Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz

Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn Baz (Larabci: عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن باز bAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn Baz) (An haife shi 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1910 Zuwa 13 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1999), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sheikh Bin Baz, Malamin addinin Musulunci ne na Saudi Arabiya. Shi ne Babban Muftin Saudiya daga shekara ta alif 1993 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta alif 1999. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Faransa Gilles Kepel, Baz ya kasance "mutum -mutumi" wanda "babban ilimin addini da martabarsa ta rashin son kai" ya ba shi daraja a tsakanin al'ummar Saudi Arabiya. kuma "yana iya karfafa manufofin dangin Saudiya ta hanyar tasirin sa ga dumbin muminai", kuma mutuwarsa ta bar gwamnati ba tare da wani kwatankwaci daga cikin malaman Salafin da zai "cika gurbinsa sa ba".

Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz
Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia (en) 11 ga Yuli, 1993 - 13 Mayu 1999 - Abdulaziz Al Sheikh →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Riyadh, 22 Nuwamba, 1912
ƙasa	Saudi Arebiya
Mutuwa	Makkah, 13 Mayu 1999
Makwanci	Al Adl cemetery (en)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Abdullah ibn Baz
Mahaifiya	Haya Al Khuzaym
Abokiyar zama	Turfah bin Baz (en) Fatima bin Sahman (en)  (1936 -  1937) Haya bin Atiq (en)  (1937 - Munirah Al Kuadir (en)  (1966 -
Karatu
Harsuna	Larabci
Ɗalibai	view Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen Saleh Alluhaidan (en) Abdullaah al-Ghudayyan (en) ʿAbd Allāh ibn Qaʿūd (en) Bakr Abu Zayd (en) Saud Al-Shuraim Usama bin Abdullah al Khayyat (en) Abdulmohsen Al-Qasim (en) Muhammad Bajabir (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	Islamicist (en) , Malamin addini, mai shari'a da marubuci
Kyaututtuka	gani King Faisal International Prize in Service to Islam  (1982)
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa	Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
Imani
Addini	Musulunci
binbaz.org.sa

Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz

Ibn Baz ya ba da fatawa da ke ba da izinin harajin dukiya don tallafa wa mujahidai a lokacin jihadin Soviet.^[1] Amincewarsa da In Defense of Muslim Lands, wanda Abdullah Azzam ya rubuta musamman, yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a cikin nasarar kiran jihadi da Soviet Union. An ce shine kiran hukuma na farko na jihadi da wata ƙasa ta yi da wata ƙasa ta daban a wannan zamanin.^[2]

Yawancin ra'ayoyin Ibn Baz da hukunce-hukuncensa ana ɗaukar saɓani (a ciki da wajen Saudi Arabiya), gami da waɗanda suka shafi ilimin sararin samaniya, haƙƙin mata, goyon bayan Saudi Arabiya ga Yarjejeniyar Oslo, da yarda da sanya sojojin da ba Musulmi ba a cikin Ƙasar Masallatai biyu masu alfarma (Haramayn) a lokacin da bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha. Osama bin Laden ya yi Allah wadai da Bin Baz da hukunce -hukuncen da suka goyi bayan manufofin Saudiyya da kawancen kasashen yammacin duniya.

Matasa

An haifi Ibn Baz a birnin Riyadh dake cikin kasar Saudi Arabia a watan Dhu al-Hijjah, shekara ta alif 1330, wanda yayi daidai da watan Nuwamba 1910 ga dangi mai suna saboda son addinin Musulunci. Mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin yana ɗan shekara uku kacal. A lokacin da ya kai shekaru goma sha uku ya fara aiki, yana sayar da tufafi tare da ɗan'uwansa a kasuwa. Ya kuma dauki darussa a cikin Alkur'ani, Hadisi, Fikihu, da Tafsiri, tare da mutumin da zai gabace shi a matsayin babban jami'in addini na kasar, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh. A cikin shekara ta 1927, lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida, ya fara rasa idanunsa bayan da ya kamu da mummunan cuta a idanunsa. A lokacin da ya kai shekaru ashirin, gaba daya ya makance ya rasa idanunsa.^[3][4]

Ilimi

A wancan lokacin, Saudiyya ba ta da tsarin jami’a na zamani. Ibn Baz ya sami ilimin gargajiya a cikin adabin musulunci tare da malaman musulunci.^[5][6]

Aiki

Ya rike mukamai da dama, kamar:^[7]

• Alkalin gundumar Al Kharj bisa shawarar Muhammad bin Abdul-Lateef Al ash-Shaikh daga shekara ta 1938 zuwa shekara ta 1951.
• A shekarar 1992 an nada shi Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia kuma Shugaban Majalisar Manyan Malamai kuma an ba shi shugabancin kwamiti na Dindindin na Kwamitin Bincike da Ifta.
• Shugaban kasa kuma mamba na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki na Kungiyar Musulmin Duniya.

A shekarar 1981 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Sarki Faisal ta Duniya don hidimar Musulunci.^[8][9] Shi kadai ne Babban Mufti na Saudiyya da bai fito daga gidan Al ash-Sheikh ba.^[10]

Ƙoƙari

Ibn Bāz ya gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na sadaka da makamantan su kamar:^[8]

• Goyon bayansa ga kungiyoyin Dawah da cibiyoyin Musulunci a sassa da dama na duniya.
• Shahararren shirin rediyo, Nurun Ala Darb ("haske kan hanya"), inda ya tattauna batutuwan yau da kullun tare da amsa tambayoyi daga masu sauraro tare da bayar da fatawa idan an buƙata.
• Ibn Baz ya bukaci a ba da gudummawa ga 'yan Taliban a Afghanistan, wadanda a karshen shekarun 1990 da yawa daga cikin Saudiya ke ganin su a matsayin "tsarkakakku, samarin mayaka Salafi" masu fada da masu yakar barna.

Ibn Bāz ya kasance fitaccen mai magana, a bainar jama'a da a kebe a masallacinsa. Ya kuma kasance yana gayyatar mutane bayan sallar Isha don raba abinci tare da shi.^[8] Ibn Bāz yana daga cikin malaman musulmai da ke adawa da sauyin gwamnati ta amfani da tashin hankali.^[11] Ya yi kira da a yi biyayya ga mutanen da ke kan mulki sai dai idan sun ba da umarnin abin da ya saba wa Allah.^[12]

Ayyuka

Adadin litattafan da Ibn Baz ya rubuta ya haura sittin kuma batun ya shafi batutuwa kamar Hadisi, Tafsiri, fikihun gado na Musulunci, Tauhidi, Fikihu, Sallah, Zakka, Dawah, Hajji da Umrah.^[8] Ya kuma rubuta sukar manufar kasa.^[13]

Rayuwar mutum

Matansa da yaransa suna zaune a unguwar Shumaysi na Riyadh a cikin ''guntun gungun gine-gine masu hawa biyu na zamani''. Kamar sauran manyan Malaman Saudiya, gidansa kyauta ce daga wani mai hannu da shuni ko wani tushe na addini don fitaccen aikinsa na addini.

Rasuwa

A safiyar ranar Alhamis, 13 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1999, Ibn Bāz ya rasu yana da shekaru 88. An binne shi a makabartar Al Adl, Makka.^[14]

Sarki Fahd ya ba da umurnin nada Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh a matsayin sabon Babban Mufti bayan rasuwar Ibn Bāz.^[15]

A cikin aikinsa a matsayin Babban Muftin Saudiyya, ya yi yunƙurin halatta sarautar dangi mai mulki tare da tallafawa kiraye -kirayen sake fasalin addinin Musulunci daidai da manufofin Salafiyya. Mutane da yawa sun soki shi da goyan bayan gwamnatin Saudiya lokacin da, bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha, ya girgiza ko daure waɗanda ake ganin sun yi suka ga gwamnati, kamar Safar al-Hawali da Salman al-Ouda. Tasirinsa a harkar Salafiyya yana da yawa, kuma mafi yawan manyan alkalai da malaman addini na yanzu a Saudiyya tsofaffin ɗalibansa ne.

Jayayya

Tarihin mutuwarsa a cikin The Independent ya ce "Ra'ayoyinsa da fatawoyinsa (hukunce -hukuncen addini) sun kasance rigima, masu fafutuka, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ci gaba".^[16] Har ila yau, masu ikirarin jihadi na Salafiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun soki shi saboda goyan bayan shawarar ba wa sojojin Amurka damar jibge a Saudiyya a shekarar 1991.^[17]

Cosmology

A shekarar 1966, lokacin da Ibn Baz ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jami’ar musulunci ta Madina, ya rubuta wata kasida da ke sukar jami’ar Riyadh saboda koyar da “karya” da kasa ke juyawa da kewaya rana.^[18][19] A cikin labarinsa, Ibn Baz yayi iƙirarin cewa rana tana zagaya ƙasa,^[20][21][22] kuma "duniya tabbatacciya ce kuma tabbatacciya, Allah ya shimfiɗa ta ga ɗan adam kuma ya yi musu shimfiɗa da shimfiɗa, shimfida ta tsaunuka don kada ta girgiza".^[22] Sakamakon wallafa labarinsa na farko, journalistsan jaridar Masar sun yi wa Ibn Baz ba'a a matsayin misali na ɗabi'ar Saudiya,^[23] kuma an ruwaito Sarki Faisal ya fusata da labarin farko har ya ba da umarnin a lalata kowane kwafin da ba a sayar da shi ba. ya buga shi.^[18][22] A cikin shekarar 1982 Ibn Baz ya buga wani littafi, Al-adilla al-naqliyya wa al-ḥissiyya ʿala imkān al-ṣuʾūd ila al-kawākib wa ʾala jarayān al-shams wa al-qamar wa sukūn al-arḍ ("Treatise on the textual and rational hujjojin jujjuyawar rana da rashin motsi na duniya da yuwuwar hawa zuwa wasu duniyoyi"). A ciki, ya sake buga labarin a shekarar 1966, tare da kasida ta biyu akan wannan batun da aka rubuta daga baya a shekarar 1966,^[24] kuma ya maimaita imaninsa cewa rana ta zagaya duniya. A cikin shekarar 1985, ya canza ra'ayinsa game da jujjuyawar ƙasa (kuma, a cewar Lacey, ya daina tabbatar da tsarinta), lokacin da Yarima Sultan bin Salman ya dawo gida bayan mako guda a cikin kumbon Discovery don gaya masa cewa ya gani ƙasa tana juyawa.^[18]

Bugu da kari, an sami sabani game da yanayin takfiri (aikin ayyana sauran musulmi a matsayin kafirci ko kafirai) wanda aka ce Ibn Baz ya furta. A cewar Malise Ruthven, ya yi barazanar duk wanda bai yarda da ra'ayinsa na "kafin Copernican" da fatawa ba, yana mai bayyana su kafirai. Ibn Baz ya rubuta wasika ga wata mujalla a shekara ta 1966 yana mai amsa irin wannan zargi:

Na ga kawai halal ne a kashe duk wanda ya ce rana ba ta tsayawa (thābita la jāriya) kuma ta ƙi tuba daga wannan bayan bayani. Domin kuwa musun yawowar rana yana nufin ƙin Allah (Tsarki ya tabbata a gare shi), Littafinsa Mai Girma, da Manzonsa mai girma. Ya tabbata a cikin Din (addinin Musulunci) ta hanyar hujjoji masu ƙima da Ijma` (ijma'i) na malamai cewa duk wanda ya ƙaryata Allah, ManzonSa ko Littafinsa to Kafirci ne kuma jininsu da dukiyoyinsu sun lalace. Hakkin hukuma mai alhakin ne ya nemi su tuba daga wannan; ko dai su tuba ko a kashe su. Godiya ga Allah da wannan lamari ba mai sabani a tsakanin malamai ba.^[25][26]

