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List of investigational antidepressants

List of pharmaceutical drugs under clinical development for treatment of depression From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of investigational antidepressants, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of depression but are not yet approved. Specific indications include major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, and postpartum depression, among others.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.

This list was last comprehensively updated in August 2024. It is likely to become outdated with time.

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Under development

Preregistration

  • Buprenorphine/samidorphan (ALKS-5461) – μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, κ-opioid receptor antagonist, δ-opioid receptor antagonist, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination – New Drug Application (NDA) rejected in 2019, no updates since 2021 [1][2]

Phase 3

  • Aticaprant (AVTX-501; CERC-501; JNJ-3964; JNJ-67953964; LY-2456302) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist [3]
  • CYB003 (CYB-003; deuterated psilocybin analogue) – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [4][5][6][7]
  • Cycloserine/lurasidone (Cyclurad; NRX-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist and atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) combination [8]
  • Esmethadone (dextromethadone; REL-1017) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and other actions [9]
  • Ketamine (HTX-100; NRX-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [10]
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; MM-120) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [11][12][13]
  • Navacaprant (BTRX-140; BTRX-335140; CYM-53093; NMRA-140; NMRA-335140) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist [14]
  • Pimavanserin (ACP-103; BVF-048; Nuplazid) – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist or inverse agonist [15]
  • Psilocybin (COMP-360) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [16][17]
  • Psilocybin (Usona Institute) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [18][19][20]
  • Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922; JNJ-7922; MIN-202) – orexin OX2 receptor antagonist [21]
  • SEP-4199 (non-racemic amisulpride; aramisulpride/esamisulpride [85:15 ratio]) – atypical antipsychotic (dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT2B and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist)[22]
  • SNG-12 (Synapsinae) – glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor [23]
  • Solriamfetol (Sunosi; JZP-110; SKLN05; ARL-N05; YKP-10A; R-228060; ADX-N05) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist [24][25][26]
  • Ulotaront (SEP-363856; SEP-856) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist [27]

Phase 2/3

  • PRAX-114 – extrasynaptic GABAA receptor-preferring positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid [28]

