Alumeenium

Alumeenium is a chemical element in the boron group wi seembol Al an atomic nummer 13. It is a sillery white, saft, ductile metal. Alumeenium is the third maist abundant element (efter oxygen an silicon), an the maist abundant metal, in the Yird's crust. It maks up aboot 8% bi wicht o the Yird's solit surface. Alumeenium metal is sae chemically reactive that native specimens are rare an leemitit tae extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is foond combined in ower 270 different minerals.^[6] The chief ore o alumeenium is bauxite.

Alumeenium, ₁₃Al

Alumeenium
Pronunciation	UK i/ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/ (AL-yuu-MIN-ee-əm) US i/əˈluːmɪnəm/ (ə-LOO-min-əm)
Appearance	sillery gray metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Al)	7001269815384000000♠26.9815384(3)[1]
Alumeenium in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium B ↑ Al ↓ Ga magnesium ← alumeenium → silicon
Atomic nummer (Z)	13
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Element category	Post-transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 3
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	933.47 K ​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F)
Bylin pynt	2792 K ​(2519 °C, ​4566 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	2.70 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.375 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	10.71 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	294.0 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.200 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, +1,[2] +2,[3] +3 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.61
Ionisation energies	(more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 143 pm
Covalent radius	7002121000000000000♠121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	184 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o alumeenium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​face-centred cubic (fcc)
Speed o soond thin rod	(rowed) 5,000 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	23.1 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	237 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	28.2 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	paramagnetic[4]
Young's modulus	70 GPa
Shear modulus	26 GPa
Bulk modulus	76 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.35
Mohs haurdness	2.75
Vickers haurdness	167 MPa
Brinell haurdness	245 MPa
CAS Nummer	7429-90-5
History
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier[5] (1787)
First isolation	Friedrich Wöhler[5] (1827)
Named by	Humphry Davy[5] (1807)
Main isotopes o alumeenium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 26Al trace 7013226267992000000♠7.17×105 y β+ 26Mg ε 26Mg γ - 27Al 100% stable
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Alumeenium is remarkable for the metal's law density an for its ability tae resist corrosion due tae the phenomenon o passivation. Structural components made frae alumeenium an its alloys are vital tae the aerospace industry an are important in ither auries o transportation an structural materials. The maist uiseful compounds o alumeenium, at least on a wicht basis, are the oxides an sulfates.

Despite its prevalence in the environment, alumeenium salts are nae kent tae be uised bi ony fairm o life. In keepin wi its pervasiveness, alumeenium is well toleratit bi plants an ainimals.^[7] Owin tae thair prevalence, potential beneficial (or itherwise) biological roles o aluminium compounds are o continuin interest.