愾

See also: 忾

愾 U+613E, 愾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-613E ← 愽 [U+613D] CJK Unified Ideographs 愿 → [U+613F]

Translingual

Han character

愾 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心人弓木 (POND), four-corner 9801₇, composition ⿰忄氣)

1. anger, wrath, hatred, enmity

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 397, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11029
• Dae Jaweon: page 736, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2337, character 5
• Unihan data for U+613E

Chinese

trad.		愾
simp.		忾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愾
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (气) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
愾	*kʰɯːds, *qʰɯds
忾	*qʰrɯl
刏	*kɯl, *ɡɯl, *kuːls
汽	*kʰɯds
氣	*kʰɯds, *qʰɯds
气	*kʰɯds
忥	*qʰɯds
餼	*qʰɯds
鎎	*qʰɯds
熂	*qʰɯds
霼	*qʰɯds
犔	*qʰɯds

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kài (kai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): koi³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khói
• Eastern Min (BUC): kái
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kai⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khài

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kai³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kài
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kài
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai⁴
    • Yale: kài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kay
    • Palladius: кай (kaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: koi³
    • Yale: koi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: koi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: koi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khói
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: koi³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kái
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑi²¹³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: kai⁴
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ka̍i
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khài
    • Tâi-lô: khài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qaix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰai¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kai³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khài
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: khojH

Rime
Character	愾
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦蓋切
Baxter	khojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəjH/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀiH/
Wang Li	/kʰɒiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰəp-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kài
Middle Chinese	‹ xjɨjH ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰəp-s/
English	sigh; angry
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愾
Reading #	1/2
No.	10136
Phonetic component	气
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	磕
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯːds/

Definitions

愾

1. (literary) to hate; to resent; to be angry

Compounds

• 同仇敵愾 / 同仇敌忾 (tóngchóudíkài)
• 同讎敵愾 / 同雠敌忾 (tóngchóudíkài)
• 愾憤 / 忾愤
• 憤愾 / 愤忾
• 敵愾 / 敌忾 (díkài)
• 敵愾同仇 / 敌忾同仇 (díkàitóngchóu)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hei³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hi
• Eastern Min (BUC): ké
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hì

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ki³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xì
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sì
    • Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
    • Yale: syì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
    • Palladius: си (si)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: hei³
    • Yale: hei
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hei³
    • Guangdong Romanization: héi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hi
    • Hakka Romanization System: hi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /hi⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ké
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛi²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hì
    • Tâi-lô: hì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hi²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hi⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hi¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ki³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: xj+jH

Rime
Character	愾
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許旣切
Baxter	xj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨiH/
Pan Wuyun	/hɨiH/
Shao Rongfen	/xiəiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨjH/
Li Rong	/xiəiH/
Wang Li	/xĭəiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xe̯iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰəp-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kài
Middle Chinese	‹ xjɨjH ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰəp-s/
English	sigh; angry
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愾
Reading #	2/2
No.	10145
Phonetic component	气
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*qʰɯds/

Definitions

愾

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to sigh

Compounds

• 愾歎 / 忾叹
• 愾然 / 忾然

References

• “愾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忾”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 120.

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 愾

愾

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: かい (kai)、け (ke)
• Kan-on: かい (kai)、き (ki)
• Kan’yō-on: がい (gai)
• Kun: ためいき (tameiki, 愾)

Korean

Hanja

愾 • (gae, hui) (hangeul 개, 희, revised gae, hui, McCune–Reischauer kae, hŭi, Yale kay, huy)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

愾: Hán Nôm readings: khái

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation