masanin illimin kimiya physics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Albert Einstein An haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari takwas da saba'in da Tara 1879; yarasu a watan April shekara ta 1955) haifaffen kasar Jamus ne theoretical physicist[1] wanda ya Samar da theory of relativity, daya daga cikin ginshikan ilimin physics ayanzu (tareda quantum mechanics).[2][3] Ayyukan sa sun shahara ne akan philosophy din kimiyya.[4][5] Mutane sun sansa akan mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation".[6] Ya lashe kyautar a shekarar 1921 ta Nobel Prize a Physics "Dan ayyukan sa akan theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[7] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
Wannan shafin yana ƙunshe da Kalmomin wani harshen da ba'a gama fassara su ba, ka taimaka wajen fassara su.!
special relativity(en) general relativity(en) photoelectric effect(en) Ka'idar Dangantaka theory of Brownian Motion(en) mass–energy equivalence(en) ℎ Einstein field equations(en) Kimiyyar kwantom unified field theory(en) stimulated emission(en)
Kyaututtuka
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Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science(1920) Nobel Prize in Physics(1921) Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society(1926) Prix Jules Janssen(1931) Matteucci Medal(1921) Max Planck Medal(1929) Franklin Medal(1935) Copley Medal(1925) Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts order Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship(1934) Honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva honorary doctor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem(1949) honorary doctorate from Princeton University honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense(1923) Foreign Member of the Royal Society(5 Mayu 1921) Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States(1942) Great Immigrants Award(2009) Pour le Mérite Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi doctor honoris causa from the University of Paris(1928) New Jersey Hall of Fame(2008)
Ayyanawa daga
gani
[[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1910) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1912) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1913) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1914) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1916) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1917) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1918) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1919) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1920) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1921) [[Nobel Prize in Physics(en) ]] (1922)
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa
Fedor Dostoevsky, Hermann Minkowski(mul), Benedictus de Spinoza(en), Mahatma Gandhi, Arthur Schopenhauer(mul), Hendrik Lorentz(en), George Bernard Shaw(mul), Isaac Newton, Riazuddin(en), David Hume(mul), Thomas Young(mul), Bernhard Riemann(mul), Moritz Schlick(mul), James Clerk Maxwell(mul), Paul Valéry(mul), Karl Pearson(mul), Henry George(mul) da Ernst Mach(mul)
Mamba
The Royal Society(mul) Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences(en) German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina(en) Lincean Academy(en) American Philosophical Society(en) Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften(mul) Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen(mul) Academy of Sciences of the USSR(en) French Academy of Sciences(en) Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences(en) Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(en) American Academy of Arts and Sciences(en) Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)(en) Indian National Science Academy(en) Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL(en) Brazilian Academy of Sciences(en) National Academy of Sciences(en) National Academy of Sciences(en) Centre international de synthèse(en)
A Farkon fara aikinsa, Einstein yayi tunanin Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. Wannan ne yakaisa ga Samar da special theory of relativity kansa a lokacin yana Swiss Patent Office a garin Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and he published a paper on general relativity a 1916 with his theory of gravitation. yacigaba da kokarin warware matsalar statistical mechanics and quantum theory, hakan yakaisa ga yin bayani akan particle theory da kuma motion of molecules. Ya kuma yi bincike akan thermal properties of light wanda yazama itace Farkon photon theory of light. A 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.[8][9]
Einstein yayi rayuwa a kasar Switzerland daga tsakanin shekara ta 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, baccin shekara daya dayayi a Prague, daga nan ne yayarda yabar amfani da matsayin sa Dan kasar Jamus a shekarar 1896, sannan ya karbi sakamakon sa na diploma daga Swiss federal polytechnic school (daga bayan nan Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) dake Zürich a shekara ta 1900. Bayan zamansa Mara kasa na tsawon shekara biyar (5) yazama dan kasar Switzerland a shekara ta 1901, wanda yacigaba da rikewa har karshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1905, yasamu sakamako na PhD daga jami'ar Zurich. A wannan shekara ya wallafa four groundbreaking papers a lokacin dinshi annus mirabilis (miracle year) wanda yakaisa zuwa ga sanayyar makarantu a shekararsa 26. Einstein yakarantar da theoretical physics a Zurich tsakanin shekara ta 1912 zuwa shekara ta 1914 kafin yabar Berlin, inda aka zabesa Prussian Academy of Sciences.
A shekara ta 1933, sanda Einstein yake ziyara a United States, Adolf Hitler yakai karagar mulki. Saboda alakarsa da Jewish, Einstein bai koma kasar Jamus ba.[10] Yasamu matsaguni a kasar United States daga nan yazama Dan kasa a shekarar 1940.[11] a jajibirin Yakin duniya II, Ya aika da letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt inda yake labarta masa cewar akwai yuwuwar samarda "wasu sabbin bamabamai da ba'a taba irinsu ba" kuma yaga Amurika sunfara binciken kirkiransu. Wannan yasa aka fara Aikin Manhattan. Einstein yataimaki Allies, amma bai goyi bayan amfani da makaman karedangi ba. Yasa hannu a Russell–Einstein Manifesto philosopher Biritaniya wato Bertrand Russell, whanda ya bayyana illolin makaman karedangin. Yayi hadin gwiwa da Institute for Advanced Study dake Princeton, New Jersey, har zuwa lokacin dayarasu a shekarar 1955.
Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein
Einstein yayi wallafe wallafe akan kimiyya fiye da waraka 300 da wasu guda 150 wadanda basu shafi kimiyya..[8][12] nasarorinsa akan ilimi da asalinsa yasa anama sunansa "Einstein" kamar sunan "genius".[13]Eugene Wigner Yayi rubutu game da Einstein dayake dangantashi da ire-irensa,"fahimtar Einstein ya zarfi har fahimtar Jancsi von Neumann, tunaninsa yafi ratsawa da asali akan na von Neumann.Kuma wannan jawabi da baza'a taba mancewa ba."[14].
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