Phase 2

  • 4-Chlorokynurenine (4-CL-KYN; AV-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist and kynurenine modulator [29]
  • Ademetionine (MSI-190; MSI-195; S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine; Sam-E; SAMe; Strada) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis [30]
  • ALTO-203 – histamine H3 receptor agonist [31]
  • Amdiglurax (ALTO-100, NSI-189) – unknown mechanism of action (hippocampal neurogenesis stimulant and indirect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulator)[32][33]
  • Apimostinel (AGN-241660; GATE-202; NRX-1074) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist [34]
  • Arketamine ((R)-ketamine; PCN-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [35]
  • Azetukalner (1OP-2198; Encukalner; VRX-621698; XEN-1101; XPF-008) – KCNQ potassium channel agonist [36]
  • BHV-7000 (BPN-25203; KB-3061) – KCNQ2 potassium channel stimulant [37]
  • BI-1358894 – transient receptor potential cation TRPC4 and TRPC5 channel inhibitor [38][39]
  • Blixeprodil (GM-1020; (R)-4-fluorodeschloroketamine ((R)-4-FDCK) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [40][41]
  • Bretisilocin (GM-2505; 5F-MET; 5-fluoro-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) – serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2B receptor antagonist, psychedelic hallucinogen, and serotonin releasing agent [42]
  • Brezivaptan (ANC-501; THY-1773; TS-1211; TS-121) – vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist [43]
  • Centanafadine (CTN; EB-1020) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [44]
  • Deudextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-786; CTP-786; d-DM/Q; d6-DM/Q; deuterated dextromethorphan/ultra-low-dose quinidine) – sigma σ1 receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, and CYP2D6 inhibitor combination [45]
  • Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; DMT; N,N-DMT; BMND-01; BMND-02; BMND-03) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [46]
  • Emestedastat (UE-2343; Xanamem) – 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor (glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor)[47]
  • Esketamine (CLE-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [48]
  • FKB-01MD (FKB01MD; TGBA-01AD; TGBA01AD) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT1D receptor modulator, and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist [49]
  • Forvisirvat (SP-624) – sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) stimulant [50]
  • Itruvone (PH-10; PH-10A; PH10-NS) – chemoreceptor cell stimulant, vomeropherine, and neurosteroid [51]
  • JNJ-54175446 (JNJ-5446) – purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist [52]
  • JNJ-55308942 – purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist [53]
  • Ketamine (extended-release; R-107; R107) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [54]
  • Ketamine (intranasal; Ereska; PMI-100; PMI-150; SLS-002; TUR-002) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [55]
  • Ketamine (prolonged-release oral; KET-01) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [56]
  • Liafensine (BMS-820836; DB-104) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [57]
  • Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) – norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent [58]
  • Luvesilocin (RE-104/RE104, FT-104/FT104; 4-HO-DiPT/iprocin prodrug) – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [59]
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; MB-22001) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [60]
  • Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; BPL-002; BPL-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [61]
  • Mefluleucine (NV-5138; SPN-820/SPN-821) – sestrin2 modulator and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulant [62]
  • Mifepristone (Mifeprex; RU-38486; RU-486) – progesterone receptor antagonist, glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and androgen receptor antagonist [63]
  • NBI-1070770 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator [64]
  • NORA-520 (brexanolone prodrug) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid [65]
  • Onabotulinum toxin A (BoNTA; Botox; Botulinum toxin A injectable; GSK-1358820; OnabotA X; onabotulinumtoxinA X; Vistabel; Vistabex) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent [66]
