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Allotropes | silvery-white, β (beta); gray, α (alpha) |
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Atomic number (Z) | 50 |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 505.08 K (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2875 K (2602 °C, 4716 °F) |
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Density (at 20° C) | white (β): 7.289 g/cm3 gray (α): 5.770 g/cm3[3] |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.99 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | white (β): 7.03 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | white (β): 296.1 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | white (β): 27.112 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1497 |
1657 |
1855 |
2107 |
2438 |
2893 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[4] +1,[5] +2, +3,[6] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.96 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 140 pm |
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Covalent radius | 139±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 217 pm |
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Spectral lines of tin |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | white (β): body-centered tetragonal (tI4) |
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Lattice constants | white (β): a = 583.13 pm c = 318.11 pm (at 20 °C)[3] |
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Crystal structure | gray (α): face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8) |
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Lattice constant | gray (α): a = 648.96 pm (at 20 °C)[3] |
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Thermal expansion | white (β): 21.76×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[lower-alpha 1] gray (α): 5.20×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3] |
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Thermal conductivity | 66.8 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | white (β): paramagnetic gray (α): diamagnetic[7] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | white (β): +3.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[8] |
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Young's modulus | 50 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 18 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 58 GPa |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled) |
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Poisson ratio | 0.36 |
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Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
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Brinell hardness | 50–440 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-31-5 |
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Discovery | protohistoric, around 35th century BC |
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Symbol | "Sn": from Latin stannum |
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Main isotopes[9] |
Decay |
|
abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
112Sn |
0.970% |
stable |
114Sn |
0.66% |
stable |
115Sn |
0.34% |
stable |
116Sn |
14.5% |
stable |
117Sn |
7.68% |
stable |
118Sn |
24.2% |
stable |
119Sn |
8.59% |
stable |
120Sn |
32.6% |
stable |
122Sn |
4.63% |
stable |
124Sn |
5.79% |
stable |
126Sn |
trace |
2.3×105 y |
β− |
126Sb |
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Category: Tin | references |