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List of longest-reigning monarchs

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List of longest-reigning monarchs

For the current reigning monarchs, see List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign.

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest, ranked by length of reign.

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Louis XIV, the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date

Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date

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The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Roman emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.

Regencies (and Coregencies as a "senior" monarch) are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV is listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs, hence Elizabeth II is listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.

The currently living longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1984. He will be eligible for inclusion if he is still reigning in 2040 and surpasses Conrad I's independent rule of 56 years, 99 days.

More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait Name State Reign Duration Ref.
From To (days) (years, days)
1 Thumb Louis XIV
14 May 1643 1 September 1715 26,407 72 years, 110 days [1]
2 Thumb Elizabeth II
[note 1]		 6 February 1952 8 September 2022 25,782 70 years, 214 days
[note 2]		 [2][3][4]
3 Thumb Bhumibol Adulyadej  Thailand 9 June 1946 13 October 2016 25,694 70 years, 126 days [5]
4 Thumb Johann II  Liechtenstein 12 November 1858 11 February 1929 25,658 70 years, 91 days [6]
5 Thumb Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I Palenque (Mexico) 27 July 615[note 3] 29 August 683 24,870 68 years, 33 days [7][9]
6 Thumb Franz Joseph I
2 December 1848 21 November 1916 24,825 67 years, 355 days [10]
7 Thumb Chan Imix Kʼawiil Copán (Honduras) 5 February 628[note 4] 15 June 695 24,602 67 years, 130 days [13][14]
8 Thumb Ferdinand III
6 October 1759 4 January 1825 23,831 65 years, 90 days [15]
9 Thumb Victoria  United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days [16]
10 Thumb James I Crown of Aragon 12 September 1213 27 July 1276 22,964 62 years, 319 days [17]
11 Thumb Emperor Shōwa[note 5]
  Empire of Japan (1926–1947)
 Japan (1947–1989)		 25 December 1926 7 January 1989 22,659 62 years, 13 days [18]
12 Thumb Kangxi Emperor[note 6]  China 5 February 1661 20 December 1722 22,597 61 years, 318 days [19]
13 Thumb Honoré III  Monaco 29 December 1731 13 January 1793 22,296 61 years, 15 days [20][21]
14 Thumb Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[note 7] Yaxchilan (Mexico) 20 October 681[note 8] 15 June 742 22,153 60 years, 238 days [11]
15 Thumb Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat Quiriguá (Guatemala) 29 December 724[note 9] 27 July 785 22,125 60 years, 210 days [22][23]
16 Thumb Qianlong Emperor[note 10]  China 18 October 1735 9 February 1796[note 11] 22,029 60 years, 114 days [24]
17 Thumb Christian IV  Denmark–Norway 4 April 1588 28 February 1648 21,879 59 years, 330 days [25]
18 Thumb George III
25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years, 96 days [26]
19 Thumb Louis XV
1 September 1715 10 May 1774 21,436 58 years, 251 days [27]
20 Thumb Pedro II  Brazil 7 April 1831 15 November 1889 21,407 58 years, 222 days [28]
21 Thumb Al-Mustansir Billah Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt) 13 June 1036[note 13] 29 December 1094 21,383 58 years, 199 days [29][30]
22 Thumb Nicholas I
13 August 1860 26 November 1918 21,288 58 years, 105 days [33]
23 Thumb Wilhelmina  Netherlands 23 November 1890 4 September 1948 21,104 57 years, 286 days [34]
24 Thumb James VI  Scotland[note 14] 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days [35]
25 Thumb Conrad I Burgundy 12 July 937[note 15] 19 October 993 20,553 56 years, 99 days [36]
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Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date

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The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.

Thumb
Sobhuza II, the longest-reigning monarch ever whose reign is verifiable by exact date
More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait Name State Reign Duration Ref.
