Timeline of the Jurchens

See also: Timeline of the Khitans, Timeline of the Tanguts, and Timeline of the Qing dynasty

This is a timeline of the Jurchens.

Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Mongol Conquest of Jin (1211–1234)

Ethnic map of northeast Asia prior to Jurchen unification into the Manchu people (early 17th century)

7th century

Year	Date	Event
667		Bojang of Goguryeo plots with Mohe people to revive Goguryeo[1]

8th century

Year	Date	Event
748		Jurchens (Ruzhe) are mentioned for the first time bearing tribute to the Tang court[2]

10th century

Year	Date	Event
900		Hanpu of the Wanyan clan is recorded to have lived around this time[3]
907	27 February	Khitan chieftain Abaoji, also known as Emperor Taizu of Liao, becomes khagan of the Khitans[4]
925		A Jurchen embassy bears tribute to the Later Tang court[2]
960	February	Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou[5]
961		Jurchens bear tribute to the Song dynasty[2]
973		Jurchens raid Liao dynasty[6]
976		Jurchens raid Liao dynasty[6]
986		Jurchens prevent Goryeo from expanding into the Yalu River basin[7]
991		Khitans attempt to prevent the Jurchens from contacting the Song dynasty by erecting palisades to block the land route[3]
994-996		Goryeo builds forts in Jurchen territory south of the Yalu River[8]

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1010		Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Jurchens ally with Goryeo in a conflict against the Khitans and emerge victorious[3]
1038	10 November	Li Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia[9]
1051		Goryeo repels a Jurchen attack and beheads 20 people[10]
1056		Goryeo repels a Jurchen attack and wipes out 20 villages that made up their base[10]
1074		Wugunai of the Wanyan clan unites the Jurchens of eastern and northern Manchuria and is succeeded by his son, Wanyan Helibo[11]
1080		Munjong of Goryeo leads a force of 30,000 into Jurchen territory and conquers ten villages[12]
1092		Wanyan Helibo is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Polashu
1094		Wanyan Polashu is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Yingge

12th century

1100s

Year	Date	Event
1103		Wanyan Yingge is succeeded by his nephew Wanyan Wuyashu[11]
1104		Wanyan clan enters Goryeo territory in pursuit of enemy tribes and defeat Im Gan, taking Chongju castle[13][12]
1107		Goryeo invasion led by Yun Kwan into Jurchen territory succeeds and builds Nine Fortresses in the area[14][15][16]
1108		Goryeo returns the Nine Fortresses region to the Wanyan clan, possibly in exchange for Poju (Uiju); Yun Kwan is removed from office[15][17]

1110s

Year	Date	Event
1113		Wanyan Wuyashu is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Aguda[18]
1114		Wanyan Aguda attacks the Liao dynasty[19]
1115	spring	Wanyan Aguda declares himself emperor of the Jin dynasty, named after the Ashi River, the "Golden River"[18]
1116		Gao Yongchang rebels against the Liao dynasty and asks the Jurchens for help and ends up getting annexed by the Jin dynasty[20]
1117		Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty[20]
1118		Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Eastern Capital[21]

1120s

Year	Date	Event
1120		Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Supreme Capital[22]
1121		Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Central Capital[23]
1122		Jin dynasty conquers the Western Capital and Southern Capital[23]
1123		Yelü Dashi is captured by the Jin dynasty and leads an attack on Emperor Tianzuo of Liao, who escapes; afterwards Yelü Dashi escapes from the Jurchens and rejoins the emperor[24]
		Zhang Jue rebels in Ping Prefecture and defects to the Song dynasty but the Jin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin[25]
	19 September	Emperor Taizu of Jin dies and is succeeded by his brother Wuqimai, who becomes Emperor Taizong of Jin[26]
1124		Emperor Tianzuo of Liao attacks the Jin dynasty despite warnings from Yelü Dashi[24]
		Jin dynasty vassalizes the Western Xia[26]
1125	26 March	Emperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty[24]
	November	Jin dynasty invades the Song dynasty and occupies Shanxi and Hebei[25]
1126	31 January	Jin army lays siege to Kaifeng[27] - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs[28]
	5 March	Jin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity[27]
	summer	Jin dynasty vassalizes Goryeo[29]
	June	Jin dynasty defeats two Song armies[27]
	December	Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs and lays siege to Kaifeng[27][30]
1127	9 January	Jingkang incident: Kaifeng falls to the Jin dynasty and emperors Qinzong and Huizong are captured; territory north of the Huai River is annexed by the Jin[29] - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder[30]
1129		Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi[31]
		Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes[32]

