fundo

See also: fundó

Catalan

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundar

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin fundus. Doublet of fono.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfundo/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -undo
• Hyphenation: fun‧do

Noun

fundo (accusative singular fundon, plural fundoj, accusative plural fundojn)

1. bottom

Derived terms

• alfundigi (“to sink (transitive)”)
• alfundiĝi (“to sink (intransitive)”)
• senfunda (“bottomless”)

Galician

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundir

Interlingua

Noun

fundo (plural fundos)

1. base, bottom

Japanese

Romanization

fundo

1. Rōmaji transcription of ふんど

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈfʊn.doː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈfun̪.d̪o]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *hundō or possibly *hʷundō (with fūsus for *fussus after fūdī), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰu-né-d(H)-ti, from the root *ǵʰew-d(H)- (“to pour”), extended from *ǵʰew-.

The change h- > f- is irregular (before -u-? Weiss, Outline, p. 77f.) and could be explained by a variant *hʷundō. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō) and Old English ġēotan. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

fundō (present infinitive fundere, perfect active fūdī, supine fūsum); third conjugation, third person-only in the passive

1. (transitive) to pour out, shed

   Synonyms: effundō, cōnfundō, diffundō, dēfundō, differō, indūcō, sternō, dissipō

2. (military) to overthrow, overcome, rout, vanquish an enemy, rout, scatter

   Synonyms: conquestō, dēvincō, vincō, superō, domō, prōflīgō, caedō, obruō, prōsternō, sternō, opprimō, ēvincō, exsuperō, pellō, impellō, subiciō, premō, subigō, dissipō

3. to throw or cast to the ground, prostrate

   Synonyms: prōsternō, sternō, prōflīgō, ruō

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.192–193:

     nec prius absistit quam septem ingentia victor
     corpora fundat humī et numerum cum nāvibus aequet.

     Nor does it stop before [Aeneas], [as] victor, throws seven huge bodies to the ground, and equals the number with his ships.
     (The deer hunt shows Aeneas’s potential to be a military leader; note Virgil’s use of the present anticipatory subjunctive – “fundat” and “aequet” – to express purposeful actions.)

4. (transitive) to found, make by smelting
5. (transitive, figuratively) to moisten, wet
6. (transitive) to extend, spread out

   Synonym: sternō

7. (transitive) to utter

Conjugation

   Conjugation of fundō (third conjugation, third person-only in the passive)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	fundō		fundis		fundit		fundimus		funditis		fundunt
	imperfect	fundēbam		fundēbās		fundēbat		fundēbāmus		fundēbātis		fundēbant
	future	fundam		fundēs		fundet		fundēmus		fundētis		fundent
	perfect	fūdī		fūdistī		fūdit		fūdimus		fūdistis		fūdērunt, fūdēre
	pluperfect	fūderam		fūderās		fūderat		fūderāmus		fūderātis		fūderant
	future perfect	fūderō		fūderis		fūderit		fūderimus		fūderitis		fūderint
passive	present	—		—		funditur		—		—		funduntur
	imperfect	—		—		fundēbātur		—		—		fundēbantur
	future	—		—		fundētur		—		—		fundentur
	perfect	—		—		fūsum est		—		—		fūsa sunt
	pluperfect	—		—		fūsum erat		—		—		fūsa erant
	future perfect	—		—		fūsum erit		—		—		fūsa erint
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	fundam		fundās		fundat		fundāmus		fundātis		fundant
	imperfect	funderem		funderēs		funderet		funderēmus		funderētis		funderent
	perfect	fūderim		fūderīs		fūderit		fūderīmus		fūderītis		fūderint
	pluperfect	fūdissem		fūdissēs		fūdisset		fūdissēmus		fūdissētis		fūdissent
passive	present	—		—		fundātur		—		—		fundantur
	imperfect	—		—		funderētur		—		—		funderentur
	perfect	—		—		fūsum sit		—		—		fūsa sint
	pluperfect	—		—		fūsum esset		—		—		fūsa essent
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		funde		—		—		fundite		—
	future	—		funditō		funditō		—		funditōte		funduntō
passive	future	—		—		funditor		—		—		funduntor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		fundere			fundī			fundēns			—
future		fūsūrum esse			fūsum īrī			fūsūrus			fundendum, fundundum
perfect		fūdisse			fūsum esse			—			fūsum
future perfect		—			fūsum fore			—			—
perfect potential		fūsūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		fundendī		fundendō		fundendum		fundendō		fūsum		fūsū

Derived terms

• adfundō
• circumfundō
• cōnfundō
• dēfundō
• diffundō
• effundō
• fundibulum
• fūsiō
• fūsus
• īnfundō
• interfundō
• offundō
• perfundō
• praefundō
• prōfundō
• refundō
• suffundō
• superfundō
• trānsfundō

Descendants

• Catalan: fondre
• French: fondre
• Friulian: fondi
• Italian: fondere
• Old Galician-Portuguese: fondir
• Sardinian: fundere
• Sicilian: fùnniri
• Spanish: hundir
• Venetan: fóndar

Possible Latinisms:

• → Asturian: fundir
• → Galician: fundir
• → Portuguese: fundir
• → Spanish: fundir

Early borrowings:

• → Proto-Brythonic: *fünnɨd
  • Breton: fennañ
  • Middle Welsh: ffynny
    • Welsh: ffynnu

References

• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “fundo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• fundo in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2025), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the earth brings forth fruit abundantly: terra fundit fruges
    
  • to write poetry with facility: carmina , versus fundere (De Or. 3. 50)
    
  • property in land; real property: fundi
    
  • to rout the enemy's forces: fundere hostium copias
    
  • to utterly rout the enemy: caedere et fundere hostem
    
  • to utterly rout the enemy: fundere et fugare hostem
    
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “fŭndere”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 3: D–F, page 863

Etymology 2

From fundus (“bottom, lowest point”).

