Notes

All Blacks would be counted in 1870, whether or not they were citizens.
Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature, but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best, and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there. See Jackson, Ed; Pou, Charles. "This Day in Georgia History: March 28". Today in Georgia History. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009.; cf. Rufus Bullock.
Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans, the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the Civil Rights Act of 1957.^[291]

Citations

[1]
"The First Vote" by William Waud Archived February 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Harpers Weekly Nov. 16, 1867
[2]
"History & Culture - Reconstruction Era National Historical Park". U.S. National Park Service. www.nps.gov. February 24, 2023.
[3]
Rodrigue, John C. (2001). Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8071-5263-8.
[4]
Lynn, Samara; Thorbecke, Catherine (September 27, 2020). "What America owes: How reparations would look and who would pay". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
[5]
Guelzo (2018), pp. 11–12; Foner (2019), p. 198.
[6]
Parfait (2009).
[7]
Harlow, Luke E. (March 2017). "The Future of Reconstruction Studies". Journal of the Civil War Era. 7 (1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press: 3–6. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0001. ISSN 2159-9807. JSTOR 26070478. S2CID 164628161. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
[8]
Foner (1988), p. xxv.
[9]
Stazak, Luke; Masur, Kate; Williams, Heather Andrea; Downs, Gregory P.; Glymph, Thavolia; Hahn, Steven; Foner, Eric (January 2015). "Eric Foner's 'Reconstruction' at Twenty-five". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 14 (1). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 13–27. doi:10.1017/S1537781414000516. JSTOR 43903055. S2CID 162391933. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022 – via JSTOR. Reconstruction is almost literally a landmark. It defines the territory.
[10]
Downs, Gregory; Masur, Kate (2017). The Reconstruction Era 1861–1900 (PDF). National Park Service: The National Historic Landmarks Program. pp. 3–4, 91.
[11]
"Nov. 7, 1861: The Port Royal Experiment Initiated". Zinn Education Project. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
[12]
"Reconstruction Era National Historical Park". National Park Service History Electronic Library & Archive. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
[13]
Brundage, Fitzhugh (March 2017). "Reconstruction in the South". Journal of the Civil War Era. 7 (1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0002. S2CID 159753820. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
[14]
First Inaugural Address—Final Text, March 4, 1861
[15]
Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress, April 15, 1861
[16]
Text of Emancipation Proclamation
[17]
Jones (2010), p. 72.
[18]
Hunter (1997), p. 21-73.
[19]
Downs (2012), p. 41.
[20]
Goldin, Claudia D.; Lewis, Frank D. (June 1975). "The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications" (PDF). The Journal of Economic History. 35 (2). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 299–326. doi:10.1017/S0022050700075070. JSTOR 2119410. S2CID 18760067. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019.
[21]
Blight, David W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674022096.
[22]
Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy". Civil War History. 54 (1): 35–62. doi:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007.
[23]
McPherson (1992), p. 38.
[24]
Hesseltine, William B. (1936). A History of the South, 1607–1936. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 573–574. OCLC 477679 – via Archive.org.
[25]
Ezell, John Samuel. 1963. The South Since 1865. pp. 27–28.
[26]
Lash, Jeffrey N. (1993). "Civil War Irony: Confederate Commanders and the Destruction of Southern Railways". Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives. 25 (1): 35–47.
[27]
Ransom, Roger L. (February 1, 2010). "The Economics of the Civil War". Economic History Services. Archived from the original on December 13, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2010. Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860.
[28]
Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877". Journal of Southern History. 27 (3): 305–329. doi:10.2307/2205211. JSTOR 2205211.
[29]
Trelease, Allen W. (August 1976). "Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina: A Roll-call Analysis of the State House of Representatives, 1866–1870". Journal of Southern History. 42 (3): 319–344. doi:10.2307/2207155. JSTOR 2207155.
[30]
Foner, Eric (Winter 2009). "If Lincoln hadn't died ..." American Heritage Magazine. 58 (6). Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
[31]
Harris (1997), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[32]
Simpson (2009), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[33]
New Georgia Encyclopedia Archived December 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
[34]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 26.
[35]
"The Second Inaugural Address". The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 284, no. 3. September 1999. p. 60. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
[36]
McPherson (1992), p. 6.
