countries of Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. The republic's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union's westernmost border point. According to the 1989 Soviet census, the republic of Ukraine had a population of 51,706,746 (second after Russia), which fell sharply after the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991 due to high emigration rates, environmental pollution caused by the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 and male alcoholism.[18][19]
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