From To (days) (years, days)
1 Thumb Sobhuza II[note 16]  Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968) 10 December 1899 21 August 1982 30,204 82 years, 254 days [38]
2 Thumb Bernhard VII Lippe (Holy Roman Empire) 11 August 1429 2 April 1511 29,819 81 years, 234 days [39]
3 Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo Chotanagpur (British Raj) 9 July 1869 21 September 1950 29,658 81 years, 74 days [40]
4 Thumb Maeda Tsunanori Kaga Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 30 April 1645 29 June 1724 [note 17] 28,914 79 years, 60 days [41]
5 Thumb William IV Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire) 26 May 1480 24 January 1559 28,732 78 years, 243 days [39]
6 Thumb Karansinhji II Vajirajji Lakhtar State [note 18] 15 June 1846 8 August 1924 28,543 78 years, 54 days [42]
7 Thumb Heinrich XI[note 19] Reuss-Obergreiz (Holy Roman Empire) 17 March 1723 28 June 1800 28,227 77 years, 103 days [43][44][39]
8 Idrus ibni Muhammad Al-Qadri [ms] Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957) 31 May 1929 26 December 2005 27,968 76 years, 209 days [39]
9 Thumb Christian Augustus Palatinate-Sulzbach (Holy Roman Empire) 14 August 1632 23 April 1708 27,635 75 years, 243 days [39]
10 Bishan Chandra Jenamuni [simple] Rairakhol State [note 18] 13 March 1825 10 June 1900 27,482 75 years, 89 days [45]
11 Thumb Charles I Eu (France) 16 June 1397 25 July 1472 27,433 75 years, 39 days [46]
12 Thumb Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar [simple] Phaltan State [note 18] 7 December 1841 17 October 1916 27,342 74 years, 315 days [39]
13 Eugen Erwein the Posthumous Schönborn-Heusenstamm (Holy Roman Empire) 27 January 1727 25 July 1801 27,207 74 years, 179 days [47]
14 Thumb Bhagvatsingh Sahib Gondal State (British Raj) 14 December 1869 10 March 1944 27,114 74 years, 87 days [39]
15 Thumb George William Schaumburg-Lippe [note 20][note 21] 13 February 1787 21 November 1860 26,944 73 years, 282 days [39]
16 Thumb Afonso I Henriques County of Portugal (part of Kingdom of León) (1112–1139)
Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1185)		 22 May 1112[note 22] 6 December 1185 26,861 73 years, 198 days [48][49]
17 Thumb Charles Frederick Baden (Holy Roman Empire until 1806) 12 May 1738 10 June 1811 26,691 73 years, 29 days [39]
18 John I Leuchtenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 23 November 1334 2 December 1407 26,671 73 years, 9 days [50]
19 Thumb John III Louis Nassau-Saarbrücken (Holy Roman Empire) 19 October 1472 4 June 1545 26,526 72 years, 228 days
[note 23]		 [51]
20 Itō Nagatomo [ja] Okada Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 17 July 1778 19 July 1850 26,299 72 years, 2 days [52]
21 Thumb Henry Frederick Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 29 January 1628 2 June 1699 26,057 71 years, 124 days [53]
22 Thumb Victor-Maurice Revello and Senonches (Holy Roman Empire) 2 July 1656 4 August 1727 25,964 71 years, 33 days [54]
23 Thumb Jagatjit Singh Kapurthala State (British Raj) 3 September 1877 20 August 1948 25,918 70 years, 352 days
[note 24]		 [56]
24 Parashuramrao Shrinivas I Aundh State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 30 August 1777 11 June 1848 25,852 70 years, 286 days [57]
25 Henryk IX Starszy Żagań-Głogów (Bohemia) 14 March 1397 11 November 1467 25,809 70 years, 242 days [58]
26 Thumb Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt [bg] Salm-Reifferscheid (Holy Roman Empire) 31 October 1559 16 December 1629 25,614 70 years, 46 days [59]