[37]
Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 699. ISBN 978-1-85109-774-6.
[38]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ^{[page needed]}.
[39]
Trefousse (1989), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[40]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 26–27.
[41]
Conklin, Forrest (1993). "'Wiping Out' Andy" Johnson's Moccasin Tracks: The Canvass of Northern States By Southern Radicals, 1866". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 52 (2): 122–133. JSTOR 42627061. OCLC 9973918681.
[42]
Valelly, Richard M. (2004). The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-226-84530-2 – via Google Books.
[43]
Trefousse, Hans L. (1975). The Radical Republicans. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807101698.
[44]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 28–29.
[45]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 29.
[46]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 30.
[47]
Hyman, Harold (1959). To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 93. doi:10.2307/jj.8306230. ISBN 978-0-520-34566-9. JSTOR jj.8306230. OCLC 421583. S2CID 265454373.
[48]
Foner (1988), pp. 273–276.
[49]
Severance, Benjamin Horton (2002). Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction (PhD thesis). University of Tennessee. p. 59.
[50]
Foner 1988, p. 223.
[51]
Gienapp, William (2002). Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: a biography. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780195150995.
[52]
Patton (1934), p. 126.
[53]
Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey, August 1865; quoted in Franklin (1961), p. 42.
[54]
Donald, David Herbert (1970). Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man. New York: Knopf. p. 201. ISBN 9780394418995 – via Google Books.
[55]
Ayers, Edward L. (2007). The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (15th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN 9780199724550 – via Archive.org.
[56]
Anderson (1988), pp. 244–245.
[57]
Randall & Donald (2016), p. 581.
[58]
Foner, Eric (1993). Freedom's lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195074062.
[59]
DuBois, Ellen (1978). Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women's movement in America, 1848–1869. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801410437. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctvv411tt.
[60]
Feldman, Glenn (2004). The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780820326153.
[61]
25 U.S.C. Sec. 72.
[62]
"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012 – via USCode.House.gov.
[63]
Perry, Dan W. (March 1936). "Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 14 (1). Oklahoma Historical Society: 30. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
[64]
Cimbala, Paul A.; Miller, Randall M. (2002). An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front. North's Civil War (1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 285, 305. ISBN 9780823221950 – via Google Books.
[65]
Wagner, Gallagher & McPherson (2002), pp. 735–736.
[66]
Williams, Frank J. (2006). "'Doing Less' and 'Doing More': The President and the Proclamation Legally, Militarily, Politically". The Emancipation Proclamation : three views (social, political, iconographic). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 54–59. ISBN 9780807155486.
[67]
Guelzo (1999), pp. 290–291.
[68]
Trefousse, Hans L. (1991). Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. viiii. ISBN 9780313258626.
[69]
"Abraham Lincoln". Blue and Gray Trail. Archived from the original on July 19, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
[70]
Guelzo (1999), pp. 333–335.
[71]
Catton, Bruce (1963). Terrible Swift Sword. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Doubleday. pp. 365–367, 461–468. ISBN 9780307833068. OCLC 2158762.
[72]
Guelzo (1999), p. 390.
[73]
Hall, Clifton R. (1916). Andrew Johnson: military governor of Tennessee. Princeton University Press. p. 19. OCLC 259055353. Retrieved July 24, 2010 – via Archive.org.
[74]
Warner, Ezra J. (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807108222.
[75]
Guelzo (2004), p. 1.
[76]
Downs (2012), p. 47.
[77]
Stauffer (2008), p. 279.
[78]
Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). Lincoln in American Memory. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–41. ISBN 9780195065701.
[79]
McCarthy, Charles H. (1901). Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co. p. 76. OCLC 4672039 – via Project Gutenberg.
[80]
Stauffer (2008), p. 280.
[81]
Harris, J. William (2006). The Making of the American South: A Short History 1500–1877. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240. doi:10.1002/9780470773338. ISBN 9780631209638.
[82]
Edwards, Laura F. (1997). Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-252-02297-5.
[83]
Hunter (1997), p. 34.
[84]
Mikkelson, Barbara (May 27, 2011). "'Black Tax' Credit". Snopes.
