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2025 in reptile paleontology
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Fossil reptile research published in 2025 includes new taxa that were described that year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology.
Squamates
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New squamate taxa
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Squamate research
- Review of studies on the origin and early evolution of squamates from the preceding years is published by Simões, Tollis & Burbrink (2025).[9]
- A study on the biogeography of squamates throughout their evolutionary history is published by Wilenzik & Pyron (2025), who identify Europe and northeastern Asia as the most likely areas of the origin of Squamata.[10]
- Lizard teeth showing adaptations to durophagy are described from the strata of the Deccan Intertrappean Beds from the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition from Kesavi (Madhya Pradesh, India) by Yadav & Verma (2025).[11]
- Čerňanský, Tabuce & Vidalenc (2025) report the first fossil evidence of presence of scincoids and pleurodontan iguanians in the Cos locality (Quercy Phosphorites Formation, France) during the Ypresian.[12]
- Brownstein et al. (2025) argue that the common ancestor of extant night lizards originated before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and that members of the group survived the extinction in spite of living in the areas close to the site of the Chicxulub impact crater.[13]
- Jiang et al. (2025) review the taxonomic composition, phylogenetic affinities, morphological diversity and geographical distribution of polyglyphanodontians.[14]
- Santos et al. (2025) describe a new specimen of Calanguban alamoi from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil), designated by the authors as the neotype of the species, and interpret is as a borioteiioid (polyglyphanodontian).[15]
- Revision of the Paleogene fossil material of glyptosaurids from Kazakhstan and Mongolia is published by Syromyatnikova (2025).[16]
- A maxilla representing the first cranial material of a monitor lizard from the Miocene of India reported to date is described by Čerňanský & Patnaik (2025).[17]
- López-Rueda et al. (2025) describe new mosasaur material from the Upper Cretaceous Labor-Tierna and Plaeners formations (Colombia), including the first record of a member of the genus Globidens from northern South America reported to date.[18]
- A study on patterns of the foraging area preference of members of different mosasaur groups throughout the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel, is published by Polcyn et al. (2025).[19]
- A study on teeth of mosasaurs from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation (Alberta, Canada), providing evidence of dietary niche differentiation of the studied taxa, is published by Holwerda et al. (2025).[20]
- A study on diversity of tooth shapes and likely dietary preferences of Maastrichtian mosasaurs from the Phosphates of Morocco is published by Bardet et al. (2025), who also transfer Platecarpus (?) ptychodon Arambourg (1952) to the genus Gavialimimus, and interpret it as a probable senior synonym of Gavialimimus almaghribensis.[21]
- Evidence from the study of a tooth fragment of cf. Prognathodon sp. from the Upper Cretaceous strata in South Africa, indicating that the studied individual had a higher body temperature than closely associated Squalicorax shark, and likely higher than seawater temperature, is presented by Woolley et al. (2025).[22]
- Grigoriev et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Latoplatecarpus cf. L. willistoni from the Campanian Rybushka Formation (Saratov Oblast, Russia), representing the first known record of the genus outside of North America.[23]
- Georgalis (2025) revises Plesiotortrix edwardsi from the Quercy Phosphorites Formation (France), and considers it to be nomen dubium.[24]
- The oldest cranial remains of a member of Constrictores (the group including boas and pythons) described and figured from the Cenozoic of Europe to date are reported from the Eocene (Ypresian) strata from the Cos locality (Quercy Phosphorites Formation, France) by Čerňanský et al. (2025).[25]
- Venczel et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of snakes from Eocene and Oligocene localities in the Transylvanian Basin (Romania), including cf. Messelophis variatus from the Oligocene (Rupelian) strata of the Dâncu Formation which might represent the last occurrence of ungaliophiids in Europe.[26]
- The first known assemblage of snake fossils from Taiwan, probably originating from the Middle Pleistocene Chiting Formation, is described by Lin et al. (2025).[27]