27 Thumb Carl I August Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[note 25] 28 May 1758 14 June 1828 25,584 70 years, 17 days [60]
28 George I Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) 19 January 1405 21 September 1474 25,447 69 years, 245 days [61]
29 Thumb Alberico I Massa and Carrara (Holy Roman Empire) 15 June 1553 18 January 1623 25,409 69 years, 207 days [62]
30 Thumb Reinhard III Leiningen-Westerburg-Schaumburg (Holy Roman Empire) 8 April 1586 14 October 1655 25,391 69 years, 189 days [63]
31 Thumb Sanada Yukimichi Matsuhiro Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 8 March 1658 15 July 1727 25,330 69 years, 129 days [64]
32 Thumb Heinrich Joseph Johann Principality of Auersperg (Holy Roman Empire) 6 November 1713 9 February 1783 25,297 69 years, 95 days [65]
33 Thumb Frederick III Inner Austria (Holy Roman Empire) 10 June 1424 19 August 1493 25,272 69 years, 70 days [66][67]
34 Thumb George William Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Holy Roman Empire) 16 December 1600 25 December 1669 25,211 69 years, 9 days [68]
35 Thumb Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne Duchy of Bouillon (Holy Roman Empire, later France) 9 August 1652 26 July 1721 25,187 68 years, 351 days [69]
36 Thumb Frederick V Hesse-Homburg [note 26] 7 February 1751 20 January 1820 25,183 68 years, 347 days [70]
37 Thumb John Louis Volrad Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg (Holy Roman Empire) 31 March 1721 4 February 1790 25,147 68 years, 310 days [71]
38 Thumb Vikramatji Khimojiraj Porbandar State[note 18] 20 June 1831 21 April 1900 25,142 68 years, 305 days [72]
39 Thumb Krishnaraja Wodeyar III Kingdom of Mysore (Princely state of East India Company after 1831; British Raj after 1857) 30 June 1799 27 March 1868 25,107 68 years, 271 days [73]
40 Thumb Johann Friedrich [de] Castell-Rüdenhausen (Holy Roman Empire) 10 January 1681 23 June 1749 25,000 68 years, 164 days [74]
41 Thumb Chintaman Rao I Patwardhan [simple] Sangli State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 6 February 1783 15 July 1851 24,995 68 years, 159 days [75]
42 Otto II the One-Eyed Brunswick-Göttingen (Holy Roman Empire) 13 November 1394 6 February 1463 24,922 68 years, 85 days [76]
43 Thumb Sawant Singh Pratapgarh State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 26 October 1775 5 January 1844 24,907 68 years, 71 days [77]
44 Thumb Christian Karl Reinhard Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 3 November 1698 17 November 1766 24,850 68 years, 14 days [78]
45 Thumb Raja Ram Singh Bundi State [note 18] 14 May 1821 28 March 1889 24,790 67 years, 318 days [79]
46 Thumb Malietoa Tanumafili II  Samoa 5 July 1939 11 May 2007 24,782 67 years, 310 days [80][81]
47 Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji Vallabhipura State (British Raj) 20 August 1875 5 June 1943 24,760 67 years, 289 days [82]
48 Thumb Ernest II Oettingen-Wallerstein (Holy Roman Empire) 14 October 1602 3 March 1670 24,612 67 years, 140 days [83]
49 Thumb Philip I Lippe-Alverdissen (1613–1640)
Schaumburg-Lippe (1640–1681) (Holy Roman Empire)		 7 December 1613 10 April 1681 24,596 67 years, 124 days [84][85]
50 Thumb Henry III Margraviate of Meissen (Holy Roman Empire) 18 February 1221 15 February 1288 24,468 66 years, 362 days [86][87]
51 Thumb Eleanor[note 27] Aquitaine (France) 9 April 1137 1 April 1204 24,464 66 years, 358 days [88]
