1818 - Wikiwand

1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1818th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 818th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1818, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Quick Facts

1818 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1818 MDCCCXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2571
Armenian calendar	1267 ԹՎ ՌՄԿԷ
Assyrian calendar	6568
Balinese saka calendar	1739–1740
Bengali calendar	1224–1225
Berber calendar	2768
British Regnal year	58 Geo. 3 – 59 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar	2362
Burmese calendar	1180
Byzantine calendar	7326–7327
Chinese calendar	丁丑年 (Fire Ox) 4515 or 4308 — to — 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 4516 or 4309
Coptic calendar	1534–1535
Discordian calendar	2984
Ethiopian calendar	1810–1811
Hebrew calendar	5578–5579
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1874–1875
- Shaka Samvat	1739–1740
- Kali Yuga	4918–4919
Holocene calendar	11818
Igbo calendar	818–819
Iranian calendar	1196–1197
Islamic calendar	1233–1234
Japanese calendar	Bunka 15 / Bunsei 1 (文政元年)
Javanese calendar	1745–1746
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4151
Minguo calendar	94 before ROC 民前94年
Nanakshahi calendar	350
Thai solar calendar	2360–2361
Tibetan calendar	མེ་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Fire-Ox) 1944 or 1563 or 791 — to — ས་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Earth-Tiger) 1945 or 1564 or 792

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Events

January–March

January 1
- Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire.
- English author Mary Shelley publishes the novel Frankenstein anonymously.
January 3 (21:52 UTC) – Venus occults Jupiter. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before November 22, 2065.
January 6 – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, ending the dominance of Marathas, and enhancing the power of the British East India Company, which controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians.
January 12 – The Dandy horse (Laufmaschine bicycle) is patented by Karl Drais in Mannheim.^[1]
February 3 – Jeremiah Chubb is granted a British patent for the Chubb detector lock.^[2]
February 4 – Writer Walter Scott finds the Honours of Scotland in Edinburgh Castle.
February 5 – Upon his death, King Charles XIII of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son Charles XIV/III John, starting the Royal House of Bernadotte.
February 11 – Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington in Paris.
February 12 – Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain is proclaimed in Chile.^[3]
March 15 – First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.^{[citation needed]}
March 22 – Easter Sunday in Western Christianity falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until 2285.

April–June

April 1 – First Seminole War – Battle of Miccosukee, Florida: General Andrew Jackson defeats chief Kinhagee.
April 4 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
April 5 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Maipú: Patriot rebels, led by José de San Martín, decisively defeat the Spanish Royalists.
April 7 – Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later South Street Seaport stands.
April 14–August 9 – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended.
April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage.^[4]
May 11
- Charles XIV of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
- The Old Vic Theatre is founded (as the Royal Coburg Hall) in London.
- The Westmorland Gazette is first published at Kendal in the Lake District of England; in July, Thomas De Quincey will begin a 16-month term as editor.
June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.^[5]
June 10 – The British Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister Jenkinson, and new elections are scheduled for August 4 for the House of Commons.^[6]
June 11 – Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.^[7]
June 18 – At least 34 people are killed in Switzerland, when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of Lac de Mauvoisin, sending the waters of the lake and the Dranse River into the valley of Bagnes.^[8]
June – Battle of Kafir Qala: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.^{[citation needed]}

July–September

July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.^[9]
July 3 – English poet Lord Byron, resident in Italy, begins work on his satirical epic Don Juan. Although he completes the first canto by September 19, he will die in 1824 before he can finish the poem, after completing 16 cantos and working on the 17th.^[10]
July 11 – The Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the Panic of 1819.^[11]
July 15 – U.S. President James Monroe convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion and conquest of Spanish Florida should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.^[12]
July 29 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light" to the French Academy of Sciences, precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.
July 31 – The first newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio is issued by publisher Andrew Logan.^[13] Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register.^[14]
August 1 – A separate Topographical Bureau of the United States Department of War is established.
August 4 – 1818 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.^[6]
September 7 – Carl III of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
September 23 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.
September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).

October–December

October 5 – Claudine Thévenet (known as Mary of St. Ignatius) founds the Roman Catholic order Religieuses de Jésus-Marie ("Religious of Jesus And Mary") in Lyon, France.
October 20 – A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle.
November 11 – Anglo-Chinese College is founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca (later renamed Ying Wa College).
November 16 – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes Saint Louis University, is founded by Reverend Louis William Valentine Dubourg in the United States.
December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
December 13 – Cyril VI of Constantinople quits his place as an Ecumenical Patriarch.
December 24 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht), with words by the priest Josef Mohr, set to music by organist Franz Xaver Gruber, is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria.

Date unknown

Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo.
Hamburg Temple disputes between branches of Judaism intensify in Germany.
The first edition of the Farmers' Almanac is published in the United States.
The first Serbian dictionary is published by Vuk Karadžić.
Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester in the north of England, by this date.
The Barakzai brothers expel Mahmud Shah and the Sadozais out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.
Akure–Benin War: Benin invasion of Akure.