Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) requires specific names for the symbols and diacritics used in the alphabet.

It is often desirable to distinguish an IPA symbol from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not a one-to-one correspondence between symbol and sound in broad transcription. The symbol's names and phonetic descriptions are described in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. The symbols also have nonce names in the Unicode standard. In some cases, the Unicode names and the IPA names do not agree. For example, IPA calls ɛ "epsilon", but Unicode calls it "small letter open E".

Letters

The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are used for unmodified symbols. In Unicode, some of the symbols of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA^{[clarification needed]}; the others use the symbols from the Greek section.

Examples:

	IPA symbol name	phonetic description	Unicode name
p	(lowercase) p	voiceless bilabial stop	LATIN SMALL LETTER P
x	(lowercase) x	voiceless velar fricative	LATIN SMALL LETTER X
r	(lowercase) r	coronal trill	LATIN SMALL LETTER R
β	beta	voiced bilabial fricative	GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
ɛ	epsilon	open-mid front unrounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E
ɣ	gamma	voiced velar fricative	LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA
θ	theta	voiceless dental fricative	GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
χ	chi	voiceless uvular fricative	GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
ɸ	phi[1]	voiceless bilabial fricative	LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI
ʊ	upsilon [2]	near-close near-back rounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON

Note

1. The Latin phi; the old-style or Greek phi (φ) is used in linguistics to mark prosodic units (foot).
2. The Latin upsilon is frequently called "horseshoe u" in order to distinguish it from the Greek upsilon (υ). Historically, it derives from a Latin small capital U. Greek upsilon is also an IPA symbol, called "Cursive V" in the Handbook.

The IPA standard includes some small capital letters, such as ʀ and ɢ, although it is common to refer to these symbols as simply "capital" or "cap" letters, because the IPA standard does not include any full-size capital letters.

Cursive-based letters

A few letters have the forms of cursive or script letters. Examples:

	IPA symbol name	phonetic description	Unicode name
ɑ	single-story a	open back unrounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA
ɡ	single-story g[1]	voiced velar stop	LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
ʋ	cursive v[2]	labiodental approximant	LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK

Note

1. The double-story g () is not strictly an IPA character, but is an acceptable alternative.
2. In form and origin, but not in name, this is the Greek upsilon.

Ligatures

Ligatures are called precisely that, although Unicode often mistakenly calls them "digraphs". Examples:

	IPA symbol name	phonetic description	Unicode name
æ	lower-case A-E ligature	near-open front unrounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
œ	lower-case O-E ligature	open-mid front rounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
ɮ	L-Ezh ligature	voiced coronal lateral fricative	LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH

Note that "œ" can alternatively be called ethel, and similarly "æ" can be called ash.

Rotated letters

Main article: rotated letters

Many letters are turned, or rotated 180 degrees. Examples:

	IPA symbol name	phonetic description	Unicode name
ʎ	turned Y	palatal lateral approximant	LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y
ɥ	turned H	labial-palatal approximant	LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H
ɒ	turned script A	open back rounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA
ʌ	turned V[1]	open-mid back unrounded vowel	LATIN SMALL TURNED V
ɔ	open O[2]	open-mid back rounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O

Notes

1. The symbol ʌ is often also called "caret" for its similarity to that diacritic.
2. The symbol ɔ is also described as a turned c, but it is usually referred to as open o, which describes both its articulation and its shape.

A few letters are reversed (flipped on a vertical axis):

	IPA symbol name	phonetic description	Unicode name
ɘ	reversed e	close-mid central unrounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E
ɜ	reversed epsilon	open-mid central unrounded vowel	LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E
ʕ	reversed glottal stop [1]	voiced pharyngeal fricative	LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE

Notes

1. This IPA symbol is often called by the name of the corresponding Arabic letter, ayin.

A couple letters are inverted (flipped on a horizontal axis): ʁ inverted small capital R and the obsolete ʖ inverted glottal stop. (ʍ could also be called an inverted w, but turned w is more common.)

Letters with extra lines, curls and serifs

When a horizontal stroke is added, it is called a crossbar, as in ħ barred h, ɵ barred o, ʢ reversed barred glottal stop or barred ayin, and ɟ barred dotless j or barred gelded j (apparently never 'turned f').

One letter instead has a slash through it: ø slashed o.

The implosives have hook tops: ɓ hook-top b, ɗ hook-top d, etc., as does ɦ hook-top h.

Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a tail. It may be specified as left or right depending on which direction it turns, as in ɳ right-tail n, ɻ right-tail turned r, ɲ left-tail n, ʐ tail z (or just retroflex z), etc. Note that ŋ is called eng or engma, ɱ meng, and ꜧ heng.

When the tail loops over itself, it's called curly: ʝ curly-tail j, ɕ curly-tail c.

There are also a few unique modifications: ɬ belted l, ɞ closed reversed epsilon (there was once also a ɷ closed omega), ɰ right-leg turned m, ɺ turned long-leg r (there was once also a long-leg r), ǁ double pipe, and the obsolete ʗ stretched c.

Several non-English letters have traditional names: ç c cedilla, ð eth (also spelled edh), ŋ engma or eng, ə schwa (also spelled shwa), ǃ exclamation mark, ǀ pipe.

Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ɾ fish-hook r, ɤ ram's horns, ʘ bull's eye, ʃ esh (apparently never 'stretched s'), ʒ ezh (sometimes confused with yogh), ɧ hook-top heng.

The ʔ is usually called by the sound it represents, glottal stop. This is not normally a problem, because this symbol is seldom used to represent anything else. However, to specify the symbol itself, it is sometimes unofficially called a gelded question mark. This latter name is derived from its original form as a dotless question mark in a fashion reminiscent of gelding.

Diacritic marks

Traditionally named diacritics

é acute, ē macron, è grave, ê circumflex, ě wedge or háček, ë diaeresis or umlaut, ĕ breve, ẽ (superscript) tilde, plus variants such as ḛ subscript tilde, ɫ superimposed tilde, etc.

Non-traditionally named diacritics

d̼ seagull, e˞ hook, e̽ over-cross, d ̚ corner, d̪ bridge, d̺ inverted bridge, d̻ square, e̥ under-ring, e̊ over-ring, e̜ left half-ring, e̹ right half-ring, e̟ plus, e̠ under-bar, e̯ arch, d̬ subscript wedge, e̝ up tack, e̞ down tack, e̘ left tack, e̙ right tack, d͡z tie bar, ẹ under-dot, n̩ under-stroke.

Diacritics are alternately named after their function. This would mean that the bridge is called the dental sign, the under-stroke is the syllabicity sign, and the up tack is the raising sign.

References

• Pullum, Geoffrey K., and William A. Ladusaw. 1996. Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

External links

• Unicode-HTML codes for IPA symbols: Tables of symbol names and HTML codes at PennState.