52 Thumb Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945) 20 December 1879 13 October 1946 24,403 66 years, 297 days [89]
53 Augustus Anhalt-Plötzkau (Holy Roman Empire) 6 December 1586 22 August 1653 24,366 66 years, 259 days [90]
54 Thumb Amarsinhji Banesinhji[note 28] Wankaner State (British Raj) 12 June 1881 15 February 1948 24,353 66 years, 248 days [91]
55 Thumb Frederick I Helfenstein-Wiesensteig (Holy Roman Empire) 7 April 1372 20 August 1438 24,240 66 years, 135 days [92]
56 Thumb Khengarji III Cutch (British Raj) 19 December 1875 15 January 1942 24,133 66 years, 27 days [93]
57 Thumb Philip I Brunswick-Grubenhagen (Holy Roman Empire) 15 August 1485 4 September 1551 24,125 66 years, 20 days [94]
58 Thumb William IV the Victorious Brunswick-Lüneburg (Holy Roman Empire) 14 October 1416 25 July 1482 24,025 65 years, 284 days [95]
59 Thumb Leopold III Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) 16 December 1751 9 August 1817 23,977 65 years, 236 days [96][97]
60 Thumb Charles Theodore Palatinate-Sulzbach (1733-1742)
County Palatine of the Rhine (1742-1799) (Holy Roman Empire)		 20 July 1733 16 February 1799 23,952 65 years, 211 days [98][99]
61 Makino Tadakiyo Nagaoka Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 5 August 1766 17 August 1831 23,752 65 years, 12 days [100]
62 Obizzo I d'Este [it; fr] Este and Ferrara (Holy Roman Empire) 15 December 1128 25 December 1193 23,751 65 years, 10 days [101]
63 Thumb Jean I Duchy of Brittany (France) 21 October 1221 8 October 1286 23,728 64 years, 352 days [102]
64 Thumb Frederick William Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Holy Roman Empire) 24 January 1671 14 November 1735 23,669 64 years, 294 days [103]
65 Thumb Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg [bg; it; cs] Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 5 February 1649 5 November 1713 23,648 64 years, 273 days [104]
66 Thumb Gangadharrao II Patwardhan [simple] Miraj Senior (British Raj) 6 June 1875 11 December 1939 23,563 64 years, 188 days [105]
67 Thumb Marguerite Charlotte Ligny (France) 23 May 1616 16 November 1680 23,553 64 years, 177 days [106]
68 Thumb Marie II County of Soissons (France) 25 October 1482 1 April 1547 23,534 64 years, 158 days [107]
69 Thumb Vishwanath Singh Bahadur Chhatarpur State (British Raj) 4 November 1867 4 April 1932 23,527 64 years, 152 days [108]
70 Thumb Frederick II Magnus Salm-Neuweiler (Holy Roman Empire) 26 October 1608 25 January 1673 23,467 64 years, 91 days [109]
71 Oda Nobuhisa Obata Domain (Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan) 6 August 1650 17 August 1714 23,386 64 years, 11 days [110]
72 Thumb Ibrahim Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957) 4 June 1895 8 May 1959 23,348 63 years, 338 days [111]
73 Thumb Sayajirao Gaekwad III Baroda State (British Raj) 27 May 1875 6 February 1939 23,265 63 years, 256 days [112]
74 Thumb Albert Anton Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Holy Roman Empire) 4 November 1646 24 June 1710 23,242 63 years, 232 days [113]
75 Thumb Anthony Günther Duchy of Oldenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 12 November 1603 19 June 1667 23,230 63 years, 219 days
76 Thumb Frederick Augustus I[note 29] Saxony[note 30] 17 December 1763 5 May 1827 23,149 63 years, 139 days [115]
77 Thumb Matilda Tuscany (Holy Roman Empire De jure) 6 May 1052 24 July 1115 23,088 63 years, 79 days [116]
78 Johann Gerhard Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen (Holy Roman Empire) 30 July 1648 5 October 1711 23,076 63 years, 67 days [117]