  • Onfasprodil (CAD-9271; MIJ-821; MIJ821) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator [67]
  • OPC-64005 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [68]
  • Osavampator (TAK-653; NBI-1065845; NBI-845) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator [69]
  • OSU-6162 (PNU-9639; PNU-96391; PNU-96391A) – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist (non-hallucinogenic), dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist, and sigma σ1 receptor ligand (so-called "monoaminergic stabilizer")[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
  • PDC-1421 (ABV-1504; ABV-1505; ABV-1601; BLI-1005) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [77]
  • Pegipanermin (DN-TNF; INB-03; LIVNate; Quellor; XENP-1595; XENP-345; XPro-1595; XPro595; XPro) – tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor [78]
  • Pramipexole (CTC-413; CTC-501) – dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor agonist [79]
  • Pregnenolone methyl ether (3β-methoxypregnenolone; MAP-4343) – microtubule-associated protein (MAP) stimulant and tubulin polymerization promoter [80]
  • Ralmitaront (RG-7906; RO-6889450) – trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist [81]
  • Rislenemdaz (AVTX-301; CERC-301; MK-0657) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator [82]
  • Ropanicant (SUVN-911) – α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist [83]
  • Tebideutorexant (JNJ-61393215; JNJ-3215) – orexin OX1 receptor antagonist [84]
  • Tildacerfont (SPR-001; LY-2371712) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [85]
  • Tramadol (controlled-release; ETS-6103; ETX-6103; Viotra) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, and other actions [86]
  • TS-161 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor antagonist [87]
  • Zelquistinel (AGN-241751; GATE-251) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor partial positive allosteric modulator [88]

Phase 1/2

  • PT-00114 (PT100114) – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor [89]

Phase 1

  • ABX-002 (LL-340001 prodrug) – thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) agonist [90][91]
  • Agomelatine (ALTO-300; agomelatine 25 mg formulation) – serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist [90][92]
  • BI-1569912 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator [93]
  • BMND07 (BMND-07; dimethyltryptamine or 5-MeO-DMT combination drug) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonergic hallucinogen, and other actions combination [94][95]
  • BRII-296 (extended-release injectable aqueous suspension formulation of brexanolone) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid [93][96]
  • Brilaroxazine (RP-5000; RP-5063) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[97]
  • Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101) – serotonin precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HTP) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor combination [98]
  • Crisdesalazine (AAD-2004) – microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitor [99]
  • DGX-001 – gut–brain axis modulator [100][101]
  • Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-dimethyltryptamine; DMT; N,N-DMT; VLS-01) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [102]
  • DSP-3456 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor negative allosteric modulator [100]
  • Ebselen (DR-3305; Harmokisane; PZ-51; SPI-1005; SPI-3005) – multiple mechanisms of action [103]
  • Icalcaprant (CVL-354) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist [104]
  • KAR-2618 (GFB-887) – transient receptor potential cation TRPC4 and TRPC5 channel inhibitor [105]
  • PIPE-307 – muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptor antagonist [106]
  • SAL-0114 – undefined mechanism of action [107]
  • Scopolamine (DPI-385-CVS; DPI-386; DPI-386 Nasal Gel; DPI-386-SG; DPI-386-SS; DPI-387; DPI-521-CG; DPI-550-TBI; INSCOP spray) – non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist [108]
  • Traneurocin (NA-831; Cycloprolylglycine; CPG) – unknown or undefined / ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator, and racetam-like drug [109]
  • XW-10508 (oral esketamine conjugate prodrug) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [110]
  • Zalsupindole (DLX-001; DLX-1; AAZ; AAZ-A-154) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist [111][112]

