Philosophia compluresque scientiae diu seiungi non poterant. Saeculo undevicensimo tanti viri tantas theorias dubiosas provulgabant ut lectoribus res veras a falsas cernere difficillimum fuerit. Philosophi qui de physica et mathematica ignorabant, theorias physicas pessimas anfractuosasque divulgabant. Similiter, physici qui subtilitates philosophicas ignorabant dubiosas philosophias provulgabant. Eo tempore igitur disciplinae scientificae formaliter divisae sunt in scientias hodiernas, ubi physica a philosophia abiuncta est, et cetera.
Scientiae philosophi deinde etiam conantur melius definire quod est scientia et quod non. Ut melius theoriae rudes et theoriae validae distinguantur, consensus apud multos fuit definire scientias disciplinas et gnaritates quae rationem scientificam sequuntur, ubi homines per logicam, observationes, et experimenta res—praesertim res naturales, sed etiam res humanas et divinas—scrutantur ad theorias validas creandas et leges universas discernendas.
Sicut docuit Renatus Cartesius,[7] fundamenta scientiae sunt logica et experientia coniuncta: coniecturae contra res experimentales verificandae sunt. Hoc sensu igitur omnes conclusiones scientificae ab omnibus ubique verificari possunt. Et, hoc sensu, scientia permaxime distincta est a religione, quod religio requirit nos conclusiones quae in experimentis non possumus confirmare comprobare.
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"The historian . . . requires a very broad definition of "science"—one that . . . will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive . . . and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." p. 3—Lindberg,David C.(2007)."Science before the Greeks".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context(secunda ed.).Sicagi:University of Chicago Press.pp.1–20.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
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Lindberg,David C.(2007)."Islamic science".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context(secunda ed.).Sicagi:University of Chicago Press.pp.163–92.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
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