- Petermann & Lyson (2025) compare the diversity of squamate faunas from the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition from the Denver Basin (Colorado, United States), and report evidence indicating that local squamate assemblage was severely affected by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[28]
- Evidence from the study of lizard and snake fossils from Eocene localities in Wyoming and North Dakota (United States), interpreted as indicative of warmer and wetter climate in mid-latitude North America during the late Eocene than indicated by earlier studies, is presented by Smith & Bruch (2025).[29]
- Woolley, Bottjer & Smith (2025) report evidence indicating that, on global scale, the completeness of the fossil record of squamates is influenced by differences in body size and form and by lithological and depositional biases to a greater degree than by human-based sampling biases.[30]
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Ichthyosauromorphs
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New ichthyosauromorph taxa
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Ichthyosauromorph research
- A description of the cranial anatomy of a specimen of Hupehsuchus nanchangensis is published by Zhao et al. (2025).[34]
- Motani, Pyenson & Jiang (2025) reexamine the morphological analysis published by Fang et al. (2023),[35] and argue that, contrary to the conclusions of these authors, there is no evidence of morphological similarities between Hupehsuchus nanchangensis and extant balaenid whales supporting the interpretation of Hupehsuchus as a balaenid-style filter feeder.[36]
- Maisch (2025) argues that ichthyosaurs were not closely related to mesosaurs and hupehsuchians, and proposes that owenettids were the closest known relatives of ichthyosaurs.[37]
- Delsett et al. (2025) study the vertebral microstructure in Grippia and Cymbospondylus throughout their ontogeny, and report evidence of differences between the two taxa interpreted as indicative of different ecologies, with Grippia living in shallower waters and adapting to anguilliform swimming, and with Cymbospondylus evolving faster growth and more tail-driven propulsion, and adapting to deeper diving.[38]
- Serafini et al. (2025) revise bromalites from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale (Germany), interpreted as produced by Temnodontosaurus trigonodon and providing evidence that the producer fed on other ichthyosaurs and on coleoid cephalopods.[39]
- Lindgren et al. (2025) describe a new flipper of Temnodontosaurus with soft tissue impressions including novel structures which they term "chondroderms," which would have given the flipper a serrated appearance in life and probably served a noise reduction function.[40]
- Fischer et al. (2025) identify a remains of a gladius of a loligosepiid vampyromorph in gut contents of a specimen of Stenopterygius triscissus from the Bascharage Lagerstätte (Luxembourg), representing the first known record of an ichthyosaur feeding on a gladius-bearing octobranchian cephalopod.[41]
- Ceballos Izquierdo et al. (2025) redescribe the lost holotype specimen of "Ichthyosaurus" torrei on the basis of available data, and interpret as most likely to be an ichthyosaur.[42]
- Pardo-Pérez et al. (2025) describe a gravid ichthyosaur specimen (possibly belonging to the species Myobradypterygius hauthali) from the Hauterivian strata from the Torres del Paine National Park, representing the first complete ichthyosaur specimen reported from Chile.[43]
- Meyerkort et al. (2025) describe a phalanx bone of a brachypterygiid ichthyosaur from the middle–upper Cenomanian strata of the Gearle Siltstone (Australia), representing the geologically youngest ichthyosaur record from the Southern Hemisphere reported to date.[44]
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Sauropterygians
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New sauropterygian taxa
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Sauropterygian research
- Su et al. (2025) describe two new specimens of Glyphoderma kangi, providing new information on the anatomy of the studied placodont.[48]
- Ruciński et al. (2025) describe fossil material of a member of the genus Henodus from the Upper Triassic Silves Group (Portugal), expanding known geographical range of members of the genus.[49]
- A study on the skull anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of Keichousaurus hui is published by Xu et al. (2025).[50]
- A study on the bone development throughout the ontogeny of Keichousaurus hui is published by Wang et al. (2025).[51]