Preclinical

  • 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BETR-001, TD-0148A) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and other actions[113][114][115]
  • ACD856 (ACD-856) – tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC positive allosteric modulator [116][117]
  • AKO-003 (ketamine-based psychedelic formulation; ketamine/specific plant bioactive) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, dissociative hallucinogen, and "specific plant bioactive" combination [118]
  • ALTO-202 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [119]
  • Brexpiprazole (long-acting injectable; MTD-211) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[120]
  • CB-03 (CB-04; CB-003; CB03-154) – KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 potassium channel stimulant [121]
  • CRHR1 antagonist therapeutic (HMNC Brain Health) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [122]
  • Duloxetine (oral suspension) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [123]
  • EB-003 – non-hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist and psychoplastogen [124][125]
  • EGX-A – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [126][127][128]
  • EGX-B – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [129][127][128]
  • ENX-104 – presynaptic dopamine D2 and D3 autoreceptor antagonist (at low doses)[130][131][132][133]
  • ENX-105 – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor agonist (non-hallucinogenic)[134][132][133]
  • Etifoxine deuterated (GRX-917) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and translocator protein (TSPO; peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) agonist (neurosteroidogenesis stimulant)[135]
  • GABA positive allosteric modulator (CS Bay Therapeutics) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator [136]
  • INV-88 – macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor [137]
  • ITI-333 – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, μ-opioid receptor biased partial agonist, α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and dopamine D1 receptor antagonist [138]
  • ITI-1549 – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT2B receptor antagonist[139][140][141]
  • Ketamine (depot; ALA-3000) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [142]
  • Lithium cocrystal (AL-001; LiProSal; lithium salicylate L-proline ionic cocrystal) – unknown mechanism of action and mood stabilizer (improved formulation of lithium)[143]
  • LPCN-1154 (LPCN1154; oral brexanolone) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid [144][145]
  • LPH-5 – selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [146][147][148]
  • Lucid-PSYCH (Lucid-201) – undefined mechanism of action and psychedelic hallucinogen [149][150][151][152]
  • Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; LSR-1019) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [153]
  • Midomafetamine (microneedle transdermal patch; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen)[154]
  • Nezavist – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator [155]
  • NLX-101 (F-15599) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor full agonist [156]
  • PSIL-001 (DMT analogue) – serotonin 5-HT1 receptor modulator (non-hallucinogenic)[157][158]
  • PSIL-002 (DMT analogue) – serotonin 5-HT1 receptor modulator (non-hallucinogenic)[159][158][160]
  • PSYLO-3001 (Psylo-3001) – non-hallucinogenic non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychoplastogen [161][162]
  • PSYLO-4001 (Psylo-4001) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychoplastogen [163][162]
  • SYT-510 – endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor [164]
  • TF-0066 – undefined mechanism of action [165]

Research

  • BHV-5000 – low-trapping ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [166]
  • NP-10679 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator [167]
  • Psilocybin (MYCO-001; MYCO-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [168]
  • PSYLO-5001 (Psylo-5001) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and psychoplastogen [169][162]
  • Small molecule therapeutic - Rugen Therapeutics – undefined mechanism of action [170]


Phase unknown

  • Amuxetine – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [171][172]
  • EDG-005 – undefined mechanism of action [173]
  • EDG-006 – undefined mechanism of action [174]
  • Iloperidone (Fanapt; Fanaptum; Fiapta; HP-873; ILO-522; VYV-683; Zomaril) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[175]
  • INV-407 – undefined mechanism of action [176]
  • Ketamine (intravenous/oral; Braxia) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [177]
  • SK-2110 (buprenorphine implant) – μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, κ-opioid receptor antagonist, and δ-opioid receptor antagonist – under development in China [178][179]
  • Venlafaxine (controlled-release) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [180]


