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List of largest stars

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List of largest stars
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Below are lists of the largest stars currently known, ordered by radius and separated into categories by galaxy. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,700 km; 432,300 mi).[1]

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The Sun, the orbit of Earth, Jupiter, and Neptune, compared to four stars (Pistol Star, Rho Cassiopeiae, Betelgeuse, and VY Canis Majoris)

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Overview

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Although red supergiants are often considered the largest stars, some other star types have been found to temporarily increase significantly in radius, such as during LBV eruptions or luminous red novae. Luminous red novae appear to expand extremely rapidly, reaching thousands to tens of thousands of solar radii within only a few months, significantly larger than the largest red supergiants.[2]

Some studies use models that predict high-accreting Population III or Population I supermassive stars (SMSs) in the very early universe could have evolved "red supergiant protostars". These protostars are thought to have accretion rates larger than the rate of contraction, resulting in lower temperatures but with radii reaching up to many tens of thousands of R, comparable to some of the largest known black holes.[3][4][5]

Angular diameters

The angular diameters of stars can be measured directly using stellar interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only a few supergiants can be occulted by the Moon, including Antares and 119 Tauri. Examples of eclipsing binaries are Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei, and V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Angular diameter measurements can be inconsistent because the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere (opacity) differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed.[citation needed]

Uncertainties remain with the membership and order of the lists, especially when deriving various parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or be within a large range of values. Values for stellar radii vary significantly in different sources and for different observation methods.[6]

All the sizes stated in these lists have inaccuracies and may be disputed. The lists are still a work in progress and parameters are prone to change.

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Caveats

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Various issues exist in determining accurate radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions; these include:

  • Stellar radii or diameters are usually derived only approximately using the Stefan–Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature.
  • Stellar distances, and their errors, for most stars, remain uncertain or poorly determined.
  • Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars. This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii.
  • Other direct methods for determining stellar radii rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems. This is only possible for a very small number of stars.[7]
  • Many distance estimates for red supergiants come from stellar cluster or association membership, because it is difficult to calculate accurate distances for red supergiants that are not part of any cluster or association.
  • In these lists are some examples of extremely distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way. For example, some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or changing their spectral types over just a few months (or potentially years).[8][9]
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Lists

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The following lists show the largest known stars based on the host galaxy.

Milky Way

More information Star name, Solar radius (R☉) ...

Magellanic Clouds

More information Star name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...

Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33) galaxies

More information Star name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...

Other galaxies (within the Local Group)

More information Star name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...

Outside the Local Group (inside the Virgo supercluster)

More information Star name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...

Outside the Virgo supercluster

Note that this list does not include the candidate JWST dark stars, with estimated radii of up to 61 astronomical units (13,000 R)[168] or Quasi-stars, with theoretical models suggesting that they could reach radii of up to 40,700 solar radii (189 au).[169]

More information Star name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...

Transient events

During some transient events, such as red novae or LBV eruptions the star's radius can increase by a significant amount.

More information Star or transient event name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...

SN Progenitors

More information Star or supernova name, Solar radii (Sun = 1) ...
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Largest stars by apparent size

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The following list include the largest stars by their apparent size (angular diameter) as seen from Earth. The unit of measurement is the milliarcsecond (mas), equivalent to 10×10−3 arcseconds. Stars with angular diameters larger than 13 milliarcseconds are included.

More information Name, Angular diameter (mas) ...
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See also

Notes

  1. Methods for calculating the radius:
  2. At the J2000 epoch
  3. Using an angular diameter of 7.8±0.64 milliarcseconds[24] and a distance of 1610+130
    −110
     parsecs.
    [25]
  4. Using an angular diameter of 14.11±0.6 milliarcseconds[31] and a distance of 940+140
    −40
     parsecs.
  5. Luminosities are calculated using the apparent bolometric magnitude and distances in the following equation:
    100.4  (4.74(mbol+55  log(dist)))
  6. Calculated using a distance of 432 parsecs and an angular diameter of 2.31 milliarcseconds.
  7. Legend:
    UD=Uniform disk diameter
    LD=Limb-darkened diameter
    Ross=Rosseland diameter
    Est = Estimated using distance and physical radius
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References

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