- Liu et al. (2025) describe a juvenile specimen of Brevicaudosaurus jiyangshanensis from the Middle Triassic Zhuganpo Formation (China), and interpret the differences in the morphology of teeth of juvenile and adult specimens as suggestive of a dietary shift during the ontogeny of the studied sauropterygian.[52]
- Cabezuelo-Hernández et al. (2025) report evidence of non-infectious pathologies in the dorsal vertebrae of the holotype specimen of Paludidraco multidentatus, different from vertebral pathologies reported in other marine reptile specimens as interpreted as most likely caused by either a congenital disorder or long-term biomechanical stress.[53]
- Description of the anatomy of the braincase of Simosaurus gaillardoti is published by London et al. (2025).[54]
- A specimen of Lariosaurus valceresii preserved with remains of skin is described from the Ladinian strata of the Meride Limestone (Switzerland) by Renesto, Ragni & Magnani (2025).[55]
- Marx et al. (2025) report evidence of preservation of skin traces, including smooth skin on the tail and scaly skin on the flippers, as well as evidence of preservation of melanosomes and keratinocytes in a plesiosaur specimen from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale (Germany).[56]
- A large nautilid specimen belonging to the genus Cenoceras, preserved with damage interpreted as most likely to be a bite mark produced by a pliosaurid, is described from the Bathonian strata in Poland by Jain et al. (2025).[57]
- García-Guerrero et al. (2025) describe a cervical vertebra of a member of the subfamily Brachaucheninae from the Valanginian strata of the Rosablanca Formation (Colombia), representing the oldest fossil material of a large pliosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous strata in northern South America reported to date.[58]
- Redescription and a study on the affinities of Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris is published by Sachs et al. (2025), who interpret Plesiopterys wildi as a taxon distinct from S. guilelmiimperatoris.[59]
- Description of a new specimen of Plesiopterys wildi from the Toarcian Posidonia Shale (Germany) and a study on the phylogenetic affinities of the species is published by Marx et al. (2025).[60]
- Kinzella, Cotton & Delsett (2025) describe pliosaurid and indeterminate plesiosaur fossil material from the Pliensbachian strata of the Hasle Formation from Bornholm, including a propodial representing the first fossil of a juvenile plesiosaur from Denmark reported to date, and a neural arch of a juvenile or paedomorphic specimen.[61]
- New fossil material of Kimmerosaurus langhami, providing new information on the skull anatomy of members of this species, is described from the Kimmeridge Clay (Dorset, United Kingdom) by Roberts et al. (2025).[62]
- Pereyra, O'Gorman & Chinsamy (2025) study the bone histology of Kawanectes lafquenianum, identifying the studied specimens as adults and identifying K. lafquenianum as a small-bodied elasmosaurid.[63]
- O'Gorman et al. (2025) describe a partial skeleton of an osteologically immature elasmosaurid with preserved skull bones from the Upper Cretaceous Snow Hill Island Formation (Antarctica), possibly representing a taxon distinct from Vegasaurus molyi.[64]
- Evidence of a healing fracture and periostitis is reported in elasmosaurid specimens from the Maastrichtian Snow Hill Island Formation (Antarctica) and Jagüel Formation (Argentina) by Mitidieri et al. (2025).[65]
- New polycotylid fossil material, possibly belonging to a previously unknown large-toothed member of the group, is described from the Campanian strata in European Russia by Zverkov & Meleshin (2025).[66]
- Zverkov, Grigoriev & Nikiforov (2025) describe new fossil material of Polycotylus sopozkoi from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian–Campanian) strata from the Izhberda quarry (Orenburg Oblast, Russia), providing new information on the morphology of members of the species.[67]
- The first record of gastroliths in Sulcusuchus erraini is reported by O'Gorman, Aspromonte & Matelo Mirco (2025).[68]
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Turtles
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New turtle taxa
Turtle research
- Karl, Tichy & Safi (2025) interpret the holotype of Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis from the Ladinian Muschelkalk strata from Hegnabrunn (Germany) as a fragment of the carapace of the oldest known stem representative of the turtle clade.[84]
- Oriozabala, de la Fuente & Sterli (2025) describe the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Patagoniaemys gasparinae.[85]
- New fossil material of Plastremys lata, providing new information on the anatomy of members of this species, is described from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Escucha Formation (Spain) by Pérez-García et al. (2025).[86]