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Not under development

Development suspended

  • BVF-045 (bupropion/undisclosed serotonin reuptake inhibitor) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination [181][182][183]
  • Dexmedetomidine (BXCL-501; Igalmi; KalmPen) – α2-adrenergic receptor agonist [184]
  • ETX-155 – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator [185]
  • Ganaxolone (CCD-1042; Ztalmy) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid [186]

No development reported

  • AAG-561 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor [187]
  • Adinazolam (Deracyn; U-41123; U-41123F) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine [188]
  • Amitifadine (DOV-21947; EB-1010) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [189]
  • AN-788 (NSD-788) – serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [190]
  • ANAVEX 1-41 (blarcamesine analogue) – sigma σ1 receptor agonist, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulator, and sodium and chloride channel modulator [191]
  • Aripiprazole (transdermal; AQS-1301) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[192]
  • Arketamine (HR-071603; (R)-ketamine nasal spray) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [193]
  • AZD-8108 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [194]
  • BCI-632 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor antagonist [195]
  • BCI-838 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor antagonist [196]
  • BMS-866949 (CSTI-500) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [197]
  • Bryostatin 1 (MW-904) – protein kinase C (PKC) stimulant [198]
  • BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) – nociceptin receptor antagonist [199]
  • Bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination [200]
  • Cericlamine (JO-1017) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [201]
  • Citalopram/pipamperone (PipCit; PNB-01) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and typical antipsychotic combination [202]
  • Depression therapy - Genopia Biomedical – undefined mechanism of action [203]
  • (R)-Desmethylsibutramine ((+)-desmethylsibutramine; or (R)-desmethylsibutramine/(+)-didesmethylsibutramine) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [204]
  • Deulumateperone (ITI-1284; lumateperone deuterated) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[205]
  • Dipraglurant (ADX-48621; mGluR5-NAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator [206]
  • Erteberel (LY-500307; SERBA-1) – estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist [207]
  • Esketamine (esketamine DPI; Falkieri; PG061; S-ketamine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [208]
  • Eszopiclone (Lunesta) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and Z-drug [209]
  • EVT-101 (ENS-101) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator [210]
  • Fananserin (RP-62203) – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and dopamine D4 receptor antagonist [211]
  • Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) – fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) agonist [212]
  • Filorexant (MK-6096) – orexin OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonist [213]
  • GEA-857 (alaproclate analogue) – potassium conductance putative blocker [214]
  • GSK-588045 – serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1D receptor antagonist [215]
  • GSK-1360707 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [216]
  • HS-10353 – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator [217][218]
  • Hypidone – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT6 receptor agonist [219]
  • Igmesine (CI-1019; JO-1784) – sigma σ1 receptor agonist [220]
  • Imiloxan (RS-21361) – α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [221]
  • IN-ASTR-001 – undefined mechanism of action [222]
  • Ketamine (transdermal patch; SHX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [223]
  • Ketamine (sublingual; ketamine wafer; SLS-003; Wafermine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [224]
  • KFM-19 – adenosine A1 receptor antagonist [225]
  • LSM-6 (3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine) – undefined mechanism of action (adrenergic and serotonergic agent; constituent of Limacia scanden Lour.) – was under development in Malaysia [226][227]
  • Midomafetamine (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA; ecstasy) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen)[228]
  • Mitizodone (HEC-113995) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor partial agonist [229][230][231]
  • Nivacortol (nivazole; NEBO-174; novozola) – glucocorticoid receptor antagonist [232]
  • Omiloxetine – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [233]
  • Oxitriptan (5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HTP; EVX-301) – serotonin precursor [234]
  • Pseudohypericin – undefined mechanism of action (constituent of St John's wort)[235]
  • Psilocybin (CYB-001; INT0052/2020) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [236]
  • Psilocybin (biosynthetic psilocybin; PB-1818) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen [237]
  • QRX-002 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [238]
  • RG-7351 – trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist [239]
  • Riluzole (sublingual; BHV-0223; Nurtec) – complex mechanism of action or glutamatergic modulator [240]
  • Risperidone (Risperdal) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[241]
  • SAR-102779 (SAR-10279) – neurokinin NK2 receptor antagonist [242]
  • SD-254 (deuterated venlafaxine) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [243]
  • SEP-378614 – undefined mechanism of action [244]
  • SNA-1 – undefined mechanism of action [245]
  • Soclenicant (BNC-210; IW-2143) – α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator [246]
  • SPL-801-B ((2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine; 6-HNK) – non-hallucinogenic ketamine derivative/metabolite [247]
  • TrkB receptor antagonist (Celon Pharma) – tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkB antagonist [248]
  • YDP-2225 – undefined mechanism of action [249]