Labarin Ibn Baz na biyu da aka rubuta a 1966 shima ya amsa irin wannan zargi:

Ban bayyana waɗanda suka yi imani cewa ƙasa tana juyawa ga kafirai ba, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi imani cewa rana tana zagaya kanta, amma ina yin hakan ne ga waɗanda suka ce rana tana tsaye kuma ba ta motsawa (thābita la jāriya), wanda yana cikin labarina na ƙarshe. Duk wanda ya fadi haka kasancewar kafiri a bayyane yake daga Alqur'ani da Sunnah, domin Allah madaukakin sarki yana cewa: 'Kuma rana tana gudana (tajri) zuwa ga ajalin da aka sanya mata' ... Dangane da cewa Rana ta tsaya a wuri guda. amma har yanzu tana zagayawa da kanta, ..., Ban magance wannan batu ba a kasidar ta ta farko, haka kuma ban ayyana kafiri duk wanda ya faɗi haka ba.^[24][27] Daga baya marubutan Yamma sun yi kamanceceniya tsakanin hasashensu game da Ibn Baz da fitinar Galileo ta Cocin Katolika a ƙarni na 16.^[28]

Sau da yawa ana cewa Ibn Baz ya yi imani cewa Duniya shimfida ce. Marubuci Robert Lacey ya ce Ibn Baz ya yi wata hira "inda ya yi tunani kan yadda muke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun kan cewa ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin mu tana da faffada ... saboda haka ya zama sananne”. Duk da cewa ya natsu saboda imaninsa, "Sheikh bai tuba ba. Idan Musulmai suka zabi yarda duniya ta zagaye, wannan shine kasuwancin su, in ji shi, kuma ba zai yi musu rigima da addini ba. Amma yana da niyyar amincewa da abin da yake ji a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsa maimakon maganganun masana kimiyya da bai sani ba.” A cewar Lacey, Ibn Baz ya canza ra'ayinsa game da shimfidar kasa bayan ya yi magana da Yarima Sultan bin Salman Al Saud wanda ya shafe lokaci a cikin jirgi mai saukar ungulu a shekarar 1985.

Koyaya, Malise Ruthven da wasu sun bayyana cewa ba daidai ba ne a bayar da rahoton cewa Ibn Baz ya yi imani "ƙasa a kwance" Farfesa Werner Ende, masanin Jamus kan fatwa na Ibn Baz, ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa tabbatar da hakan ba.^[23] Abd al-Wahhâb al-Turayrî ya kira wadanda ke danganta kallon doron kasa ga Ibn Baz "masu yada jita-jita". Ya yi nuni da cewa Ibn Baz ya ba da fatawa yana mai bayyana cewa Duniya tana zagaye,^[29][30] kuma, a cikin shekarar 1966 Ibn Baz ya rubuta "Maganar da na kawo [a cikin asalin labarinsa] daga jawabin babban malamin nan Ibn Al-Qayyim (Allah Ya yi masa rahama) ya haɗa da hujjar cewa ƙasa mai zagaye ce”.^[25]

Lacey ta nakalto wata fatawa da Ibn Baz yayi yana mai yin taka tsantsan kan ikirarin cewa Amurkawa sun sauka a duniyar wata. "Dole ne mu yi taka tsantsan a duk lokacin da kuffar [kafirai] ko faseqoon [fasikai] suka gaya mana wani abu: ba za mu iya yin imani ko kafirta su ba har sai mun sami isasshen hujja wanda musulmai za su dogara da shi.