[85]
Zebley, Kathleen (October 8, 2017). "Freedmen's Bureau". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
[86]
Belz, Herman (1998). Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era. North's Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 138, 141, 145. ISBN 9780823217694.
[87]
Rawley, James A. (2003). Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780803289949.
[88]
McFeely (2002), pp. 198–207.
[89]
Smith, John David (2013). A Just and Lasting Peace: A Documentary History of Reconstruction. Penguin. p. 17. ISBN 9781101617465.
[90]
McKitrick, Eric L. (1988). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780195057072 – via Archive.org.
[91]
Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (1981). American History After 1865. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3. ISBN 9780822600275.
[92]
Lincove, David A. (2000). Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 80. ISBN 9780313291999. citing Randall, J. G.; Current, Richard N. (1955). Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. OCLC 5852442.
[93]
McFeely (1974), p. 125.
[94]
Barney (1987), p. 245.
[95]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), ch. 31.
[96]
Oberholtzer (1917), pp. 128–129.
[97]
Donald, Baker & Holt (2001), p. 527.
[98]
Hunter (1997), p. 67.
[99]
Barney (1987), pp. 251, 284–286.
[100]
Schurz, Carl (December 1865). Report on the Condition of the South (Report). U.S. Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st session. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
[101]
Hunter (1997).
[102]
Blackmon, Douglas A. (2009). Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York: Anchor Books. p. 16. ISBN 9780385722704.
[103]
Edwards, Laura F. (1997). Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-252-02297-5.
[104]
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010). Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780823234943.
[105]
Jones (2010), p. 70.
[106]
Schouler, James (1913). History of the United States of America under the Constitution. Vol. 7: The Reconstruction Period (Revised ed.). New York: Kraus Reprints. pp. 43–57. OCLC 1540160. Retrieved July 3, 2010 – via Archive.org.
[107]
Rhodes (1920), v. 6: pp. 65–66.
[108]
"The Freedman's Bureau, 1866". America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War. Digital History Project, University of Houston. image 11 of 40. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2006.
[109]
Rhodes (1920), v. 6: p. 68.
[110]
Foner (2014b), pp. 224–227.
[111]
Teed, Paul E.; Ladd Teed, Melissa (2015). Reconstruction: A Reference Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 51, 174 ff. ISBN 978-1-61069-533-6.. Foner (1988) entitles his sixth chapter "The Making of Radical Reconstruction". Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues, in: Benedict, Michael Les (1974). "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction". Journal of American History. 61 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/1918254. JSTOR 1918254.
[112]
Kolchin, Peter (1967). "The Business Press and Reconstruction, 1865–1868". Journal of Southern History. 33 (2): 183–196. doi:10.2307/2204965. JSTOR 2204965.
[113]
Pope, James Gray (Spring 2014). "Snubbed landmark: Why United States v. Cruikshank (1876) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon" (PDF). Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review. 49 (2): 385–447. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
[114]
Greene, Jamal (November 2012). "Thirteenth Amendment optimism". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7): 1733–1768. JSTOR 41708163. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. PDF version.
[115]
"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". American Memory. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
[116]
28 U.S.C. § 2254.
[117]
Foner (1988), ch. 6.
[118]
Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868, Wheeling: John Frew, 1868, p. 10 – via Google Books
[119]
Phillips, Christopher (2016). The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780199720170.
[120]
Chin, Gabriel Jackson (September 14, 2004). "The 'Voting Rights Act of 1867': The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction". North Carolina Law Review. 82 (5): 1581. SSRN 589301.
[121]
Foner (1988), ch. 6–7.
[122]
Foner (1988), pp. 274–275.
[123]
Campbell, Randolph B. (2003). Gone to Texas: a history of the Lone Star State. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-19-513842-9.
[124]
Rhodes (1920), v. 6: p. 199.
[125]
Foner (1988), pp. 316–333.
[126]
Hume, Richard L.; Gough, Jerry B. (2008). Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807133248.
[127]
Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Heersink, Boris (June 4, 2016). Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880 (PDF). 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2016.
[128]
Foner (1988), pp. 323–325.
[129]
Summers (2014a), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[130]
Tyack, David; Lowe, Robert (1986). "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South". American Journal of Education. 94 (2): 236–256. doi:10.1086/443844. JSTOR 1084950. S2CID 143849662.