Development discontinued

  • ABT-436 – vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist [250]
  • Adatanserin (WAY-SEB-324; WY-50324; SEB-324) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist [251]
  • ADX-71149 (JNJ-1813; JNJ-40411813; JNJ-mGluR2-PAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor modulator [252]
  • Amesergide (LY-237733) – serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and other actions [253]
  • Amibegron (SR-58611; SR-58611A) – β3-adrenergic receptor agonist [254]
  • Aprepitant (MK-869) – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist[255][256][257]
  • ARA-014418 (AR-A014418; GSK-3β Inhibitor VIII) – glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3β inhibitor [258]
  • Armodafinil (CEP-10953; Nuvigil; (R)-modafinil) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor [259]
  • Atipamezole (antisedan; MPV-1248) – α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [260]
  • Atomoxetine (LY-139603; Strattera; Tomoxetine) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [261]
  • AZD-2066 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonist [262]
  • AZD-2327 – δ-opioid receptor agonist [263]
  • AZD-7268 – δ-opioid receptor agonist [264]
  • AZD-8129 (AR-A000002; AR-A2XX; AR-A2) – serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist [265]
  • Basimglurant (NOE-101; RG-7090; RO-4917523) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonist [266]
  • Befloxatone (MD-370503) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor [267]
  • BMS-181101 (BMY-42569) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D receptor agonist [268]
  • Buspirone (transdermal; BuSpar Patch) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist [269]
  • Casopitant (GW-679769; GW679769) – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist[270]
  • Centpropazine – unknown mechanism of action [271][272]
  • Cibinetide (ARA-290) – erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) agonist [273]
  • Citalopram (controlled-release) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [274]
  • Clavulanic acid (RX-10100; Serdaxin; Zoraxel) – β-lactamase inhibitor and unknown mechanism of action (glutamate transporter GLT1 expression enhancer, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin modulator, possibly via Munc18-1 and Rab4 interactions)[275][276][277][278][279][280]
  • Clovoxamine (DU-23811) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [281]
  • Coluracetam (BCI-540; MKC-231) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis enhancer, and racetam [282][283][284][285]
  • CP-316311 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor [286]
  • Crinecerfont (NBI-74788; SSR-125543; SSR-125543A) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [287]
  • CRL-41789 – undefined mechanism of action [288]
  • Cutamesine (AGY-94806; Msc-1; SA-4503) – sigma σ1 receptor agonist [289]
  • CX157 (KP157; TriRima; Tyrima) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor[290]
  • Dapoxetine (LY-210448; Priligy) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [291]
  • Dasotraline (DSP-225289; SEP-225289; SEP-0225289; SEP-289) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [292]
  • DDP-225 – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist [293]
  • Decoglurant – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor antagonist [294]
  • Delequamine (RS-15385; RS-15385197) – α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [295]
  • Delucemine (NPS-1506) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor polyamine site antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor [296]
  • Dexmecamylamine (AT-5214; NIH-11008; S-mecamylamine; TC-5214) – α3β4 and α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator [297]
  • Dexnafenodone (LU-43706) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [298]
  • DMP-695 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor [299]
  • DOV-216303 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [300]
  • DPC-368 – undefined mechanism of action [301]
  • DSP-1200 – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, and α2A-adrenergic receptor antagonist [302]
  • Edivoxetine (EDP-125; LY-2216684) – norepinephrine reuptake inhbitor [303]
  • Elzasonan (CP-448187) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor antagonist[304]
  • Emapunil (AC-5216; XBD-173) – translocator protein (TSPO; peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) agonist (neurosteroidogenesis stimulant)[305]
  • Emicerfont (GW-876008; GW-876008X) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [306]
  • Eplivanserin (Ciltyri; Sliwens; SR-46349; SR-46349B; SR-46615A) – serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist [307]
  • Eptapirone (F-11440) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor full agonist [308]
  • Esreboxetine ((S,S)-Reboxetine; AXS-14; PNU-165442G) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [309]
  • Esuprone (LU-43839) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor [310]
  • Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (Ethyl-EPA) – omega-3 fatty acid [311]
  • Farampator (CX-691; ORG-24448) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator [312]
  • Fasoracetam (AEVI-001; LAM-105; MDGN-001; NFC-1; NS-105) – unknown mechanism of action (metabotropic glutamate receptor modulator) and racetam [313][314][283]
  • FCE-25876 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [315]
  • Flerobuterol (CRL-40827) – β-adrenergic receptor agonist [316]
  • Flesinoxan (DU-29373) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist [317]
  • Flibanserin (Addyi; BIMT-17; Girosa) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, and dopamine D4 receptor antagonist [318]
  • (R)-Fluoxetine – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [319]
  • Fluparoxan (GR-50360; GR-50360A) – α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [320]
  • Gaboxadol (LU-02030; LU-2-030; MK-0928; OV-101; THIP) – GABAA receptor agonist [321]
  • Girisopam (EGIS-5810; GYKI-51189) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine [322]
  • GYKI-52895 – dopamine reuptake inhibitor [323]
  • Haloperidol (CLR-3001) – typical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator; low-dose withdrawal therapy)[324][325]
  • HT-2157 (SNAP-37889) – galanin GAL3 receptor antagonist [326]
  • ICI-170809 (ZM-170809) – serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist [327]
  • Idazoxan – α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [328]
  • Ipsapirone (BAY-Q-7821; TVX-Q-7821) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist [329]
  • IRFI-165 – adenosine A1 receptor antagonist [330]
  • Istradefylline (KW-6002; Nourianz; Nouriast) – adenosine A2 receptor antagonist [331]