Kame Babban Masallaci

Ibn Baz yana da alaƙa da wasu membobin 20 ga Nuwamba-4 ga Disamba 1979 da aka karɓi Babban Masallaci (Masjid al-Haram) a Makka. Kwace iko da makamai na tsawon makonni biyu ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 250, ciki har da garkuwa da mayakan. Dangane da hirar da marubuci Robert Lacey ya yi, mayakan, karkashin jagorancin Juhayman al-Otaybi, an san su da Al-Ikhwan (wanda aka sanya wa sunan sojojin Ikhwan wanda mahaifin Juhayman ya yi aiki a ciki ko kuma dakunan kwanan dalibai, Beit al-Ikhwan, wanda Juhayman ya zauna a cikin). Juhayman ya ayyana surukinsa, Mohammed al-Qahtani, a matsayin Mahadi. Mabahith ('yan sandan sirri) na Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Yarima Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, ya bayyana Mohammed al-Qahtani da wasu Ikhwan a matsayin masu kawo rikici. An daure su a kurkuku watanni da suka wuce - don kawai a sake su bisa bukatar Sheikh Ibn Baz.

Musulunci ya hana duk wani tashin hankali a cikin Babban Masallaci. Ibn Baz ya tsinci kansa cikin mawuyacin hali, musamman kamar yadda ya taba koyar da al-Otaybi a Madina. Lamarin ya kara da rikitarwa ta yadda Gwamnatin Saudiya ta tsinci kanta ba shiri kuma ba ta da ikon korar mayakan daga Masallacin.^[31] Sun nemi taimakon waje daga Faransanci GIGN da ba-Arab na SSG. Ba a halatta wadanda ba Musulmi ba a cikin iyakokin garin Makka, balle Masallacin Harami.

Lokacin da Gwamnati ta nemi fatawa don yin Allah wadai da tsagerun, yaren Ibn Baz da sauran manyan malamai "an kame shi da mamaki". Ba a ayyana masu mamaye Masallacin al-Haram a matsayin wadanda ba Musulmi ba, duk da kashe-kashen da suke yi da kuma keta alfarmar Masallacin, amma kawai ana kiransu da "al-jamaah al-musallahah" (kungiyar masu dauke da makamai). Ko ta yaya, malaman sun ba da fatawa da ke ba da damar amfani da muggan makamai wajen kwato masallacin.^[32] Manyan malaman sun kuma dage cewa kafin jami'an tsaro su kai musu hari, dole ne hukumomi su bayar da zabin "mika kai da ajiye makamansu". Ibn Baz, ta hanyar gibi, ya sake ba da wata fatawa da ke baiwa Sojojin Musamman na Faransa damar yin minti na ƙarshe, idan na ɗan lokaci ne, musulunta, don samun damar shiga birni da Babban Masallaci don zubar da jinin mayaƙan Ibn Baz ya ƙi. don yin Allah wadai da wanda ba musulmi ba.^[33]

Hakkokin mata

An bayyana Ibn Baz da cewa yana da munanan halaye marasa sassauƙa ga mata^[34] kuma yana zama kariya ga faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙin mata.^[35] Da yake tsokaci kan hukuncin Sharia cewa shaidar da ke gaban wata mace bai isa ba, Ibn Baz ya ce: “Annabi (Sallal Laahu Alaihi wa Aalihi wa Sallam) ya bayyana cewa ana samun rauninsu na yin tunani a cikin gaskiyar cewa ƙwaƙwalwar su ta yi rauni kuma shaidar su ta da bukatar wata mace don tabbatar da hakan."^[35] Ya kuma bayar da fatawa kan mata masu tukin mota, wanda watakila a Yammacin Turai shine sanannen hukuncinsa.^[36] Ya ayyana: "Lalata tana kai ga a zargi mata marasa laifi da tsarkaka da aikata alfasha. Allah ya shimfida ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin hukunci ga irin wannan aiki don kare al'umma daga yaɗuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da lalata. Mata masu tuka mota, duk da haka, yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan."^[35]