79 Thumb Ludwig I Principality of Anhalt (Holy Roman Empire) 6 December 1586 7 January 1650 23,043 63 years, 32 days [118]
80 Thumb Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa  Bahrain[note 31] 1 December 1869 9 December 1932 [note 32] 23,018 63 years, 8 days [119]
81 Thumb Charles III Upper Lorraine (Holy Roman Empire) 12 June 1545 14 May 1608 22,972 62 years, 327 days [120]
82 Philip II Isenburg-Birstein (Holy Roman Empire) 18 May 1533 5 April 1596 22,968 62 years, 323 days [121]
83 Thumb Johann Friedrich II Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire) 17 October 1702 24 August 1765 22,957 62 years, 311 days [122]
84 Thumb Philipp Ernst Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire) 21 February 1697 29 November 1759 22,925 62 years, 281 days [123]
85 Thumb Bernhard II Saxe-Meiningen[note 33] 24 December 1803 20 September 1866 22,916 62 years, 270 days [124]
86 Thumb Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi Ras Al Khaimah (Trucial States until 1971, sovereign 1971 - 72, United Arab Emirates from 1972) 7 February 1948[note 34] 27 October 2010 22,908 62 years, 262 days [125]
87 Thumb Philip II Nassau-Weilburg (Holy Roman Empire) 2 July 1429 19 March 1492 22,906 62 years, 261 days
[note 35]		 [126]
88 Thumb Nicolas Leopold I [de] Salm-Hoogstraat (Holy Roman Empire) 6 June 1707 4 February 1770 22,889 62 years, 243 days [127]
89 Thumb Philip Joseph Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire) 16 October 1716 7 June 1779 22,879 62 years, 234 days [128]
90 Thumb Christian II Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (Holy Roman Empire) 6 September 1654 26 April 1717 22,877 62 years, 232 days [129][130]
91 Thumb Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur Tonk State (British Raj) 14 November 1867[note 36] 23 June 1930 22,866 62 years, 221 days [131]
92 Thumb Léopold Philippe Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 19 August 1691 4 March 1754 22,842 62 years, 197 days [132]
93 Rudolf I Bregenz-Chur-Lower Raetia (Holy Roman Empire) 27 October 1097 27 April 1160 22,827 62 years, 183 days [133]
94 Thumb Hosokawa Tsunatoshi [ja] Kumamoto Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 28 January 1650 11 July 1712 22,809 62 years, 165 days [134]
95 Thumb Nahar Singh Shahpura State (British Raj) 21 April 1870 24 June 1932 22,709 62 years, 64 days [135]
96 Chandrabhan Singh Garrauli State (British Raj) 19 October 1884 20 November 1946 22,676 62 years, 32 days [136]
97 Thumb Heinrich XXV Reuss-Gera Younger Line (Holy Roman Empire) 13 March 1686 13 March 1748 22,645 62 years, 0 days [137]
98 Thumb Johann Christian I Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 5 February 1649 14 December 1710 22,591 61 years, 312 days [138]
99 Thumb Christian Louis Waldeck-Wildungen (Holy Roman Empire) 24 February 1645 12 December 1706 22,570 61 years, 291 days [139]
100 Thumb Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah  Kedah Kedah Sultanate (British Malaya) 22 September 1881 13 May 1943 22,512 61 years, 233 days [140]
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Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown

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Perspective

These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear alphabetically. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by total length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.

More information Portrait, Name ...