[131]
Cooper, William J. Jr.; Terrill, Thomas E. (2009). The American South: A History (4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-7425-6450-3.
[132]
Zuczek (2006), Vol. 2 p. 635.
[133]
Foner (1988), p. 324.
[134]
Perman (1985), pp. 36–37.
[135]
Gillette, William (1982). Retreat from reconstruction: 1869–1879. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780807110065.
[136]
Zuczek (2006), Vol. 1 p. 323; Vol. 2 pp. 645, 698.
[137]
Summers (2014), pp. 160–161.
[138]
Smith (2001), pp. 455–457.
[139]
Calhoun (2017), pp. 41–42.
[140]
Simpson, Brooks D. (1999). "Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen's Bureau". In Cimbala, Paul A. & Miller, Randall M. (eds.). The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations (1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 9780823219346.
[141]
Smith (2001), pp. 437–453, 458–460.
[142]
Montgomery, David (1967). Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 130–133. ISBN 9780252008696. Retrieved October 9, 2020 – via Google Books.
[143]
Gleeson, David (2016). "Failing to 'unite with the abolitionists': the Irish Nationalist Press and U.S. emancipation". Slavery & Abolition. 37 (3): 622–637. doi:10.1080/0144039x.2016.1208911. ISSN 0144-039X.
[144]
Knight, Matthew (2017). "The Irish Republic: Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood". Éire-Ireland. 52 (3 & 4). Irish-American Cultural Institute: 252–271. doi:10.1353/eir.2017.0029. S2CID 159525524. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
[145]
Yanoso, Nicole Anderson (2017). The Irish and the American Presidency. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–80. ISBN 9781351480635.
[146]
Simon (2002), p. 245.
[147]
Peters & Woolley (2018b).
[148]
Smith (2001), p. 461.
[149]
Calhoun (2017), p. 55.
[150]
Foner (2014a), pp. 243–244.
[151]
McFeely (2002), p. 284.
[152]
White (2016), p. 471.
[153]
Kahan (2018), p. 61.
[154]
Brands, H. W. (2013). The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 463–479. ISBN 9780307475152.
[155]
Simon, John Y. (1967). Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 19. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. xiii. ISBN 9780809319640.
[156]
Osborne & Bombaro (2015), pp. 6, 12, 54.
[157]
Chernow (2017), p. 629.
[158]
Chernow (2017), p. 628.
[159]
Simon (2002).
[160]
Brands (2012), pp. 435, 465; Chernow (2017), pp. 686–687; Simon (2002), p. 247.
[161]
Brands (2012), p. 465.
[162]
Simon (2002), p. 246.
[163]
Simon (2002), pp. 247–248.
[164]
Smith (2001), pp. 543–545.
[165]
Brands (2012), p. 474.
[166]
Kaczorowski (1995).
[167]
Kahan (2018), pp. 64–65; Calhoun (2017), pp. 317–319.
[168]
Smith (2001), pp. 545–546; White (2016), p. 521.
[169]
Simon (2002), p. 248.
[170]
Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States February 19, 1872. January 31, 1872. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
[171]
Kahan (2018), p. 66.
[172]
Smith (2001), p. 547.
[173]
Calhoun (2017), p. 324.
[174]
Smith (2001), pp. 547–548.
[175]
Foner (2019), pp. 120–122.
[176]
Kahan (2018), p. 122.
[177]
Wang (1997), p. 102; Kaczorowski (1995), p. 182.
[178]
Chernow (2017), p. 746.
[179]
Kahan (2018), pp. 67–68; Chernow (2017), pp. 746.
[180]
Chernow (2017), p. 795.
[181]
Calhoun (2017), p. 479.
[182]
Quigley, David (January 2008). "Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 1870–1894". Journal of Policy History. 20 (1): 64–75. doi:10.1353/jph.0.0001. S2CID 153347617.
[183]
Blair (2005), p. 400.
[184]
McPherson (1992), p. 19.
[185]
Willis, John C. "America's Civil War: Date of Secession Compared to 1860 Black Population". Sewanee: The University of the South. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
[186]
Foner (1988), ch. 7.