1130s

Year	Date	Event
1132		Siege of De'an: Jin dynasty fails to capture De'an - earliest recorded use of the fire lance[33][34][35]
		Yelü Yudu rebels against the Jurchens[36]
1134		Yelü Dashi launches an invasion of the Jin dynasty, which ends in failure[37]
1135	9 February	Emperor Taizong of Jin dies and Hela, a grandson of Emperor Taizu of Jin, succeeds him as Emperor Xizong of Jin[38]
		Jin puppet state Qi captures Xiangyang[38]
		Yue Fei of the Song dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory[38]
1137		The Jin puppet state of Qi is dissolved and Liu Yu is sent off to live out his life under supervised retirement[38]
		Khitans raid Jin dynasty[39]

1140s

Year	Date	Event
1140		Yue Fei launches a successful attack against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong of Song[40]
1142	October	Song and Jin agree to the Treaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; the Huai River is settled as the boundary between the two states[41][40]
1146		Khabul Khan of the Khamag Mongols rebels against the Jin dynasty[42]

1150s

Year	Date	Event
1150	9 January	Emperor Xizong of Jin is murdered by his cousin, Wanyan Liang, who ascends the Jin throne as "Prince of Hailing"[43]
1152		The Prince of Hailing relocates to the Central Capital[44]
1153		The Jin dynasty starts issuing paper money called jiaochao ('exchange notes')[45]
1157		The Prince of Hailing orders the destruction of palace structures in the Supreme Capital[44]

1160s

Year	Date	Event
1161		Khitans rebel against the Jin dynasty[46]
	27 October	The Prince of Hailing's cousin Wulu is proclaimed Emperor Shizong of Jin in a coup[47]
	16 November	Battle of Tangdao: A Song fleet sinks a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula - earliest recorded use of fire arrows in naval combat[48]
	26–27 November	Battle of Caishi: Song treadmill boats sink a Jin fleet on the Yangtze - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs in ship combat[48]
	15 December	The Prince of Hailing is murdered by a group of officers[47]
1163		The Khitan rebellion is defeated by the Jin dynasty[46]
1165		Song and Jin conclude a peace treaty[49]

1170s

Year	Date	Event
1175		Naimans and Kankalis submit to the Jin dynasty[50]

1180s

Year	Date	Event
1189	20 January	Emperor Shizong of Jin dies and his grandson Madage succeeds him as Emperor Zhangzong of Jin[51]

1190s

Year	Date	Event
1190		The Tatars declare independence from the Jin dynasty[52]
1192		Jin dynasty starts constructing fortifications in the northwest to prevent depredations by the Mongols[53]
1196		Jin and Mongol troops carry out a punitive expedition against the Tatars[52]
1194		The Yellow River changes course and causes mass devastation to surrounding regions[51]

13th century

1200s

Year	Date	Event
1204		Song forces start showing military aggression along the Jin border[54]
1206	spring	Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols[55]
	20 June	Song dynasty declares war on Jin dynasty[54]
	December	The governor-general of Sichuan, Wu Xi, defects to the Jin dynasty[56]
1207	29 March	Song loyalists kill Wu Xi[56]
		Song forces slaughter a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs in open combat[57]
	April	Song and Jin enter a stalemate[56]
1208	2 November	Song and Jin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin[58]
	29 December	Emperor Zhangzong of Jin dies and his uncle, Wanyan Yongji, takes the Jin throne and becomes "Prince Shao of Wei"[59]

1210s

Year	Date	Event
1210		Genghis Khan breaks off tributary relations with the Jin dynasty[52]
1211	October	Battle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan invades the Jin dynasty and defeats their army before retreating[60]
1212	autumn	Mongols attack the Jin dynasty[60]
		Yelü Liuge along with his Khitan followers in northern and central Manchuria defect to the Mongols[61]
1213	spring	Mongols break through the Juyong Pass and plunder Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi[60]
	11 September	Prince Shao of Wei is murdered by the general Hushahu, who installs the previous ruler's nephew Wudubu as Emperor Xuanzong of Jin[60]
1214	winter	Mongols blockade the Central Capital but retreat after peace negotiations[60]
		Emperor Xuanzong of Jin relocates to the Southern Capital[62]
		Yang Anguo rebels against the Jin dynasty in Shandong and is crushed[63]
		Jin troops attack Yelü Liuge but fails[61]
1215	spring	Jurchen general Wannu declares independence and the state of Dazhen at the Supreme Capital[61]
	31 May	Battle of Zhongdu: Mongols return and capture the Central Capital[62]
		"Red Coat" rebels rise up in Shandong[63]
1217		Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled[64]
		Western Xia invades Jin dynasty but is repelled[64]

1220s

Year	Date	Event
1221		Jin troops take Qi Prefecture - earliest recorded use of iron casing bombs[65]
1224	14 January	Emperor Xuanzong of Jin dies and his son Ningjiasu succeeds him as Emperor Aizong of Jin[66]
		Song and Jin cease hostilities[66]
1225		Jin and Western Xia cease hostilities[66]
1227	September	Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia[67]