Verb

fundō (present infinitive fundāre, perfect active fundāvī, supine fundātum); first conjugation

1. (transitive) to found, establish, lay the foundation

   Synonyms: exaedificō, inaedificō, aedificō, condō, struō, cōnstruō, compōnō, cōnstituō, statuō, mōlior

2. (transitive, figuratively) to secure, make firm

Conjugation

   Conjugation of fundō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	fundō		fundās		fundat		fundāmus		fundātis		fundant
	imperfect	fundābam		fundābās		fundābat		fundābāmus		fundābātis		fundābant
	future	fundābō		fundābis		fundābit		fundābimus		fundābitis		fundābunt
	perfect	fundāvī		fundāvistī		fundāvit		fundāvimus		fundāvistis		fundāvērunt, fundāvēre
	pluperfect	fundāveram		fundāverās		fundāverat		fundāverāmus		fundāverātis		fundāverant
	future perfect	fundāverō		fundāveris		fundāverit		fundāverimus		fundāveritis		fundāverint
passive	present	fundor		fundāris, fundāre		fundātur		fundāmur		fundāminī		fundantur
	imperfect	fundābar		fundābāris, fundābāre		fundābātur		fundābāmur		fundābāminī		fundābantur
	future	fundābor		fundāberis, fundābere		fundābitur		fundābimur		fundābiminī		fundābuntur
	perfect	fundātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	fundātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	fundātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	fundem		fundēs		fundet		fundēmus		fundētis		fundent
	imperfect	fundārem		fundārēs		fundāret		fundārēmus		fundārētis		fundārent
	perfect	fundāverim		fundāverīs		fundāverit		fundāverīmus		fundāverītis		fundāverint
	pluperfect	fundāvissem		fundāvissēs		fundāvisset		fundāvissēmus		fundāvissētis		fundāvissent
passive	present	funder		fundēris, fundēre		fundētur		fundēmur		fundēminī		fundentur
	imperfect	fundārer		fundārēris, fundārēre		fundārētur		fundārēmur		fundārēminī		fundārentur
	perfect	fundātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	fundātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		fundā		—		—		fundāte		—
	future	—		fundātō		fundātō		—		fundātōte		fundantō
passive	present	—		fundāre		—		—		fundāminī		—
	future	—		fundātor		fundātor		—		—		fundantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		fundāre			fundārī			fundāns			—
future		fundātūrum esse			fundātum īrī			fundātūrus			fundandus
perfect		fundāvisse			fundātum esse			—			fundātus
future perfect		—			fundātum fore			—			—
perfect potential		fundātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		fundandī		fundandō		fundandum		fundandō		fundātum		fundātū

Derived terms

• fundātus

Descendants

• Catalan: fonar
• Friulian: fondâ
• Italian: fondare
• Occitan: fondar
• Old French: funder
  • French: fonder
  • → German: fundieren
  • → Middle Breton: fondaff
  • → Middle English: founden
    • English: found
• Romansch: fondar
• Sardinian: fundare
• Venetan: fondar
• → Catalan: fundar
• → Danish: fundere
• → Esperanto: fundo
• → Portuguese: fundar
• → Spanish: fundar
• → Swedish: fundera

Noun

fundō

1. dative/ablative singular of fundus

References

• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “fundo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “fundo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “fŭndare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 3: D–F, page 863

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfũ.du/

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ũdu

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese fundo, fondo, from Latin fundus (“bottom”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

Adjective

fundo (feminine funda, masculine plural fundos, feminine plural fundas)

1. deep (having its bottom far down)

   Synonym: profundo

   Antonyms: raso, superficial

Derived terms

• pisar fundo

Noun

fundo m (plural fundos)

1. bottom

   Antonyms: cume, superfície, topo

2. background (a part of the picture that depicts scenery to the rear or behind the main subject)
3. fund
4. (finance, insurance) capital (money and wealth)
5. (sports) long-distance

Derived terms

• do fundo do coração
• fundão
• fundinho
• fundo de investimento
• fundo do poço
• meio-fundo
• pano de fundo
• plano de fundo
• toda brincadeira tem um fundo de verdade

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundar

   fundo uma instituição ― I am founding an institution

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundir

   fundo ouro ― I am smelting gold

Further reading

• “fundo”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
• “fundo”, in Dicionário infopédia da Lingua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfundo/ [ˈfũn̪.d̪o]
• Rhymes: -undo
• Syllabification: fun‧do

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin fundus. Doublet of fondo.

Noun

fundo m (plural fundos)

1. country estate, farm

   Synonym: finca

   • 1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 197:

     La primitiva dueña de este fundo, una señora viuda de mucha virtud, hermosura y dinero, buscando la manera unir ambas secciones de su propiedad, pactó con el Diablo la construcción del puente dicho.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundar

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

fundo

1. first-person singular present indicative of fundir

Further reading

• “fundo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu [Term?].

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfuⁿ.dɔ/

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

fundo class V (plural mafundo class VI)

1. a knot (looping of string)
2. a joint of the body
3. a cluster (group or bunch of things)