Tera language

Tera is a Chadic dialect cluster spoken in north-eastern Nigeria in the north and eastern parts of Gombe State and Borno State.^[2] Blench (2006) believes Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect is a separate language.^[3]

Tera
Nyimalti
Region	Nigeria
Native speakers	(101,000 cited 2000)[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Chadic Biu–Mandara Tera languages (A.1) Tera
Dialects	Pidlimdi (Kurba, Hinna and Deba)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ttr
Glottolog	tera1251
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Varieties

Blench lists these language varieties as part of the Tera language cluster.^[4]

• Nyimatli
• Pidlimdi
• Bura Kokura

Phonology

Consonants^[5]

		Labial				Alveolar				Post-al. /Palatal		Velar				Glottal
		plain		palatal.		central		lateral				plain		labial.
Nasal			m		mʲ		n				ɲ		ŋ
Stop1	plain	p	b			t2	d2			tʃ2	dʒ2	k	ɡ	kʷ	ɡʷ
	prenasal.		ᵐb				ⁿd				ᶮdʒ		ᵑɡ		ᵑɡʷ
	implosive		ɓ		ɓʲ		ɗ						ɠ
Fricative		f	v	fʲ	vʲ	s	z	ɬ	ɮ	ʃ	ʒ	x	ɣ	xʷ	ɣʷ	h3
Approximant	plain								l		j				w
	glottal.										jˀ4
Trill							r

^1 Voiceless plosives are lightly aspirated but unreleased before another consonant.^[6]

^2 /t/ and /d/ formally had /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ respectively as allophones but the two pairs have split; however, the alveolar plosives never precede front vowels and the postalveolar affricates rarely precede anything but front vowels.^[6]

^3 /h/ is a relatively new phoneme, appearing in loanwords from English and Hausa.^[6]

^4 /jˀ/ derives from a /ɗʲ/ that has lost its alveolar contact while retaining the palatal and glottal action.^[6]

Monophthongs of Tera, from Tench (2007:230)

Diphthongs of Tera, from Tench (2007:231)

Vowels^[7]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː	ɨ	u uː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

• The mid vowels /e, eː, o, oː/ are true-mid [e̞, e̞ː, o̞, o̞ː].^[7]
• The open vowels /a, aː/ are central [ä, äː].^[7]

Vowel length contrasts are neutralized in monosyllabic words with no coda consonants.^[7]

All vowels but /a/ and /aː/ are more open in closed syllables such as in [ɮɛp] ('to plait') and [xʊ́r] ('to cook soup'). /a/ and /aː/ tend to be fronted to [æ, æː] when following palatalized consonants.^[8]

Diphthongs, which have the same length as long vowels, consist of a non-high vowel and a high vowel:^[8]

Diphthong	Example	Orthography	Gloss
/eu/	/ɓeu/	ɓeu	'sour'
/oi/	/woi/	woi	'child'
/ai/	/ɣài/	ghai	'town'
/au/	/ɮàu/	dlau	'sickle'

• Phonetically, these diphthongs are [e̞ʊ, o̞ɪ, ɐɪ, ɐʊ].^[8]

Tone

Tera is a tonal language, distinguishing high, mid and low tone. Tone is not indicated orthographically since no minimal trios exist; minimal pairs can be distinguished by context.^[9]

Orthography

The first publication in Tera was Labar Mbarkandu nu Yohanna Bula Ki, a translation of the Gospel of John, which established an orthographic system. In 2004, this orthographic system was revised.^[2]