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1000s (decade)
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The 1000s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1000, and ended on December 31, 1009.
1000
Japan
- Palace Scandal: Princess Consort Yasuko has an affair. Michinaga (her half-brother) investigates it secretly and finds out the truth about her pregnancy. Yasuko cries and repents. Yasuko leaves the palace under the patronage of Empress Dowager Senshi and Michinaga (moved to his residence).[citation needed]
- Murasaki Shikibu starts to write The Tale of Genji.[1]
- Ichimonjiya Wasuke, the oldest surviving wagashi store, is established as a teahouse adjacent to Imamiya Shrine.
- January 10: Death of Empress Dowager Masako (empress consort of the late Emperor Reizei)[citation needed]
- April 8: Fujiwara no Shoshi is promoted to Empress (Chugu), while there is another empress, Fujiwara no Teishi (kogo) - this is the first time that there are two empresses[2]
Americas
- The Taíno have become the dominant culture of modern day Puerto Rico.[3]
Christendom
- In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. The Holy Roman Emperor Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I the Brave) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.
- In the Kingdom of France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first King of the Capetian royal dynasty.
- The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantine generals, Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of Kievan Rus' and of other medieval confederations of Slavic states.
- In Great Britain, a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
- In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000. On September 9, the King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason, was defeated by the Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder. Sweyn Forkbeard established Danish control over part of Norway. The city of Oslo was founded in Norway (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000). It is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Erikson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland.
- The papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy later in the 11th century.
- The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.
- Sancho III of Pamplona became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; Córdoba was the world's largest city at this time, with 450,000 inhabitants.
- In the Kingdom of Croatia the army of the Republic of Venice led by Doge Pietro II Orseolo conquered the island of Lastovo.
- The Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France.
- The archdiocese in Gniezno was founded; the first archbishop was Radim Gaudentius, from Slavník dynasty, and dioceses in Kołobrzeg, Kraków and Wrocław.
- The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.
Islamic world
The Muslim world was in its Golden Age; still organised in caliphates, it continued to be dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate, with the Caliphate of Córdoba to the west, the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa, and experienced ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India. At the time, Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abbasid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.
The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Al-Zahrawi (Abcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Ali Ibn Isa, Al-Karaji (al-Karkhi), Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, Averroes, and Al-Biruni.
By this time, the Turkic migration from the Eurasian Steppe had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulgars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized.
Babylon abandoned
Babylon was abandoned around this year.
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Science and technology
- The scientific achievements of the Islamic civilization reach their zenith. Major works from this decade include Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)'s Book of Optics, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)'s 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif.
- Other significant contributions to scientific and mathematical understanding were made by Avicenna, who would later publish influential works on medicine, Persian Muslim polymath and scientist Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Arab Egyptian Muslim mathematician and astronomer Ibn Yunus, Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) and Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi.
- The Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians.
- Bell foundry is founded in Italy.
- Gunpowder is invented in China.
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Significant people
- Abd al-Rahman Ibn Yunus
- Al-Qadir caliph of Baghdad
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
- Abu Nasr Mansur
- Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
- Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham)
- Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
- Basil II
- Boleslaus I of Poland
- Brian Boru
- Bruno of Querfurt
- Robert II of France
- Robert Guiscard
- Roger I of Sicily
- Sancho III of Navarre
- Stephen I of Hungary
- Sweyn I of Denmark
- Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria
Births
1000
- June 22 – Robert I, duke of Normandy (d. 1035)
- Adalbert, duke of Upper Lorraine (d. 1048)
- Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg (d. 1072)
- Argyrus, Byzantine general (approximate date)
- Berthold II, duke of Carinthia (approximate date)
- Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor (d. 1055)
- Dominic of Silos, Spanish abbot (d. 1073)
- Egbert, German Benedictine abbot (d. 1058)
- Duthac, patron saint of Tain (Scotland) (d. 1065)
- Gilbert, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Guigues I, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Irmgardis, German noblewoman and saint (d. 1065 or 1082/1089)
- John Mauropous, Byzantine hymnographer (d. c.1070/1092)
- Kyiso, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (d. 1038)
- Liudolf, German nobleman (approximate date)
- Lý Thái Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1054)
- Michael I, Byzantine patriarch (approximate date)
- Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Fatimid scholar (d. 1078)
- Otto Bolesławowic, Polish prince (d. 1033)
- Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor (d. 1028)
- Robert de Turlande, French priest (d. 1067)
- Rotho, bishop of Paderborn (approximate date)
- Sylvester III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1063)
- Uta von Ballenstedt, margravine of Meissen
- William V, count of Auvergne (d. 1064)
- Yi Yuanji. Chinese painter (approximate date)
1001
- March 29 – Sokkate, Burmese king (d. 1044)
- Al-Qa'im, Abbasid caliph (d. 1075)
- Duncan I, king of Alba (Scotland) (d. 1040)
- Godwin, English nobleman (d. 1053)
- Herluin de Conteville, Norman nobleman (d. 1066)
- Ingegerd Olofsdotter, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1050)
1002
- May 10 – Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Muslim scholar (d. 1071)
- June 21 – Leo IX, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1054)
- Airlangga, ruler (rajah) of Kahuripan (Indonesia) (d. 1049)
- Adolf II of Lotharingia, German nobleman (d. 1041)
- Alice of Normandy, countess of Burgundy (d. 1038)
- Aristakes Lastivertsi, Armenian historian (d. 1080)
- George I, king of Georgia (approximate date)
- Mei Yaochen, poet of the Song dynasty (d. 1060)
- Nikephoros III, Byzantine emperor (d. 1081)
1003
- Amatus, bishop of Nusco (approximate date)
- Conrad II (the Younger), duke of Carinthia (d. 1039)
- Edward the Confessor, king of England (d. 1066)
- Frederick, duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date)
- Hedwig (or Advisa), French princess (approximate date)
- Herleva, Norman noblewoman (approximate date)
- Ibn Hayyus, Syrian poet and panegyrist (d. 1081)
- Ibn Zaydún, Andalusian poet and writer (d. 1071)
- Jing Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (d. 1048)
- Liudolf of Brunswick, margrave of Frisia (d. 1038)
- Musharrif al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Iraq (d. 1025)
1004
- Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas, founder of the Aftasid Dynasty (d. 1060)
- Dedi I (or Dedo), margrave of Saxon Ostmark (d. 1075)
- Godgifu, daughter of Æthelred the Unready (approximate date)
- Guido of Acqui (or Wido), Italian bishop (approximate date)
- Minamoto no Takakuni, Japanese nobleman (d. 1077)
- Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet and philosopher (d. 1088)
- William VI ("the Fat"), French nobleman (d. 1038)
1005
- June 20 – al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah, Fatimid caliph of Egypt (d. 1036)
- September 26 – Fujiwara no Nagaie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1064)
- A Nong, Chinese shaman and matriarch (approximate date)
- Berenguer Ramon I, Spanish nobleman (d. 1035)
- Bertha of Blois, duchess consort of Brittany (approximate date)
- Eilika of Schweinfurt, German noblewoman (approximate date)
- Frederick II, German nobleman and overlord (d. 1075)
- Llywelyn Aurdorchog, Welsh nobleman (approximate date)
- Macbeth ("Rí Deircc, the Red King"), king of Scotland (approximate date)
- Mahmud al-Kashgari, Turkish lexicographer (d. 1102)
1006
- October 23 – Wen Yanbo, grand chancellor (d. 1097)
- Al-Lakhmi, Fatimid scholar and jurist (d. 1085)
- Constantine X, Byzantine emperor (d. 1067)
- Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (d. 1080)
- Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1088)
1007
- Emeric, Hungarian prince and co-heir (approximate date)
- Gervais de Château-du-Loir, French nobleman (d. 1067)
- Giselbert, count of Luxembourg (approximate date)
- Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand), king of France (d. 1025)
- Ibn Sidah, Andalusian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1066)
- Isaac I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
- Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (d. 1085)
- Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian and poet (d. 1072)
- Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia (d. 1073)
- Welf III, duke of Carinthia (approximate date)
1008
- May 4 – Henry I, king of France (d. 1060)
- October 12 – Atsuhira, future Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (d. 1036)
- Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya (d. 1062)
- Anselm of Liège, French chronicler and historian
- Di Qing, general of the Song Dynasty (d. 1057)
- Gothelo II (or Gozelo), duke of Lower Lorraine (d. 1046)
- Sugawara no Takasue, Japanese writer (approximate date)
- Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester (approximate date)
1009
- May 22 – Su Xun, Chinese writer (d. 1066)
- December 14 – Atsunaga, future Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (d. 1045)
- Adèle of France, countess of Flanders (d. 1079)
- Ali Hariri, Marwanid poet and philosopher (d. 1079)
- George the Hagiorite, Georgian calligrapher (d. 1065)
- Qatran Tabrizi, Persian poet and writer (d. 1072)
- Toirdelbach Ua Briain, king of Munster (d. 1086)
- Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sultan of Morocco (d. 1106)
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Deaths
1000
- May 17 – Ramwold, German Benedictine monk and abbot
- September 9 – Olaf Tryggvason (or Olaf I), king of Norway
- Abu'l Haret Ahmad, Farighunid ruler (approximate date)
- Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Persian astronomer and Mathematics in medieval Islam/mathematician
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Persian physician, mathematician and astronomer
- Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi, Persian physician
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab traveller and writer (approximate date)
- Ælfthryth, English queen and wife of Edgar I (approximate date)
- Barjawan, vizier and regent of the Fatimid Caliphate
- Fantinus (the Younger), Italian hermit and abbot
- García Sáchez II, king of Pamplona (approximate date)
- Gosse Ludigman, governor (potestaat) of Friesland
- Huyan Zan, Chinese general of the Song Dynasty
- Ivar of Waterford, Norse Viking king of Dublin
- Jacob ibn Jau, Andalusian-Jewish silk-manufacturer
- Judah ben David Hayyuj, Moroccan-Jewish linguist
- Malfrida, Russian Grand Princess consort of Kiev
- Manfred I, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
- Masako, Japanese empress consort (b. 950)
- Minamoto no Shigeyuki, Japanese waka poet
- Shahriyar III, Bavand ruler of Tabaristan
- Tyra of Denmark, queen consort of Norway
- Ukhtanes of Sebastia, Armenian historian
1001
- January 13 – Fujiwara no Teishi, empress of Japan (b. 977)
- January 22 – Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab, Uqaylid emir of Mosul[30]
- October 7 – Æthelstan, bishop of Elmham
- December 21 – Hugh, margrave of Tuscany
- Conrad, margrave of Ivrea
- David III of Tao ("the Great"), Georgian prince
- Đinh Phế Đế, Vietnamese emperor (b. 974)
- Ermengarda de Vallespir, Spanish countess
- Izyaslav, Kievan prince of Polotsk
- Ja'far ibn al-Furat, Ikhshidid and Fatimid vizier (b. 921)
- Jayapala, Indian ruler of the Hindu Shahis
- Jayavarman V, emperor of the Khmer Empire
- Wang Yucheng, Chinese official and poet (b. 954)
- Ziri ibn Atiyya, emir of Morocco
1002
- January 8 – Wulfsige III, bishop of Sherborne
- January 23 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
- April 23 – Æscwig, bishop of Dorchester
- April 30 – Eckard I, margrave of Meissen
- May 6 – Ealdwulf, archbishop of York
- August 8 – Al-Mansur, Umayyad vizier and de facto ruler (b. 938)
- October 15 – Henry I, duke of Burgundy (b. 946)
- November 13
- Gunhilde, Danish princess and noblewoman
- Pallig, Danish chieftain (jarl) of Devonshire
- Athanasius IV, Syrian patriarch of Antioch
- Dominic, archbishop of Esztergom
- Gisela, French princess (approximate date)
- Godfrey I (the Prisoner), Frankish nobleman
- John the Iberian, Georgian monk (approximate date)
- Kisai Marvazi, Persian author and poet (b. 953)
- Rogneda of Polotsk, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 962)
- Sa'id al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (Syria)
- Sancho Ramírez, king of Viguera (approximate date)
1003
- January 19 – Kilian of Cologne, Irish abbot
- January 25 – Lothair I, margrave of the Nordmark
- May 4 – Herman II, duke of Swabia (Germany)
- May 12 – Sylvester II, pope of the Catholic Church
- July 11 – Al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani, Zaidi imam
- August 3 – At-Ta'i, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (b. 929)
- November 6 – John XVII, pope of the Catholic Church
- December 24 – William II, German nobleman
- December 27 – Emma of Blois, duchess of Aquitaine
- Athanasius the Athonite, Byzantine monk (b. 920)
- Brian mac Maelruanaidh, king of Maigh Seóla (Ireland)
- Didda, queen consort and regent of Kashmir (India)
- Erik the Red, Norse Viking explorer (approximate date)
- Flannchad ua Ruaidíne, abbot of Clonmacnoise