Portrait Name Country Reign Duration
(approx. years)		 Ref.
from to
Thumb Min Hti[141] Launggyet Dynasty of Arakan (Myanmar) 1279 1374 95 years
[note 37]		 [141]
Thumb Pepi II Neferkare[note 38] Egypt (Old Kingdom) 2278 BC 2184 BC (disputed) 94 years (disputed) [142]
Taejo[note 39] Goguryeo (Korea) 53 146 (disputed) 93 years (disputed) [143]
Tarak Bahadur Shah Bhirkot (Nepal) 1912 6 March 2001 89 years [144][145]
Thumb Nintoku[note 40]  Japan (Kofun period) 313 (disputed) 399 (disputed) 86 years (disputed) [146]
Abd al-Muttalib Quraysh (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) 497 578 81 years [147]
Sawai Basavalinga I Rajendra Udaiyar Sundem (Portuguese India) 1763 1843 80 years [148]
Ermanaric[note 41] Oium (Ukraine) 296 (disputed) 376 80 years (disputed) [149]
Hanayos Hariphunchai (Thailand) 669[note 42] (disputed) 749 [150]
Jangsu Goguryeo (Korea) 412 491 79 years [151]
Sigismondo III Este and San Martino in Rio (Holy Roman Empire) 1653 28 August 1732 [152]
Thumb An Dương Vương Âu Lạc (Vietnam) 257 BC (disputed) 179 BC (disputed) 78 years (disputed) [153]
Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Ziyadid dynasty (Yemen) 904 981 77 years [154]
Azmat Tallah Khan Rajouri (Mughal Empire) 1683 12 November 1760 [155]
Thumb Mirian III Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 284 361 [156]
Raisingh Deo Patna (Mughal Empire, later Maratha Empire) 1685 1762 [157]
Jadunath Singh Mangaraj Khandpara (Mughal Empire) 1599 1675 76 years [158]
John Philip I Stadion (Holy Roman Empire) 1666 2 January 1742 [159]
Mulla Ismail Dir
(Mughal Empire)		 1676 1752 [160]
Thumb William I the Elder Sayn-Wittgenstein (Holy Roman Empire) 1494 18 April 1570 [161]
Raja Abhiram Singh Saraikela (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1743 1818 75 years [162]
Sauromaces I Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 234 BC 159 BC [163]
Tai Wu Shang dynasty (China) 1486 BC (disputed) 1411 BC (disputed) [164]
Thumb Vakhtang I Gorgasali Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 447 522 [165]
Uthiyan Cheralathan Chera dynasty (India) 55 130 [166]
Johann III Sponheim-Starkenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1324 30 December 1398 74 years [167]
Yo-Tha Hariphunchai (Thailand) 1197 1271 [166]
Thumb Deria Hassan Isaaq Sultanate (British Somaliland from 1884) 1870 1943 73 years [168]
Thumb Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga Deva Eastern Ganga (India) 1077 1150 [169]
Sabal Singh Bedla (Mughal Empire) 1608 1681 [170]
Thumb Tezozomoc Azcapotzalco (Mexico) 1353 (disputed) 1426 [171]
Frederick Charles Bentheim-Bentheim (Holy Roman Empire) 1731 19 February 1803 72 years [172]
Grigor II Syunik (Armenia) 1094 1166 [173]
Raja Sang Tawal (Abdullah)  Kelantan (Malaysia) 1267 1339 [174]
Thumb Arwa al-Sulayhi Sulayhid Sultanate (Yemen) 1067 5 May 1138 71 years [175]
Thumb Heinrich VIII the Noble Fürstenberg-Wolfach (Holy Roman Empire) Late 1419 30 November 1490 [176]
Ngawang Tashi Drakpa Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet (China) 1491
1556		 1554
1564		 [177]
Huan State of Qi (China) 637 BC 567 BC 70 years [178]
John III [de] Aarberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1427 1497 [179]
John Ulrich Stadion (Holy Roman Empire) 1530[note 43] 1600 [159]
