5-HT6 receptor

The 5HT₆ receptor is a subtype of 5HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT).^[5] It is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to G_s and mediates excitatory neurotransmission.^[5] HTR6 denotes the human gene encoding for the receptor.^[6]

HTR6
Identifiers
Aliases	HTR6, 5-HT6, 5-HT6R, 5-HT6 receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6
External IDs	OMIM: 601109; MGI: 1196627; HomoloGene: 673; GeneCards: HTR6; OMA:HTR6 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1p36.13 Start 19,664,875 bp[1] End 19,680,966 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse)[2] Band 4 D3|4 70.57 cM Start 138,788,419 bp[2] End 138,802,881 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in beta cell Brodmann area 10 pancreatic ductal cell frontal pole mucosa of urinary bladder middle frontal gyrus external globus pallidus body of tongue pericardium inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Top expressed in lumbar subsegment of spinal cord superior frontal gyrus primary visual cortex dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell ventricular zone cerebellar cortex hippocampus proper neck digastric muscle olfactory bulb More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function histamine receptor activity protein binding G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity neurotransmitter receptor activity G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane cilium membrane dendrite Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger cerebral cortex cell migration positive regulation of TOR signaling signal transduction chemical synaptic transmission G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3362 15565 Ensembl ENSG00000158748 ENSMUSG00000028747 UniProt P50406 Q9R1C8 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000871 NM_021358 NM_001377096 RefSeq (protein) NP_000862 NP_067333 NP_001364025 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 19.66 – 19.68 Mb Chr 4: 138.79 – 138.8 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Distribution

The 5HT₆ receptor is expressed almost exclusively in the brain.^[7] It is distributed in various areas including, but not limited to, the olfactory tubercle, cerebral cortex (frontal and entorhinal regions), nucleus accumbens, striatum, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and the molecular layer of the cerebellum.^[5][8][9] Based on its abundance in extrapyramidal, limbic, and cortical regions it can be suggested that the 5HT₆ receptor plays a role in functions like motor control, emotionality, cognition, and memory.^[7][9][10]

Function

Blockade of central 5HT₆ receptors has been shown to increase glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in various brain areas,^{[11][12][13][14]} whereas activation enhances GABAergic signaling in a widespread manner.^[15] Antagonism of 5HT₆ receptors also facilitates dopamine and norepinephrine release in the frontal cortex,^[14][16] while stimulation has the opposite effect.^[15]

As a drug target for antagonists

Despite the 5HT₆ receptor having a functionally excitatory action, it is largely co-localized with GABAergic neurons and therefore produces an overall inhibition of brain activity.^[15] In parallel with this, 5HT₆ antagonists are hypothesized to improve cognition, learning, and memory.^[17] Agents such as latrepirdine, idalopirdine (Lu AE58054), and intepirdine (SB-742,457/RVT-101) were evaluated as novel treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.^[14][18][19] However, phase III trials of latrepirdine, idalopirdine, and intepirdine have failed to demonstrate efficacy.

5HT₆ antagonists have also been shown to reduce appetite and produce weight loss, and as a result, PRX-07034, BVT-5,182, and BVT-74,316 are being investigated for the treatment of obesity.^[20][21]

As a drug target for agonists

Recently, the 5HT₆ agonists WAY-181,187 and WAY-208,466 have been demonstrated to be active in rodent models of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and such agents may be useful treatments for these conditions.^[15][22] Additionally, indirect 5HT₆ activation may play a role in the therapeutic benefits of serotonergic antidepressants like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).^{[citation needed]}

Ligands

A large number of selective 5HT₆ ligands have now been developed.^{[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]}

Agonists

Full agonists

• 2-Ethyl-5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (EMDT)^[32]
• WAY-181,187
• WAY-208,466
• N-(inden-5-yl)imidazothiazole-5-sulfonamide (43): K_i = 4.5nM, EC₅₀ = 0.9nM, E_max = 98%^[33]
• E-6837 – Full agonist at human 5HT₆ receptors

Partial agonists

• E-6801^[34]
• E-6837 – partial agonist at rat 5-HT₆ receptors. Orally active in rats, and caused weight loss with chronic administration^[35]
• EMD-386,088 – potent partial agonist (EC₅₀ = 1 nM) but non-selective^[36][37]
• LSD – E_max = 60%^[38]

Antagonists and inverse agonists

• ALX-1161
• AVN-211
• BVT-5182^[39]
• BVT-74316^[20]
• Cerlapirdine – selective
• EGIS-12233 – mixed 5HT₆ / 5HT₇ antagonist
• Idalopirdine (Lu AE58054) – selective
• Intepirdine (SB-742,457/RVT-101) – selective antagonist
• Landipirdine (RO-5025181, SYN-120)
• Latrepirdine^[40] (non-selective) and analogues^[41]
• Maritupirdine (AVN-101) – selective antagonist
• MS-245
• PRX-07034
• SB-258,585
• SB-271,046
• SB-357,134
• SB-399,885
• SGS 518 Fb: [445441-26-9]
• Ro 04-6790
• Ro-4368554^[42]
• Atypical antipsychotics (sertindole, olanzapine, asenapine, clozapine)
• WAY-255315 / SAM-315: K_i = 1.1 nM, IC₅₀ = 13 nM^[43]
• Rosa rugosa extract^[44]

Genetics

Polymorphisms in the HTR6 gene are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. For example, an association between the C267T (rs1805054) polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease has been shown.^[45] Others have studied the polymorphism in relation to Parkinson's disease.^[46]

See also

• 5-HT receptor
• 5-HT₁ receptor
• 5-HT₂ receptor
• 5-HT₃ receptor
• 5-HT₄ receptor
• 5-HT₅ receptor