- The first known case of a skeletal pathology in a helochelydrid (a specimen of Plastremys lata from the Escucha Formation) is reported by Guerrero, Cobos & Pérez-García (2025).[87]
- Neto et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of Chelus colombiana from the Miocene Solimões Formation (Brazil), and interpret its morphology as supporting the presence of a single species of Chelus in the Miocene of South America.[88]
- Fossil material of a member of the genus Phrynops distinct from Phrynops paranensis is described from the Miocene Palo Pintado Formation (Argentina) by de la Fuente et al. (2025).[89]
- Pérez-García (2025) revises the fossil material of "Podocnemis" parva and "P." judaea, interprets the latter species as a junior synonym of the former one, and confirms assignment of "P." parva to the bothremydid genus Algorachelus.[90]
- A study on the neuroanatomy of Azzabaremys moragjonesi, providing evidence of convergences of its neuroanatomical structures with those of other turtles adapted to marine environments, is published by Martín-Jiménez & Pérez-García (2025).[91]
- Tong et al. (2025) describe the cranial morphology of Foxemys mechinorum from the Late Cretaceous Massecaps locality (France), reporting that the cranial differences exhibited in the studied specimens are interpreted as intraspecific variation or ontogeny.[92]
- The oldest fossil material of a member of the genus Basilemys from North America reported to date is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian–Coniacian transition) Frontier Formation (Montana, United States) by Clark et al. (2025).[93]
- Ke et al. (2025) describe a probable male specimen of Nanhsiungchelys cf. yangi from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian) Zhenshui Formation (Guangdong, China), and study the phylogenetic affinities of the genus Nanhsiungchelys within the family Nanhsiungchelyidae.[94]
- A study on the shell histology of Maastrichtian and Paleocene trionychids is published by Ong, Snively & Woodward (2025).[95]
- Revision of shell characters for the studies of the phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct pan-trionychids is published by Joyce (2025).[96]
- A probable juvenile turtle specimen interpreted as the first known pan-trionychid Upper Cretaceous of southern China is described from the Cenomanian–Turonian Zhoutian Formation by Ke, Han & Joyce (2025).[97]
- Kear et al. (2025) describe a specimen of Rhinochelys nammourensis from the Cenomanian Sannine Formation (Lebanon) representing the oldest known sea turtle specimen preserving fossil evidence of soft tissues, including residual skin of flippers, tail and neck providing evidence that its flippers lacked scales, and study the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of sea turtles, finding it most likely that members of the groups originally had shell scutes and scaly limbs, and that there were several independent losses of scales within the group.[98]
- Revision of the fossil material of marine turtles from the Campanian and Maastrichtian localities in the Penza Oblast (Russia) is published by Zvonok et al. (2025).[99]
- Jannello et al. (2025) study shell histology of marine turtles from the Eocene La Meseta and Submeseta formations (Antarctica), and report that histological variation of the studied sample of fossils exceeds its macromorphological variation.[100]
- Guerrero et al. (2025) describe and analyze the different types of bioerosion marks present in the shells of the pancheloniids Eochelone brabantica and Puppigerus camperi of the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Belgium.[101]
- A caudal vertebra of a sea turtle interpreted as comparable in size with the type specimen of Archelon ischyros is described from the Cenomanian–Santonian strata from the Malyy Prolom locality (Ryazan Oblast, Russia) by Danilov et al. (2025).[102]
- Redescription of Glyptochelone suyckerbuykii is published by Menon & Joyce (2025).[103]
- Fossil material of cf. Caretta sp., representing the first fossil sea turtle reported from Taiwan, is described from the Pleistocene strata of the Yuching Shale by Liaw, Chuang & Tsai (2025).[104]
- New tortoise fossil material, possibly representing the oldest fossil material of a member of the genus Solitudo reported to date, is described from the Miocene strata from Gargano (Italy) by Georgalis et al. (2025).[105]
- A study on the anatomy and affinities of "Testudo" punica is published by Vlachos (2025), who interprets the studied tortoise as more likely related to members of the genera Titanochelon and Stigmochelys than to members of the genus Centrochelys.[106]