Yakin Gulf na Farisa

A lokacin Yakin Gulf na Farisa Ibn Bāz ya bayar da fatawa da ke ba da damar tura sojojin da ba Musulmi ba a kasar Saudiyya don kare masarautar daga sojojin Iraki. Wasu sun lura cewa wannan ya saba da ra'ayinsa a shekarun 1940, lokacin da ya sabawa manufar gwamnati na ba wa wadanda ba Musulmi ba aiki a kasar Saudiyya. Duk da haka, a cewar The New York Times, fatawarsa ta rinjayi ƙarin malaman addini.^[36][37] Dangane da sukar, Ibn Baz ya la'anci wadanda ke "rada a asirce a cikin tarurrukan su kuma suna rubuta gubarsu akan kaset da aka raba wa mutane".^[36]

Wani muhimmin al'amari shi ne ba da izinin sanya gicciye da sojojin da ba Musulmi ba da ɗaukar Sabon Alkawari zuwa yaƙi da sauran Musulmai daga ƙasa mafi tsarki a Musulunci. Wannan hukuncin ya girgiza al'ummar Saudiya kamar girgizar kasa, kuma ya kasance a tsakiyar manyan rigingimu masu yawa na Salafiyya masu jihadi da gidan Saud har zuwa yau.^[38]

Babban malamin nan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Abdullah el-Faisal ya yi magana (takfir) Ibn Baz, yana mai bayyana shi mai ridda wanda ya mutu bai tuba ba.^[39]

Zargin Osama bin Laden

Dangane da labarin mutuwarsa a The Independent, Ibn Baz ya kasance yana da ra’ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kuma yana riƙe da tsayayyun al’adun Wahabiyanci masu tsaurin ra'ayi.^[16] Koyaya, ra'ayinsa na siyasa bai isa ba ga Osama bin Laden wanda ya la'anci Ibn Baz saboda "rauninsa da sassaucin sa da saukin tasirin sa da hanyoyi daban -daban waɗanda ma'aikatar cikin gida ke aiwatarwa".^[16] Ibn Bāz shi ne batun Osama bin Laden na farko sanarwar jama'a da aka yi niyya ga jama'a musulmai. Wannan budaddiyar wasika cikin ladabi ta soki shi saboda amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Oslo tsakanin PLO da gwamnatin Isra’ila.^[40] Ibn Baz ya kare matakin da ya dauka na amincewa da yarjejeniyar Oslo ta hanyar ambaton yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah, yana mai cewa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da wadanda ba musulmi ba tana da tarihi na tarihi idan za ta iya gujewa asarar rayuka.^[41][42]

Ibn Baz yana ganin ya zama tilas a rusa kafofin watsa labarai da ke yada ra'ayin Bin Laden, ya kuma bayyana cewa haramun ne kowa ya hada kai da shi. Ya rubuta:

... Wajibi ne a ruguza da ruguza waɗannan wallafe-wallafen da suka samo asali daga al-Faqeeh, ko daga Mas'aree, ko kuma daga wasu masu kiran ƙarya (bin Laden da makamantansa), kuma kada a sassauta. zuwa gare su. Kuma wajibi ne a yi musu nasiha, a shiryar da su zuwa ga gaskiya, kuma a yi musu gargadi kan wannan karya. Bai halatta ga wani ya hada kai da su cikin wannan sharrin ba. Kuma wajibi ne a kansu su kasance masu gaskiya kuma su dawo kan shiriya su bar su su bar wannan karya. Don haka shawarata ga al-Mas'aree, al-Faqeeh da Bin Laden da duk wadanda suka bi tafarkinsu shine su bar wannan mummunar hanya, kuma su ji tsoron Allah da yin taka tsantsan daga ramuwarSa da Fushinsa, da komawa zuwa ga shiriya. kuma su tuba zuwa ga Allah ga abin da ya gabata daga gare su. Kuma Allah, Tsarki ya tabbata, ya yi wa bayinsa masu tuba alkawari cewa zai karbi tubarsu kuma ya kyautata musu. Don haka Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce: "Ka ce, Ya ku bayina da suka yi zalunci a kan kawunansu. Kada ku yanke kauna daga rahamar Allah. Lallai Shi Mai gafara ne, Mai jin kai ”. [39:53].^[43]