[187]
Foner (1993), introduction.
[188]
Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation under Our Feet. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
[189]
"Table I. Population of the United States (by States and Territories) in the Aggregate and as White, Colored, Free Colored, Slave, Chinese, and Indian, at Each Census" (PDF). Population by States and Territories – 1790–1870. United States Census Bureau. 1872. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2007. The complete 1870 census documents are available from Census.gov Archived October 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
[190]
Foner, Eric (January 31, 2018). "South Carolina's Forgotten Black Political Revolution". Slate. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
[191]
Foner (1988), pp. 354–355.
[192]
Stowell (1998), pp. 83–84.
[193]
Walker, Clarence Earl (1982). A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807108833.
[194]
Sweet (1914), p. 157.
[195]
Grant, Donald Lee (1993). The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia. University of Georgia Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8203-2329-9.
[196]
Foner (1988), p. 93.
[197]
Morrow (1954), p. 202.
[198]
Morrow, Ralph Ernest (1956). Northern Methodism and Reconstruction. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. OCLC 301551.
[199]
Stowell (1998), pp. 30–31.
[200]
Clark, Robert D. (1956). The Life of Matthew Simpson. New York: Macmillan. pp. 245–267. OCLC 852504.
[201]
Norwood, Fredrick A., ed. (1982). Sourcebook of American Methodism. Nashville: Abingdon. p. 323. ISBN 9780687391400 – via Archive.org.
[202]
Sweet (1914), p. 161.
[203]
Howard, Victor B. (1990). Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 212–213. ISBN 9780813117027. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2024 – via University of Kentucky.
[204]
Morrow (1954), p. 205.
[205]
Fallin, Wilson Jr. (2007). Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama. Religion and American culture. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780817380304 – via Archive.org.
[206]
Anderson (1988), p. 4.
[207]
Anderson (1988), pp. 6–15.
[208]
Vaughn, William Preston (2015). Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813155326.
[209]
Foner (1988), pp. 365–368.
[210]
Franklin (1961), p. 139.
[211]
Lynch (1913), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[212]
Mayberry, B. D. (1992). A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University, 1890–1990. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533095100.
[213]
Logan, Trevon D. (2020). "Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction". The Journal of Economic History. 80 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000755. ISSN 0022-0507.
[214]
Foner (1988), p. 387.
[215]
Franklin (1961), pp. 141–148.
[216]
Stover (1955).
[217]
Franklin (1961), pp. 147–148.
[218]
Foner (1988), p. 375.
[219]
Foner (1988), p. 376.
[220]
Foner (1988), pp. 415–416.
[221]
Schell, Herbert S. (1930). "Hugh McCulloch and the Treasury Department, 1865–1869". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 17 (3): 404–421. doi:10.2307/1893078. JSTOR 1893078.
[222]
For an econometric approach, see: Ohanian, Lee E. (2018). The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: Taxes, Inflation, and Deficit Finance. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780815349662.
[223]
Myers, Margaret G. (1970). A financial history of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 174–196. ISBN 9780231024426 – via Archive.org.
[224]
Studenski, Paul; Kroos, Herman E. (1963). Financial History of the United States (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 492589832 – via Archive.org.
[225]
Unger, Irwin (1964). The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance 1865–1879. Princeton University Press. OCLC 859833035 – via Archive.org.
[226]
Sharkey, Robert P. (1967). Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC 1458620 – via Archive.org.
[227]
Franklin (1961), pp. 168–173.
[228]
Steedman, Marek D. (Spring 2009). "Resistance, Rebirth, and Redemption: The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana". Historical Reflections. 35 (1): 97–113. doi:10.3167/hrrh2009.350106.
[229]
Fleming, Walter L. (1919). The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States. Chronicles of America series. Vol. 32. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780554271941 – via Archive.org.
[230]
Perman (1985), p. 6.
[231]
Williams (1946).
[232]
Fleming (1906–1907), Vol. II, p. 328.
[233]
Fleming (1906–1907), Vol. II, pp. 328–329.
[234]
Oberholtzer (1917), p. 485.
[235]
McFeely (2002), pp. 420–422.