  • JNJ-18038683 – serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist [332]
  • JNJ-19567470 (CRA-5626; R-317573) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [333]
  • JNJ-26489112 – unknown mechanism of action (topiramate successor)[334]
  • JNJ-39393406 – α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator [335]
  • Lanicemine (AZD-6765) – low-trapping ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [336]
  • LB-100 (LB-1) – protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor [337]
  • Levoprotiline (CGP-12103; CGP-12103A; CGS-12103; R(–)-oxaprotiline; R(–)-hydroxymaprotiline) – histamine H1 receptor antagonist, other actions, and tetracyclic antidepressant [338][339]
  • Lithium – unknown mechanism of action and mood stabilizer [340]
  • Litoxetine (IXA-001; SL-810385) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and weak serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist [341]
  • Losmapimod (FTX-1821; GS-856553; GSK-856553; GW-856553; GW-856553X) – p38-α/β mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor and double homeobox 4 (DUX4) inhibitor [342]
  • LU-AA34893 (LU-AA-34893) – serotonin receptor modulator [343]
  • LU-AA39959 (LU-AA-39959) – ion channel modulator [344]
  • Lubazodone (SM-50C; YM-35992; YM-992) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist [345]
  • Masitinib (AB-07105; AB-1010; Alsitek; Masican; Masipro; Masiviera) – tyrosine kinase inhibitor and other actions [346]
  • Mecamylamine (Inversine; Tridmac) – nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator [347]
  • MIN-117 (WF-516) – serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist [348]
  • MK-1942 – undefined mechanism of action [349][350]
  • ML-105 – undefined mechanism of action [351]
  • Naloxone/tianeptine (TNX-601; TNX-601-CR; TNX-601-ER) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, tricyclic antidepressant, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination [352][353][354]
  • Naluzotan (PRX-00023) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and sigma σ1 receptor antagonist [355]
  • NB-415 – vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist [356]
  • Neboglamine (nebostinel; CR-2249; XY-2401) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site positive allosteric modulator [357]
  • Nefiracetam (BRN 6848330; CCRIS 6729; DM 9384; DMPPA; DN-9384; DZL-221; HL-0812; HPI-001; Motiva; Translon) – unknown mechanism of action (voltage-gated calcium channel potentiator, α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor potentiator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor potentiator (possible glycine site partial positive allosteric modulator), ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor potentiator, and GABAA receptor agonist) and racetam [358][359][360][361][362][283]
  • Nemifitide (INN-00835) – unknown mechanism of action [363]
  • NS-2359 (GSK-372475) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [364]
  • NS-2389 (GW-650250; GW-650250A) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [365]
  • ORM-10921 – α2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist [366]
  • Orvepitant (GW-823296; GW-823296X; GW823296) – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist [367][368]
  • Osanetant (ACER-801; SR-142801; SR-142806) – neurokinin NK3 receptor antagonist [369]
  • Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [370]
  • PF-04455242 – κ-opioid receptor antagonist [371]
  • PT-150 (ORG-34517; SCH-900636) – glucocorticoid receptor antagonist and androgen receptor antagonist [372]
  • Radafaxine (GW-353162; (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [373]
  • Ramelteon (Rozerem; TAK-375) – melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist [374]
  • Rapastinel (BV-102; GLYX-13; TPPT-amide) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist [375]
  • RG-7166 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [376]
  • Ritanserin (R-55667) – serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist [377]
  • Robalzotan (AZD-7371; NAD-299) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist
  • Rolipram (ME-3167; ZK-62711) – phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor [378]
  • Sabcomeline (BCI-224; CEB-242; Memric; SB-202026) – muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptor agonist [379]
  • Saredutant (SR-48968) – neurokinin NK2 receptor antagonist[380][381]
  • SB-236057 – serotonin 5-HT1B receptor inverse agonist [382]
  • SB-245570 – serotonin 5-HT1B receptor antagonist [383]
  • Sibutramine (Aoquqing; BTS-54524; Ectiva; KES-524; Meridia; Reductase; Reductil; Reduxade; Sibutral) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [384]
  • Siramesine (LU-28179) – sigma σ2 receptor agonist [385]
  • Sirukumab (CNTO-136; Plivensia) – interleukin 6 (IL-6) inhibitor [386]
  • SKL-10406 (SKL-DEP) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [387]
  • SKL-PSY (FZ-016) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist [388]
  • Sodium phenylbutyrate (slow-release; LU-901; Lunaphen) – histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor [389]
  • SSR-149415 (SR-149415) – vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist [390]
  • SSR-241586 – neurokinin NK2 and NK3 receptor antagonist [391]
  • Tandospirone (metanopirone; Sediel; SM-3997) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [392]
  • Tasimelteon (BMS-214778; Hetlioz; VEC-162) – melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist [393]
  • Tedatioxetine (LU-AA24530) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist [394]
  • Tianeptine (JNJ-39823277; TPI-1062) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant [395][353][354]
  • TS-111 – undefined mechanism of action [396]
  • Tulrampator (CX-1632; S-47445) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator [397]
  • Vanoxerine (boxeprazine; GBR-12909) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor [398]
  • Verucerfont (GSK-561679; NBI-77860) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist [399]
  • Vestipitant (GW-597599; GW-597599B) – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist [400][270]
  • Viloxazine (Qelbree) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [401]
  • VN-2222 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist [402]
  • VUFB-17649 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [403]
  • VUFB-18285 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [404]
  • ZD-4974 – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist [405]
  • Zelatriazin (TAK-041; NBI-1065846; NBI-846) – G protein-coupled receptor 139 (GPR139) agonist [406]
  • Ziprasidone (Geodon) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[407]