- Mohsen Muhammed et al. (2025) study the composition of the turtle assemblage from the Bahariya Formation (Egypt), providing evidence of presence of araripemydids (the first record of the family from the Late Cretaceous of North Africa), bothremydids and sea turtles.[107]
- Lehman et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Aguja and Javelina formations (Texas), United States), including the first records of Denazinemys nodosa, Neurankylus baueri and Thescelus rapiens from the studied formations, as well as trionychids other than cf. Aspideretoides, likely kinosternoids and chelydrids.[108]
- A study on the composition of the turtle assemblage from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation (New Mexico, United States) is published by Adrian, Smith & McDonald (2025), who describe fossil material extending known stratigraphic ranges of Neurankylus baueri, Scabremys ornata and the genera Thescelus and Basilemys.[109]
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Archosauriformes
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Archosaurs
Other archosauriforms
New miscellaneous archosauriform taxa
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Archosauriform research
- Müller (2025) describes fossil material of a proterochampsid from the Middle Triassic strata from the Posto site (Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence; Brazil), possibly representing a previously undescribed species and expanding known diversity of Middle Triassic proterochampsids from South America.[112]
- Description of the anatomy of the skull of Tropidosuchus romeri is published by Mamami et al. (2025).[113]
- Cotuli-Cereda et al. (2025) provide new information on the anatomy of the tarsus of Chanaresuchus bonapartei on the basis of the study of new specimens from the Chañares Formation (Argentina).[114]
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Other reptiles
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New miscellaneous reptile taxa
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Other reptile research
- Piñeiro et al. (2025) reevaluate purported evidence for the presence of tail autotomy in mesosaurs, and consider it more likely that purported evidence of autotomy actually shows that mesosaurs may display a previously undocumented vertebral type in their caudal vertebrae.[125]
- A redescription of the skull anatomy of Milleropsis pricei is published by Jenkins et al. (2025) based on μCT data.[126]
- A redescription of the skull anatomy of Milleretta rubidgei is published by Jenkins et al. (2025) based on μCT data.[127]
- Redescription of Permotriturus herrei, based on data from the holotype and from a new specimen from Tatarstan (Russia), is published by Bulanov (2025).[128]
- Smith et al. (2025) study the taphonomy of aggregations of skeletons of Procolophon trigoniceps from Brazil, South Africa and Antarctica, interpreted as indicating that the studied reptiles lived in environments switching from drought to deluge conditions in response to climatic instability, and interpret P. trigoniceps as a likely group-living, fossorial animal.[129]
- Boyarinova & Golubev (2025) study the morphology of osteoderms of late Permian pareiasaurs from Eastern Europe, and support the validity of the genus Proelginia.[130]
- Boyarinova & Golubev (2025) revise the fossil record of postcranial osteoderms of pareiasaurs from the upper part of the regional Severodvinian stage in Eastern Europe.[131]
- Novak, Ide & Sidor (2025) describe the morphology and arrangement of the osteoderms of Bunostegos akokanensis.[132]
- Redescription and a study on the affinities of Thadeosaurus colcanapi is published by Buffa et al. (2025).[133]
- Evidence of adaptations for climbing in the skeleton of Marmoretta oxoniensis is presented by Ford et al. (2025).[134]
- New information on the anatomy of the skull of Protorosaurus speneri is provided by Schoch et al. (2025).[135]
- Dalle-Laste et al. (2025) report the discovery of two cervical vertebrae of a malerisaurine azendohsaurid from the Norian strata of the Candelária Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence (Brazil), representing the first record of an allokotosaurian from South America reported to date.[136]
- A study on the tooth attachment in three specimens of Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi from the Manda Formation (Tanzania) is published by Mestriner et al. (2025), who find that rhynchosaur tooth attachment involved three tissues (alveolar bone, cellular cementum and a mineralized periodontal ligament) that are plesiomorphic to amniotes in general, and that claims of presence of a "bone of attachment" in rhynchosaurs that ankylosed their teeth resulted from misinterpretation of these three separate tissues.[137]