[236]
Schuckers, J. W. (1874). The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase. New York, D. Appleton and Company. p. 585 – via Archive.org.; letter of May 30, 1868 to August Belmont.
[237]
McPherson (1875), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[238]
Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. (2007). Encyclopedia of American Journalism. London: Routledge. p. 441. ISBN 9780415969505.
[239]
Abbott, Richard H. (2004). For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820325279.
[240]
Woodward, Earl F. (1971). "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 30 (4): 315–336. doi:10.2307/40038083. JSTOR 40038083.
[241]
Foner (1988), p. 537–541.
[242]
Foner (1988), pp. 374–375.
[243]
Lynch (1913), pp. 107–108.
[244]
Lynch (1913), pp. 108–109.
[245]
Perman (1985), ch. 3.
[246]
Foner (1988), pp. 374–376.
[247]
Foner (1988), pp. 440–441.
[248]
Foner 1988, p. 443.
[249]
Foner (1988), pp. 545–547.
[250]
Lemann (2007), pp. 15–21.
[251]
US Senate Journal, January 13, 1875, pp. 106–107.
[252]
Alexander, Danielle (January–February 2004). "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction". Humanities. 25 (1). Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
[253]
Foner, pp. 555–556, Which source?.
[254]
Rable, George C. (1984). But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780820307107.
[255]
Foner (1988), p. 606.
[256]
Lemann (2007), p. 174.
[257]
Chacón, Mario L.; Jensen, Jeffrey L. (2020). "Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction". World Politics. 72: 1–46. doi:10.1017/S0043887119000157. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 211320983.
[258]
Foner (1988), p. 604.
[259]
"Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877". HarpWeek. Archived from the original on January 24, 2001. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
[260]
Woodward (1966), pp. 3–15.
[261]
Painter, Nell Irvin (1976). Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393009514.
[262]
Moore, James T. (May 1975). "Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia, 1879–1883". Journal of Southern History. 41 (2): 167–186. doi:10.2307/2206012. JSTOR 2206012.
[263]
"Reconstruction". History.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
[264]
Green, Fletcher M. (November 1936). "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction". Journal of Southern History. 2 (4): 497–521. doi:10.2307/2192035. JSTOR 2192035.
[265]
Harlan, Louis R. (1988). Smock, Raymond (ed.). Booker T. Washington in Perspective. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 164. ISBN 9780878053742.
[266]
Taylor, A. A. (January 1938). "Historians of the Reconstruction". The Journal of Negro History. 23 (1): 16–34. doi:10.2307/2714704. JSTOR 2714704. S2CID 150066533.
[267]
Williams (1946), p. 473.
[268]
Beale, Howard K. (1958). The Critical Year; A study of Andrew Johnson and reconstruction. New York: F. Ungar. p. 147. OCLC 458675179 – via Archive.org.
[269]
Tulloch, Hugh (1999). The Debate on the American Civil War Era. Manchester University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-7190-4938-5.
[270]
Charles, Allan D. (1983). "Howard K Beale". In Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.). Twentieth-century American Historians. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 32–38. ISBN 9780810311442.
[271]
Stampp & Litwack (1969), pp. 85–106.
[272]
Montgomery (1967), pp. vii–ix.
[273]
Beard, Charles A. & Beard, Mary R. (1927). The Rise of American Civilization. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan. p. 54 – via Archive.org.
[274]
Hofstadter, Richard (2012) [1968]. Progressive Historians. Knopf Doubleday. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-307-80960-5.
[275]
Hesseltine, William B. (1935). "Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 22 (2): 191–210. doi:10.2307/1898466. JSTOR 1898466.
[276]
Hesseltine, William B. (1936). A History Of The South 1607 1936. pp. 578, 640.
[277]
Coben, Stanley (1959). "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 46 (1): 67–90. doi:10.2307/1892388. JSTOR 1892388.
[278]
Pressly, Thomas J. (1961). "Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (review)". Civil War History. 7: 91–92. doi:10.1353/cwh.1961.0063. S2CID 144355361.
[279]
Montgomery, David (1961). "Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania, 1866–1873". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 85 (4): 439–457. JSTOR 20089450.
[280]
Foner (1982), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[281]
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company – via Archive.org.