Preregistration submission withdrawal

  • Aripiprazole/sertraline (ASC-01) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination [408]

Formal development never or not yet started

  • Mevidalen (LY-3154207; D1 PAM) – dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator – under development for Lewy body disease [409][410]
  • Nitrous oxide (N2O; "laughing gas") – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist – being studied for depression but doesn't seem to be being formally developed towards approval[411][412][413][381]
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Clinically used drugs

Main article: List of antidepressants

Approved drugs

  • Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist [414]
  • Amineptine (Survector, Maneon) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn[415]
  • Amisulpride (Solian) – atypical antipsychotic (dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT2B and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist)[416]
  • Amitriptyline (Elavil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381]
  • Amoxapine (Asendin) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381][415]
  • Aripiprazole (Abilify) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[417]
  • Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; SAGE-547; SGE-102; Zulresso) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – approved for postpartum depression [418]
  • Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[419]
  • Bupropion (Wellbutrin) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator [420]
  • Bupropion/dextromethorphan (Auvelity) – sigma σ1 receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, and CYP2D6 inhibitor combination [421]
  • Butriptyline (Evadyne) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) – discontinued[415]
  • Cariprazine (Vraylar) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[422]
  • Citalopram (Celexa) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [423]
  • Desipramine (Norpramin) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381]
  • Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [424][425]
  • Desvenlafaxine (extended-release; Khedezla) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn [426]
  • Desvenlafaxine (extended-release; WIP-DF17) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor – registered in South Korea [427][428][429]
  • Dosulepin (dothiepin; Prothiaden) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[415]
  • Doxepin (Sinequan) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381]
  • Duloxetine (Cymbalta; Drizalma Sprinkle) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [430][431]
  • Escitalopram (Lexapro) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [432]
  • Esketamine (Spravato) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [433]
  • Fluoxetine (Prozac; Sarafem) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [434][435]
  • Fluvoxamine (Luvox) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor[381]
  • Gepirone (Exxua) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist [436]
  • Hypericum extract (LI-160; St John's wort) – undefined mechanism of action [437]
  • Imipramine (Tofranil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381]
  • Iproniazid (Marsilid) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor – withdrawn[438]
  • Isocarboxazid (Marplan) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor[381][438]
  • Levomilnacipran (Fetzima) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [439]
  • Levosulpiride (L-sulpiride; Levobren; Levopraid; Levosulpride; RV-12309; Sulpepta) – dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist [440]
  • Lofepramine (Lomont) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[415]
  • Lumateperone (Caplyta) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[441]
  • Lurasidone (Latuda) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[442]
  • Maprotiline (Ludiomil) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[415]
  • Mianserin (Tolvon) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[415]
  • Milnacipran (Dalcipran; Ixel; Savella) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [443]
  • Mirtazapine (Remeron) – α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, and tetracyclic antidepressant [444]
  • Moclobemide (Aurorix; Manerix) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor [445][438]
  • Nefazodone (BMY-13754; Dutonin; MJ-13754; MS-13754; Nefadar; Serzone) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor ligand, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and other actions – mostly withdrawn [446]
  • Nomifensine (Merital; Alival) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn[415]
  • Nortriptyline (Aventyl) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381]
  • Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[447]
  • Olanzapine/fluoxetine (OFC; Symbyax; ZypZac) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination [448]
  • Opipramol (Ensidon; G-33040; Insidon; Nisidana) – sigma σ1 and σ2 receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H1 receptor antagonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant [449]
  • Paroxetine (Paxil; Seroxat) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [450][451]
  • Phenelzine (Nardil) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor[381][438]
  • Protriptyline (Vivactil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[415]
  • Quetiapine (Seroquel) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator)[452]
  • Reboxetine (Edronax) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [453]
  • Selegiline (Emsam) – monoamine oxidase MAO-B irreversible inhibitor, catecholaminergic activity enhancer, and weak norepineprhine releasing agent (via metabolites)[454]
  • Sertraline (Zoloft; Lustral) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor [455]
  • Setiptiline (Tecipul; Tesolon) – serotonin receptor antagonist, α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and tetracyclic antidepressant [456]
  • Tianeptine (Coaxil; Stablon; Tatinol) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant [457][353][354]
  • Toludesvenlafaxine (ansofaxine; 4-methylbenzoate desvenlafaxine; desvenlafaxine prodrug; LPM-570065; LY-03005; Ruoxinlin) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor [458]
  • Tranylcypromine (Parnate) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor[381][438]
  • Trazodone (Oleptro; Trittico) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and other actions [459]
  • Trimipramine (Surmontil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)[381]
  • Venlafaxine (Effexor) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [460]
  • Vilazodone (Viibryd) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist [461]
  • Viloxazine (Vivalan) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor[415]
  • Vortioxetine (Trintellix) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonist, and serotonin 5-HT1D, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist [462]
  • Zimelidine (Zelmid) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn[415]
  • Zuranolone (BIIB-125; S-812217; SAGE-217; SGE-797; Zurzuvae) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – approved for postpartum depression [463]
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See also

References

Further reading

External links

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