- Gregory of Narek, Armenian theologian (b. 951)
- Gurgen IV, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)
- Ibrahim ibn Baks, Buyid scholar and physician
- Philotheos, patriarch of Alexandria (Egypt)
- Rozala, French queen and countess of Flanders
- Vladivoj, duke of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
1004
- June – Frederick, archbishop of Ravenna
- July 11 – Theobald II, French nobleman
- November 4 – Otto I, duke of Carinthia
- November 13 – Abbo of Fleury, French abbot
- Adelaide of Aquitaine, French queen consort
- Aderald, French priest and archdeacon
- Eochaid ua Flannacáin, Irish cleric and poet (b. 935)
- Gisilher (or Giselmar), archbishop of Magdeburg
- Khusrau Shah, king of the Justanids (approximate date)
- Li, empress consort of the Song Dynasty (b. 960)
- Li Jiqian, Chinese governor and rebel leader (b. 963)
- Ragnall mac Gofraid, king of the Isles (or 1005)
- Soběslav (or Soběbor), Bohemian nobleman
- Wulfric Spot, English nobleman (approximate date)
1005
- March 25 – Kenneth III ("An Donn, the Chief"), king of Scotland[31]
- October 31 – Abe no Seimei, Japanese astrologer (b. 921)
- November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury
- December 14 – Adalbero II, bishop of Verdun and Metz
- December 27 – Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (b. 910)
- Abu Hilal al-Askari, Muslim scholar and writer (b. 920)
- Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (approximate date)
- Lê Hoàn, emperor of the Early Lê dynasty (b. 941)
- Lê Trung Tông, emperor of the Early Lê dynasty (b. 983)
- Isma'il Muntasir ("Victorious"), ruler of the Samanids
- Mael Ruanaidh Ua Dubhda, king of Connacht
- Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer of the Song dynasty
- Ragnall mac Gofraid, king of the Isles (or 1004)
- Sigmundur Brestisson, Viking chieftain (b. 961)
- Yves de Bellême, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
1006
- February 13 – Fulcran, bishop of Lodève (France)
- July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria
- December 26 – Gao Qiong, Chinese general (b. 935)
- Ælfhelm of York, ealdorman (dux) of Northumbria
- Azon the Venerable (or Atso), French prelate
- Fiachra Ua Focarta, abbot of Clonfert (Ireland)
- Giovanni Orseolo, Venetian nobleman (b. 981)
- Ibn Marzuban, Persian official and physician
- Maud of Normandy, French noblewoman
- Olaf the Peacock, Icelandic merchant
- Sherira Gaon, Jewish spiritual leader
- Cenwulf, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)
1007
- February 27 – Ælfwaru, English noblewoman
- March 20 – Abu Rakwa, Andalusian Umayyad prince
- July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria
- October 31 – Heriger, abbot of Lobbes (Belgium)
- Attilanus, bishop of Zamora (Spain) (b. 937)
- Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani, Persian poet (b. 969)
- Guo, empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 975)
- Manjutakin, Fatimid general and governor
- Maslama al-Majriti, Andalusian chemist
- Pelayo Rodríguez, count (comes) of León
- Sebastian, archbishop of Esztergom
- Urraca Fernández, Galician queen
1008
- March 17 – Kazan, emperor of Japan (b. 968)
- April 7 – Ludolf (or Liudolf), archbishop of Trier
- April 10 – Notker of Liège, French bishop (b. 940)
- May 25
- Bishi, Japanese imperial princess
- Matilda of Saxony, countess of Flanders
- October 6 – Menendo González, Galician nobleman
- November 20 – Geoffrey I, duke of Brittany (b. 980)
- Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, Andalusian court official
- Clothna mac Aenghusa, Irish poet (approximate date)
- Gunnlaugr Ormstunga, Icelandic poet (approximate date)
- Gurgen II (Magistros), king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia)
- Ibn Zur'a, Abbasid physician and philosopher (b. 943)
- Madudan mac Gadhra Mór, king of Síol Anmchadha
- Poppo, Polish missionary bishop (approximate date)
- Raymond III, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Rotbold I (or Rotbaud), French nobleman
- Sarolt, Grand Princess of Hungary (b. 950)
1009
- February 14 – Bruno of Querfurt, German missionary bishop
- March 2 – Mokjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 980)
- March 3 – Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, Umayyad chief minister (b. 983)
- June or July – John XVIII, pope of the Catholic Church
- August 21 – Tomohira, Japanese imperial prince (uncle of the emperor)
- November 13 – Dedo I, German nobleman (b. 950)
- December 25 – Bernard William, French nobleman
- Abu al-Hasan Ali, Ma'munid ruler of Khwarezm (Iran)
- Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir, emir of Aleppo (Syria)
- Fujiwara no Nagatō, Japanese bureaucrat and poet (b. 949)
- Ibn Yunus, Fatimid astronomer and mathematician
- Khalaf ibn Ahmad, emir of the Saffarid Dynasty (b. 937)
- Lê Long Đĩnh, emperor of the Lê Dynasty (b. 986)
- Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice (b. 961)
- Xiao Yanyan, Chinese Khitan empress (b. 953)
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References
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