- Colombi et al. (2025) report the discovery of an aggregation of four juvenile specimens of Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis from the Ischigualasto Formation (Argentina), interpreted as probable evidence of social and burrowing behavior of the studied rhynchosaur.[138]
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Reptiles in general
- Long et al. (2025) describe tracks produced by an amniote (probably early member of Sauropsida) from the Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Snowy Plains Formation (Victoria, Australia), providing evidence that the crown group of Amniota is, at a minimum, only marginally younger than the Devonian/Carboniferous transition; the authors also describe amniote tracks from the Serpukhovian to Bashkirian Wałbrzych Formation (Poland), similar to tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Notalacerta that were likely produced by a sauropsid.[139]
- Jenkins et al. (2025) revise the phylogeny of stem reptiles based on synchrotron data and an expansive phylogenetic dataset, recovering the Millerettidae as the sister group to the Neodiapsida in a newly named clade Parapleurota, provide evidence rejecting the monophyly of 'Parareptilia', 'Eureptilia', and 'Diapsida', and discuss the stepwise acquisition of anatomical characters seen in crown group reptiles.[140]
- Flannery-Sutherland et al. (2025) study the biogeography of Permian and Triassic members of Archosauromorpha, and interpret the fossil record as consistent with European origin of the group in the Kungurian and widespread dispersals of its members beginning in the Wordian, but note the possibility of impact of sampling biases on estimates of the areas of origination of Archosauromorpha and its subgroups.[141]
- Wang et al. (2025) provide new age estimates from the strata of the Lower Triassic Nanlinghu Formation (China) preserving fossils of the Chaohu fauna, indicating that it is the oldest known marine reptile fauna with precise age constraints.[142]
- Review of the fossil record of Triassic-Jurassic reptiles from the Connecticut Valley (Connecticut and Massachusetts, United States) is published by Galton, Regalado Fernández & Farlow (2025), who consider Ammosaurus major to be a separate taxon from Anchisaurus polyzelus.[143]
- Fossil material of nothosauroids, indeterminate eosauropterygians and a member of the genus Macrocnemus is described from the Ladinian Sceltrich beds (Meride Limestone, Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland) by Renesto & Magnani (2025), providing evidence of similarity of reptile faunas from the Sceltrich beds and underlying Cassina beds.[144]
- Evidence from the study of the phosphate oxygen isotope composition of plesiosaur, ichthyosaur and metriorhynchid fossil material from the Middle and Upper Jurassic strata in France and Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous strata in Norway, interpreted as consistent with homeothermy and endothermy in ichthyosaurs, poikilothermy and endothermy in plesiosaurs, and uncertain thermoregulation strategy resulting in poikilothermy in metriorhynchids, is presented by Séon et al. (2025).[145]
- Sambuichi, Tsunogai & Nakagawa (2025) provide new calculations of body temperatures of plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, recovering them as closer to body temperatures of regionally endothermic sharks than those of marine mammals.[146]
- White, Fischer & McCurry (2025) calculate the load-bearing capabilities of teeth of ichthyosaurs, sauropterygians, thalattosuchians and mosasaurids.[147]
- Fischer et al. (2025) evaluate possible skeletal proxies for assessing body length in ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs and pelagic thalattosuchians, and identify trunk length and centrum dimensions as strong predictors of body length.[148]
- Marquina-Blasco et al. (2025) describe the assemblage of reptile fossils from the Miocene strata from the Crevillente 2 and Crevillente 15 sites (Spain), possibly including the oldest fossil material of a member of the genus Timon reported to date, and interpret the studied fossils as indicating that the Vallesian Crisis did not have a major impact on the herpetofaunal communities of the Iberian Peninsula.[149]
- Evidence from the study of extant reptiles, indicative of utility of studies of calcium and strontium isotope composition of hard tissues for reconstructions of diets of fossil reptiles, is presented by Weber et al. (2025).[150]
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References
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