Chipaya language

Chipaya^[3] (endolinguonym Chipay taqu) is a native South American language of the Uru–Chipaya language family. The only other language in the grouping, Uru, is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. Ethnologue lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1,800 speakers out of an ethnic population of around 2,100, although younger generations speak it progressively less.^[1] Chipaya has been influenced considerably by Aymara, the Quechuan languages, and more recently, Spanish, with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.

Chipaya
Chipay taqu
Native to	Bolivia
Region	Oruro Department
Native speakers	1,800 (2012)[1]
Language family	Uru–Chipaya Chipaya
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cap
Glottolog	chip1262
ELP	Chipaya
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Geographical distribution

The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of Lake Titicaca along the Desaguadero River in the mountains of Bolivia and mainly in the town of Chipaya located in the Sabaya Province of the Bolivian department of Oruro north of Coipasa Salt Flats. Native speakers generally refer to it as Chipay taqu or Puquina or Uchun Maa Taqu ("our mother language"), but is not the same as, nor in fact even related to, the extinct Puquina language.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar		Uvular
							plain	labialized	plain	labialized
Nasal		m  /m/	n  /n/			ň  /ɲ/	ŋ  /ŋ/
Plosive	plain	p  /p/	t  /t/				k  /k/	kʷ  /kʷ/	q  /q/	qʷ  /qʷ/
	aspirated	ph  /pʰ/	th  /tʰ/				kh  /kʰ/		qh  /qʰ/
	ejective	p'  /pʼ/	t'  /tʼ/				k'  /kʼ/		q'  /qʼ/
Affricate	plain		¢  /ts/		ĉ  /tʂ/	č  /tʃ/
	aspirated		¢h  /tsʰ/		ĉh  /tʂʰ/	čh  /tʃʰ/
	ejective		¢'  /tsʼ/		ĉ'  /tʂʼ/	č'  /tʃʼ/
Fricative			z  /s̪/	s  /s/	ŝ  /ʂ/		h  /x/	hʷ  /xʷ/	x  /χ/	xʷ  /χʷ/
Rhotic			r  /r/
Lateral	central		l  /l/			ll  /ʎ/
	fricative		lj  /ɬ/
Approximant						y  /j/		w  /w/

Consonant clusters

Multiple possibilities are separated by slashes, and optional elements are enclosed in parentheses.

Possible syllable onsets are:

• (s/ŝ) + p + (h)
• (s/ŝ/sh) + k/q + (h/hʷ/x/xʷ)
• s/ŝ + p/k/kʷ/q/qʷ/h/hʷ/m/n
• t + h/hʷ/x/xʷ
• ¢/ĉ/č/l + h

Possible syllable codas are:

• h/x + p/t/k/q/l/ll/r + (t)
• hʷ/xʷ + k/q + (t)
• Consonant + t

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i  /i/		u  /u/
Mid	e  /e/		o  /o/
Low		a  /a/

• Each vowel can be short, e.g., a [a], or long, e.g., a• [aː].^[4]

Grammar

Chipaya is an agglutinative language, though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization DOBES.