Muhtarram Shah Kator I Chitral (Mughal Empire) 1585 1655 [180]
Niandfo Oubritenga (Nigeria) 1441 1511 [181]
Pandukabhaya Kingdom of Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) 437 BC 367 BC [182]
Thumb Shapur II[note 44] Sasanian Empire (Iran) 309 379 [183]
Tshudpud Namgyal Kingdom of Sikkim[note 45] 1793 1863 [184]
Gerlach IV Isenburg-Grenzau (1220-1258)
Isenburg-Limburg (1258-1289)
(Holy Roman Empire)		 1220 1289 69 years [185]
Thumb Henry VI County of Gorizia (Holy Roman Empire) 6 May 1385 1454 [186]
Jai Chandra Katoch Lambagraon-Kangra (British Raj) 1864 1933 [187]
Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan Atraula (British Raj) 1865 1934 [188]
Rao Chandaji Balunda (Mughal Empire) 1573 1642 [189]
Simon I County of Lippe (Holy Roman Empire) 1275 10 August 1344 [190]
Thumb Alberto Azzo II Margraviate of Milan and Este
(Holy Roman Empire)		 1029 20 August 1097 68 years [191]
Bernard Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (Holy Roman Empire) 21 October 1382 1450 [192]
Bhagirathi Birabara Harichandan Talcher State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1778 1846 [193]
Himiko Yamatai (Japan) 180 248 [194]
Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II Kedah Sultanate (Malaysia) 1710 1778 [195]
Thumb Hkun Ti Mongpawn (Myanmar) 1860 1928 [196]
Louis II Stadion (Holy Roman Empire) 1260 1328 [159]
Malojirao III Mudhol State (Maratha Empire) 1737 1805 [197]
Eberhard II Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1387 1454 67 years [198]
Gopal Singha Dev II Mallabhum State[note 18] 1809 1876 [199]
Thumb Osman Mahamuud/
Uthman III ibn Mahmud		 Majeerteen Sultanate
(Italian Somaliland from 1889)		 1860 30 September 1927 [200]
Maha Singh Jhabua State (Mughal Empire) 1610 1677 [201][202]
Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid Sultanate of Gowa (Dutch East Indies) 1826 30 January 1893 [203]
Mahmud Iskandar Shah  Perak (Malaysia) 1653 1720 [204]
Thumb Eberhard I Katzenelnbogen Junior (Holy Roman Empire) 1245 23 August 1311 66 years [205]
Jing Song State (China) 517 451[note 46] [206]
Thumb Otto I Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1318 1384 [207]
Purushottam Dev Bastar State (India) 1468 1534 [208]
Thumb Ramesses II Egypt (New Kingdom) 31 May 1279 BC
[209][210]		 Late July or Early August 1213 BC
[211]		 [211]
Thumb Robert I[note 47] Duchy of Bar (Holy Roman Empire) December 1344 12 April 1411 [212]
Togbi Amedor Kpegla I Anlo Ewe (Ghana) 1840 22 January 1906 [213]
Thumb Zhao Tuo[note 48] Nanyue 203 BC 137 BC [214]
Thumb Catherine de' Medici Auvergne (France) 1524 [note 49] 5 January 1589 65 years [215]
Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur Pathari State[note 18] 1794 1859 [216]
Matilda I Nevers (France) 1192 1257 [217]
Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali Tarakote Raj[note 18] 1804 21 January 1869 [218]
Thumb Raja Raj Ram Singh I Sitamau State [note 18] 1802 1867 [219]
Nandivarman II Pallava Empire (India) 731 796 [220]
Thumb Pharnavaz I Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 299 BC 234 BC [221][222]
Zhao Song State (China) 469 BC[note 50] 404 BC [223]
Albert V Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) 19 January 1405 1469 64 years [61]
