Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue

The political status of the Cook Islands and Niue is formally defined as being states in free association within the Realm of New Zealand, which is made up of the Cook Islands, Niue, and New Zealand and its territories, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency. The Cook Islands and Niue do not have full constitutional independence from New Zealand but act as independent countries. Some countries have recognised them as sovereign entities and established diplomatic relations. However, New Zealand may carry out defence and foreign affairs on behalf of the two associated states when requested.

Associated states in relation to New Zealand

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1. New Zealand
2. Niue
3. The Cook Islands

Sovereignty and self-government

See also: Sovereignty and Self-governance

New Zealand's current four-year plan for the Cook Islands, drafted October 2021

New Zealand's current four-year plan for Niue, drafted December 2021

New Zealand is officially responsible for the defence and foreign affairs of the Cook Islands and Niue. The Act of the New Zealand Parliament which established self-governance mentions a role for New Zealand, but the Constitution of the Cook Islands does not.^[1] However, these responsibilities confer New Zealand no rights of control and can only be exercised at the request of the Cook Islands and Niue. The Cook Islands and Niue have been recognised as sovereign states by some countries, and maintain diplomatic relations under their own name. The United States recognises the Cook Islands as a sovereign and independent state,^[2] and has signed treaties with the Cook Islands government. Moreover, the Secretary General of the United Nations has determined that the admission of the Cook Islands and Niue into the World Health Assembly means that they have been accepted as states by the international community.^[3][4][5][6]

Although the Cook Islands and Niue behave as sovereign states in international law, their constitutional statuses within the Realm of New Zealand (i.e., for matters of New Zealand domestic law) is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all of Niue's and the Cook Islands' nationals are automatically New Zealand citizens, and both have New Zealand's Monarch as their own head of state. While both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state, New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship, in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship.^[7][8] However, New Zealand has never formally opposed such an application, nor has it argued that either country would not be within its sovereign right to do so.^[9] The foreign minister of Cook Islands has stated that a referendum would be required to determine whether to join the UN.^[10] In 2025, Cook Islands prime minister Mark Brown stated that the UN had confirmed that the Cook Islands did not meet the requirements for UN membership.^[11] Additionally, in response to a push to introduce Cook Islander passports and agreements made with China, a spokesperson for New Zealand foreign minister Winston Peters stated, "Unlike Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu, the Cook Islands is not a fully independent and sovereign state", unless its status and relationship with New Zealand are changed by referendum.^[12]

Some scholars have argued that a lack of separate Cook Islands citizenship places an effective limit on the ability of the Cook Islands to act as a sovereign entity, while others have argued that the participation of the Cook Islands in international organisations (such as the Pacific Islands Forum) shows that Cook Islands sovereignty is not limited by the free association arrangement.^[13][14]

History

Formerly dependencies of New Zealand, the Cook Islands became a state in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965; Niue became a state in free association on 19 October 1974, after a constitutional referendum. In 1992, the UN recognised both states' right to establish diplomatic relations with other countries.^[15] Since then, both the Cook Islands and Niue have been allowed to attend UN-sponsored conferences open to "all States" as well as sign and ratify UN treaties open to "non-member states".

New Zealand has formally allowed the Cook Islands to independently conduct its own foreign affairs since 6 April 2001.^[16] Niue was granted this power in 2007.^[17]

The Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs records that in 1988 "New Zealand stated that its future participation in international agreements would no longer extend to" Niue and the Cook Islands.^[18] The Cook Islands and Niue were granted membership of UNESCO by 1993 and of the World Health Organization by 1994. Also by 1994, the UN Secretariat had "recognized the full treaty-making capacity ... of Niue".^[18] As of 2022, the Cook Islands, Kosovo, and Niue are the only state parties that participate in UN specialised agencies, but which are not member states of the UN nor observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. Additionally, the Republic of China on Taiwan participated in the World Health Assembly as Chinese Taipei from 2009 to 2016.