1230s

Year	Date	Event
1230		Ögedei Khan of the Mongol Empire renews the invasion of the Jin dynasty[68]
1231		Jin troops destroy a Mongol warship - earliest recorded use of thunder crash bombs[69]
1232	8 April	Siege of Kaifeng (1232): Mongol general Subutai lays siege to Kaifeng - earliest recorded use of reusable fire lances[69]
1233		Emperor Aizong of Jin flees Kaifeng[70]
	29 May	Siege of Kaifeng (1232): Kaifeng surrenders to the Mongols[70]
		Mongols annex the state of Dazhen and take Wannu prisoner[64]
1234	9 February	Siege of Caizhou: Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomes Emperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by the Mongols; so ends the Jin dynasty[70]

1280s

Year	Date	Event
1287		Hand cannons are employed by the troops of Yuan Jurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan.[71]

15th century

1400s

Year	Date	Event
1403	December	Akhachu of the Jianzhou Jurchens accepts the Ming proposition to establish a guard in his region[72]
1404		Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to Joseon[73]
1405		Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to the Ming dynasty[73]

1410s

Year	Date	Event
1411		Ming dynasty sends Yishiha into Manchuria to create the Nurgan Regional Military Commission[74]
1413		Yongning Temple Stele: Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to the Nurgan Regional Military Commission to create postal stations and spread Buddhism[75]
1417		A Ming Prefectural Buddhist Registry is founded in Jianzhou[75]

1420s

Year	Date	Event
1426		Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to the Wild Jurchens to construct shipyards and warehouses[75]

1430s

Year	Date	Event
1432		Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to present seals to Ming-allied Jurchens and to repair the Yongning Temple[75]
1433		Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Guard dies[76]
1434		Joseon defeats Li Manzhu of Jianzhou Jurchens[76]
1437		Joseon defeats Li Manzhu of Jianzhou Jurchens[76]

1440s

Year	Date	Event
1442		Fanca becomes leader of the Right Jianzhou Guard while Dongshan becomes leader of the Left Jianzhou Guard[77]

1460s

Year	Date	Event
1466		The Ming execute Dongshan[78]
1467		A Ming-Joseon expedition defeats the Jianzhou Jurchens and kill Li Manzhu[78]

1470s

Year	Date	Event
1470		The governor of Liaodong, Chen Yue, attacks the Jurchens and demands bribes from Jurchen embassies[78]

1480s

Year	Date	Event
1480		Ming dynasty ceases hostile relations with the Jurchens[78]

16th century

1520s

Year	Date	Event
1522		Ming dynasty reimposes trade restrictions on the Jurchens[79]

1540s

Year	Date	Event
1548		The Hulun Confederation is formed under Wang Tai, chieftain of the Hada tribe[80]

1570s

Year	Date	Event
1570		Wang Gao of the Jianzhou Guard raids Ming settlements[79]
1574		Li Chengliang kills Wang Gao with the help of Giocangga and Taksi[79]

1580s

Year	Date	Event
1582		Li Chengliang defeats Atai, son of Wang Gao, and burns his fort to the ground, also inadvertently killing Giocangga, whose son Taksi is killed by Ming forces in the confusion[79]
1583		Nurhaci becomes leader of the "Jianzhou Left Guard" from Li Chengliang[81]
1587		Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[82]
1589		Nurhaci obtains the title of assistant commissioner-in-chief from the Ming dynasty[83]

1590s

Year	Date	Event
1592		Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[84]
1593		Battle of Gure: Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[85]
1595		Nurhaci obtains the title of dragon-tiger general from the Ming dynasty[86]

17th century

1600s

Year	Date	Event
1600		Nurhaci creates the Banner Army[87]
1601		Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[88]
1603		Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[89]
		Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala[90]
1605		Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[88]
1607		Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[88]

1610s

Year	Date	Event
1611		Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[91]
1613		Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[92]
1615		Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[92]
		Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[93]
1616		Nurhaci establishes the Later Jin dynasty and rules as Khan[94]
1618	7 May	Nurhaci announces the Seven Grievances which effectively declares war against the Ming dynasty
	9 May	Battle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[95]
	summer	Battle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[96]
1619	18 April	Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[97]
	26 July	Battle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[98]
	3 September	Battle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[98]
	September	Battle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yehe Jurchens[99]
		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[100]

1620s

Year	Date	Event
1621	4 May	Battle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[101]
	December	Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[102]
1622	11 March	Battle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning[102]
1625		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[103]
1626	10 February	Battle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[104]
	30 September	Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[105]
1627	January - March	Later Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[106]
	spring	Battle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled[107]
1629	winter	Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[108]

1630s

Year	Date	Event
1630	summer	Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[108]
1631	21 November	Battle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe[109]
1633	April	Wuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[110]
	summer	Siege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun[111]
1634		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji, who takes the Imperial Seal of the Mongols[112]
1635		Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[106]

See also

• Timeline of the Song dynasty
• Timeline of the Ming dynasty
• Timeline of the Tanguts
• Timeline of the Khitans