ទ្វារវត្តី

The សម័យទ្វារវត្តីDvaravati (ថៃ: ทวารวดี, ព.ប.ប.ស.ថ: Thawarawadi) បានអូសបន្លាយចាប់ពីសតវត្សទី៦ ដល់ទី១៣។period lasted from the 6th to the 13th centuries. ទ្វារវត្តីសំដៅទៅលើទាំងវប្បធម៌ និង បណ្ដុំនៃក្សត្របុរីជាប់គ្នាមិនដាច់។ Dvaravati refers to both a culture and a disparate conglomerate of principalities.

ព្រះពុទ្ធរូប សិល្បៈសម័យទ្វារវត្តី Bangkok National Museum , បាងកក.

ទឹកដីទ្វារវត្តី

ធម្មចក្រមន សិល្បៈនៃទ្វារវត្តី រ.សតវត្សទី៨។

ព្រះពុទ្ធ សិល្បៈសម័យទ្វារវត្តី រ.សតវត្សទី៩

ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ

Bronze double denarius of the Gallic Roman emperor Victorinus (269-271 AD) found at U Thong, Thailand.

នគរមនទ្វារវត្តីនេះ ដែលប្រហែលជាមាន រឺ គ្មានអត្ថិភាព តាំងពីដើមសតវត្សទីប្រាំ និងទីប្រាំមួយបើតាមមើលទៅ នគរនេះប្រហែលជាកំពុងគ្រប់គ្រងស្ថានីយពុទ្ធសាសនានៅព្រះបឋម ពងទឹក យ៉ាងហោចណាស់ក៏នៅក្នុងសតវត្សទីប្រាំពីរដែរ The Mon Kingdom of Dvaravati, which may or may not have existed as early as the fifth and sixth centuries, was controlling at least in the seventh century the Buddhist sites of Phra Pathom and Phong Tuk;^[១] រឿងនិទានបានចារក្នុងព្រះកោដ្ឋរបស់ព្រះរាជវង្សបានរាយការណ៍អំពីព្រះមហាក្សត្រជាបន្តបន្ទាប់: សូរ្យវិក្រម (៦៧៣-៦៨៨), ហរិវិក្រម (៦៨៨-៦៩៥), សីហវិក្រម (៦៩៥-៧១៨)។legends engraved in on royal urns report the following kings: Suryavikrama (673-688), Harivikrama (688-695), Sihavikrama (695-718).^[២] A Khmer inscription dated 937 documents a line of princes of Chanasapura started by a Bhagadatta and ended by a Sundaravarman and his sons Narapatisimhavarman and Mangalavarman.^[៣] But at that time, the 10th century, Dvaravati began to come under the influence of the Khmer Empire and central Thailand was ultimately invaded by King Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century.^[៤] Hariphunchai survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century AD when it was incorporated in the Lanna Kingdom.^[៥] The people of the region used the Mon language, but whether they were Mon people is unknown. There is evidence that these principalities may comprise many cultural groups of people, including Malays and Khmer people. The theory of Thai migration into Dvaravati has been refuted and is now known to have happened much later.

The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed in Sanskrit śrī dvāravatī. The Sanskrit word dvāravatī means "that which has gates"^[៦]:301 (from dvar "door gate"). Its name may derive from the city of Dvārakā in ancient India.

Little is known about the administration of Dvaravati. It might simply have been a loose gathering of chiefdoms rather than a centralised state, expanding from the coastal area of the upper peninsula to the riverine region of Chao Phraya River. Hinduism and Buddhism were significant. The three largest settlements appear to have been at Nakhon Pathom, Suphanburi, Praak Srigacha, with additional centers at U Thong, Chansen, Khu Bua, Pong Tuk, Muang Phra Rot, Lopburi, Si Mahasod, Kamphaeng Saen, Dong Lakhorn, U-Taphao, Ban Khu Muang, and Sri Thep.^{[៦]:303–312}

The traditional chronology of Dvaravati is mainly based on the Chinese textual account and stylistic comparison by art historians. However,the results from excavations in Chansen and Tha Muang mound at U-Thong do not support the traditional dating. Newly dated typical Dvaravati cultural items from the site of U-Tong indicate that the starting point of the tradition of Dvaravati culture can be pushed back to 200 CE and lasted until 600 CE. Thus a tradition of "Early" or"Proto-Dvaravati culture" might have been established during this period.^[៧]

សិល្បៈ

Dvaravati itself was heavily influenced by Indian culture, and played an important role in introducing Buddhism and particularly Buddhist art to the region. Stucco motifs on the religious monuments include garudas, makaras, and Nāgas. Additionally, groups of musicians have been portrayed with their instruments, prisoners, females with their attendants, soldiers indicative of social life. Votive tablets have also been found, also moulds for tin amulets, pottery, terracotta trays, and a bronze chandelier, earring, bells and cymbals.^{[៦]:306–308}