In September 2022, the United States announced its recognition of the Cook Islands and Niue as sovereign states during President Biden's Summit with Pacific Islands Countries (PIC) Leaders in Washington, D.C.^[19] In September 2023, recognition was declared and diplomatic relations were established.^[20][21] The United States also announced it intends to open an embassy in the Cook Islands and an embassy in Niue in 2024.^[22]

Positions taken by states

Main articles: Foreign relations of the Cook Islands and Foreign relations of Niue

States with which the Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations

Relations of the Cook Islands and Niue

Status of the Cook Islands' and Niue's diplomatic outreach   Cook Islands and Niue   Maintain relations with both   Maintain relations with the Cook Islands only   No relations
State	Cook Islands	Niue
Malaysia	2 May 1992[23]	30 January 1996[23]
New Zealand	1993[24]	2 August 1993[25]
Australia	1994[26]	27 February 2014[27]
Nauru	1994[26]	9 January 2004 or before[28]
Papua New Guinea	1995[26]	9 December 2014[29]
China[30]	25 July 1997[31]	12 December 2007[32][33]
India	May 1998[34][35]	30 August 2012[36]
Fiji	14 July 1998[37]	7 November 2023[38]
France	19 October 1999[39]	15 January 2012 or before[40][41][42]
Cuba	2 September 2002[43]	5 September 2014[44]
Italy	9 October 2003[45]	12 September 2015[46]
Thailand	24 May 2005[47]	27 August 2013[48][49]
Israel	April 2008[50]	1 August 2023[51]
Turkey	28 October 2008[52][53]	7 June 2014[53]
Switzerland	7 March 2011[54]	9 August 2023[55]
Japan	16 June 2011[56]	4 August 2015[57]
Philippines	12 December 2011[58]	27 September 2022[59]
Singapore	6 August 2012[60]	6 August 2012[60]
South Korea	22 February 2013[61]	29 May 2023[62]
Samoa	30 August 2013[63]	June 2014 or before[64]
Tuvalu	August 2013[65]	11 July 2022[66]
Marshall Islands	3 September 2013[67]	30 August 2024[68]
Kosovo[69]	18 May 2015[70][71]	23 June 2015[72]
Brazil	21 August 2015[73]	2 September 2016[74]
Chile	3 August 2016[75]	6 July 2021[76]
Peru	September 2017[77]	13 July 2020[78]
Indonesia	12 July 2019[79]	12 July 2019[79]
Canada	20 May 2023[80]	12 September 2023[81]
United States	25 September 2023[82]	25 September 2023[83]
Norway	18 July 1991[84]	No relations
Portugal	12 August 1995[85]
South Africa	9 February 1996[86]
Iran	1996[24]
Spain	29 January 1998[87]
Holy See (Vatican City)	29 April 1999[88]
Germany	11 September 2001[89]
Timor-Leste	2002[24]
Jamaica	14 May 2003[90]
Belgium	6 April 2005[91]
Czechia	12 May 2008[92]
Netherlands	16 August 2011[93]
Solomon Islands	1 September 2013[94]
Kiribati	3 September 2013[67]
Palau	3 September 2013[67]
Vanuatu	2013[24]
Micronesia	24 September 2014[95]
Tonga	18 November 2014[96]
Malta	6 October 2017[97]
Iceland	13 October 2017[98]
Antigua and Barbuda	9 November 2017[99]
United Arab Emirates	5 August 2018[100]
Estonia	25 August 2018[101]
Hungary	20 September 2018[102]
Greece	20 October 2018[103]
Kuwait	8 December 2021[104]
Vietnam	26 April 2022[105]
Ireland	21 November 2022[106]
Saudi Arabia	11 April 2023[107]
Ghana	8 November 2023[108]
Mexico	21 November 2023[109]
Panama	8 March 2024[110]
Bangladesh	11 April 2024[111]
Ecuador	21 May 2024[112]
Seychelles	31 May 2024[113]
Poland	20 March 2025[114]
Azerbaijan	29 April 2025[115]