[282]
Jones, Martha S. (January 7, 2022). "Nine decades later, W.E.B. Du Bois's work faces familiar criticisms". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
[283]
Williams (1946), p. 469.
[284]
Foner (1988), p. xxii.
[285]
Feldman, Glenn (2004). The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 9780820326153.
[286]
Pildes, Richard H. (2000). "Democracy, Anti-democracy, and the Canon". Constitutional Commentary. 17: 27. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
[287]
McPherson, James M. (1978). "The Dimensions of Change: The First and Second Reconstructions". The Wilson Quarterly. 2 (2): 135–144 – via JSTOR.
[288]
Codrington III, Wilfred (July 20, 2020). "The United States Needs a Third Reconstruction". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
[289]
Foner & 1990 (255).
[290]
Foner 1990, p. 256: Foner adds: "What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the accomplishments that endured."
[291]
McFeely (2002), pp. 372–373, 424, 425.
[292]
Baker, Bruce E. (2007). What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813926605.
[293]
Brown (2008), p. ^{[page needed]}.
[294]
Foner, Eric (2017). Give me liberty! : an American history. volume 2, From 1865 (Brief 5th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. C. ISBN 9780393603408. OCLC 1019904631.
[295]
Burton, Orville Vernon (2007). The Age of Lincoln (1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. p. 312. ISBN 9780809095131.
[296]
Locks, Catherine; Mergel, Sarah; Roseman, Pamela; Spike, Tamara; Lasseter, Marie (October 1, 2013). "History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877". History Open Textbooks. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
[297]
Locke, Joseph L.; Wright, Ben (2022). The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook. Stanford University Press. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
[298]
Watson, Harry L. (2018). Building the American Republic. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
[299]
Whaples, Robert (March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (1): 139–154. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040602. JSTOR 2123771. S2CID 145691938.
[300]
Burton, Vernon (2006). "Civil War and Reconstruction". In Barney, William L. (ed.). A Companion to 19th-century America. pp. 54–56.
[301]
Etcheson, Nicole (June 2009). "Reconstruction and the Making of a Free-Labor South". Reviews in American History. 37 (2): 236–242. doi:10.1353/rah.0.0101. S2CID 146573684.
[302]
Frisby, Derek W. (2010). "A Victory Spoiled: West Tennessee Unionists During Reconstruction". In Cimbala, Paul (ed.). The Great Task Remaining Before Us: Reconstruction as America's Continuing Civil War. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780823232024.
[303]
Zuczek (2006), Vol. 1 pp. 20, 22.
[304]
Foner (1988), p. 604 reprinted in: Couvares, Francis G.; et al., eds. (2000). Interpretations of American History Vol. I Through Reconstruction (7th ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-684-86773-1.
[305]
Gordon-Reed, Annette (October 26, 2015). "What If Reconstruction Hadn't Failed?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
[306]
Summers (2014), p. 4.
[307]
Mixon, Wayne (1977). "Joel Chandler Harris, the Yeoman Tradition, and the New South Movement". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 61 (4): 308–317. JSTOR 40580412.
[308]
Bloomfield, Maxwell (1964). "Dixon's The Leopard's Spots: A Study in Popular Racism". American Quarterly. 16 (3): 387–401. doi:10.2307/2710931. JSTOR 2710931. Archived from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
[309]
Gardner, Sarah E. (2006). Blood and Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861–1937. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 128–130. ISBN 9780807857670.
[310]
Ruppersburg, Hugh; Dobbs, Chris (2017). "Gone With the Wind (Film)". New Georgia Encyclopedia.
[311]
Greene, Robert II (August 13, 2019). "Henry Louis Gates Jr. and the Long Arc of Reconstruction". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
[312]
Foner, Eric (2016). ""Epilogue" in The Reconstruction Era: Official National Park Service Handbook". Eastern National Publishing.
[313]
Waxman, Olivia B. (January 12, 2022). "Why It Matters That U.S. Schools Are Failing to Teach the Reconstruction Period". Time. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
[314]
Rosado, Ana; Cohn-Postar, Gideon; Eisen, Mimi (2022). "Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction". Teach Reconstruction Report. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
[315]
Barber, Benjamin (February 17, 2022). "The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history". Facing South. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.