State that recognises the Cook Islands and Niue as sovereign states

State	Position	Relations with
		Cook Islands	Niue
United States	Cook Islands In 1980, the Cook Islands–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty was signed. The United States recognised the ability of the Cook Islands to negotiate a treaty on its own only after consulting the New Zealand government regarding the exact status of the Cook Islands. In response to the United States' request the New Zealand government confirmed "the competence of the Cook Islands Government to undertake the obligations and exercise the rights under the draft [bilateral] treaty".[116] Consequently, the United States signed a bilateral treaty with the Cook Islands recognizing the latter's sovereignty over the islands subject to the said treaty and its treaty-making power.[116] The Cook Islands and the United States have maintained consular relations since 1995.[117] As of 2011, the State Department included the Cook Islands under the sovereignty of New Zealand in its list of "Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty".[118] As of 2014, The World Factbook listed the Cook Islands as a "self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand".[119] As of 2023, both the State Department and The World Factbook consider the Cook Islands as an independent state.[120][121] In September 2022, the United States announced its intention to recognise the Cook Islands as a sovereign state during President Biden's Summit with Pacific Islands Countries (PIC) Leaders in Washington, D.C.[122][19] In September 2023, recognition was declared and diplomatic relations were established.[123][124] The United States also announced it intends to open an embassy in the Cook Islands in 2024.[22] Niue In 1997, the United States and Niue signed a maritime boundary treaty that mentioned how "Prior to signing the treaty, the political status of Niue was addressed".[125] As of 2011, the State Department included Niue under the sovereignty of New Zealand in its list of "Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty".[118] As of 2014, The World Factbook listed Niue as a "self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand".[126] As of 2023, both the State Department and The World Factbook consider Niue as an independent state.[120][127] In September 2022, the United States announced its intention to recognise Niue as a sovereign state during President Biden's Summit with Pacific Islands Countries (PIC) Leaders in Washington, D.C.[128][19] In September 2023, recognition was declared and diplomatic relations were established.[129][130] The United States also announced it intends to open an embassy in Niue in 2024.[22]

States that recognise the Cook Islands and Niue as self-governing territories

State	Position	Relations with
		Cook Islands	Niue
France	Though the French Ambassador to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands and Niue, France still describes them as having "no international sovereignty".[131][132]
Israel	On 1 July 1994, Israel and New Zealand signed an agreement establishing diplomatic relations. The document stated:[133] In the cases of the association of New Zealand with the Cook Islands and Niue, the relevant constitution acts provide that, while these territories will be self-governing, 'Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand' will retain responsibility for 'external affairs and defence'. ... It should also be noted, however, that there exist a number of instances of non-independent entities being permitted to participate in international organizations, though this almost only occurs in cases of associate statehood. Israel established diplomatic relations with the Cook Islands in April 2008 and with Niue on 3 August 2023.[50][134]
New Zealand	Cook Islands Further information: Cook Islands–New Zealand relations On 11 June 2001, Helen Clark and Terepai Maoate signed an agreement establishing diplomatic relations between the Cook Islands and New Zealand. The document stated:[135] Any action taken by New Zealand in respect of its constitutional responsibilities for the foreign affairs of the Cook Islands will be taken on the delegated authority, and as an agent or facilitator at the specific request of, the Cook Islands. Section 5 of the Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964 thus records a responsibility to assist the Cook Islands and not a qualification of Cook Islands' statehood. Clark later said that if the Cook Islands wanted to be its own sovereign state, it would first need its own citizenship.[136] New Zealand believes that if the Cook Islands were to become a sovereign state, an independence referendum and constitutional change would occur. The eligibility of New Zealand citizenship would have to change.[135] In 2025, a spokesperson for New Zealand foreign minister Winston Peters stated, "Unlike Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu, the Cook Islands is not a fully independent and sovereign state", unless its status and relationship with New Zealand are changed by referendum.[12] Niue Further information: New Zealand–Niue relations New Zealand has stated that Niue's free association is "a status distinct from that of full independence".[137]

The Cook Islands and Niue as microstates

While their respective relationships with New Zealand, as well as their small size, make them rather unusual states, it has been argued that their status is far from unique. According to Zbigniew Dumienski, both the Cook Islands and Niue can be seen as microstates, which are defined as: "modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." Both the Cook Islands and Niue, as well as such states as Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, and Vatican City, fit into this definition of microstates.^[138]