Thumb Amoghavarsha Rashtrakuta Empire (India) 814 878 [224]
Henry VI Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild
(Holy Roman Empire)		 1292 1356 [225]
Khuman III Udaipur State (India) 878 942 [226]
Mian Nigahi Chand Alelal-Bijapur (Maratha Empire) 1732 1796 [227]
Udai Chand Beja[note 18] 1841 20 June 1905 [228]
Zhuang I State of Qi (China) 794 BC 730 BC [229]
Andrew I Vitré (France) 1072 1135 63 years
Bagauda/Yakano Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria) 998/999 1063/1064 [230][231][232]
Fahrettin Behramşah Mengüjek (Turkey) 1162 1225 [233]
Ganapati Deva Kakatiya dynasty (India) 1199 1262 [234]
George Frederick Kirchberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1686 1749
Mahmud III Mali Empire 1496 1559 [235]
Zombré Wogodogo (Nigeria) 1681 1744 [236]
Pradip Shah  Garhwal Kingdom (Maratha Empire) 1709 1772 [237]
Raja Rampalji Bahadur Kutlehar State (British Raj) 1864 22 November 1927 [238]
Sripurusha Western Ganga (India) 725 788 [239]
Vijaya Sena Sena dynasty (India) 1096 1159 [240]
Bhola Bhima II Gurjaradesa (India) 1178 1240 62 years [241]
Georg II Montfort-Pfannberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1482 May 1544 [242]
Gopal Lal Kamta-Rajaula State [note 18] 1812 23 October 1874 [243]
King Oldman Miskito Nation (Nicaragua and Honduras) 1625 1687 [244]
Prithvi Shah  Garhwal Kingdom (Mughal Empire) 1552 1614 [237]
Abdul Jalilul Akbar  Brunei 1597 1659 61 years [245]
Askia Hanga the Great Dendi State (Niger) 1700 1761 [246]
Bhavsinhji I Ratanji Bhavnagar State (Mughal Empire) 1703 1764 [247]
Cleomenes II Sparta (Greece) 370 BC 309 BC [248]
Donnchadh MacMurrough Kavanagh Laighin (Ireland) 1417 1478 [249]
Hyeokgeose Geoseogan Silla (Korea) 57 BC 4 [250]
Thumb Leon II Abasgia (767–778), Abkhazia (778–828) 767 828 [251]
Peter II Urgell (Catalonia, Spain) 1347 June 1408 [252]
Orontes III Armenia 321 BC 260 BC [253]
Otto I Solms-Braunfels (Holy Roman Empire) 1349 1410 [254]
Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh Sirohi (India) 1250 1311 [255]
Winnemar Manderscheid (Holy Roman Empire) 1206 1267 [256]
Thumb Æscwine Kingdom of Essex (England) 527 587 60 years [257]
Adesida I Kingdom of Akure (Nigeria) 22 June 1897 1957 [258]
Ali ibn Dawud I Kilwa Sultanate (Tanzania) 1023 1083 [259]
Avinita Western Ganga (India) 469 529 [260]
Thumb Cleopatra II Egypt (Ptolemaic) 175 BC 115 BC [261]
Kotokuhene Nana Attafua Akyem Kotoku (Ghana) 1867 25 September 1927 [262]
Padam Singh Bundela Jigni State (Mughal Empire) 1730 1790 [263]
Friedrich II County of Castell (Holy Roman Empire) 1289 1349 [264]
Gerhard I the Elder Schwarzburg–Hallermund (Holy Roman Empire) 1266 1326 [265]
Gopinath Birabara Harichandan Talcher State (India) 1651 1711 [196]
Gusti Ngurah Agung II Tabanan (Dutch East Indies) Mid 1843 21 November 1903 [266]
Heinrich II Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1301 1361 [267]
Thumb Hiero II Syracuse (Sicily, Italy) 275 BC 215 BC [268]
Henry I Isenburg-Cleeberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1167 1227 [185]
Thumb Khingila I Alchon Huns (India) 430 490 [269]
Kilhan Dhundhar (India) 1216 1276 [270]
Mayadunne Kingdom of Sitawaka (Sri Lanka) 1521 1581 [271]
Mölambo Bubi Kingdom (Nigeria) 1700 1760 [272]
Mutasiva Anuradhapura Kingdom (Sri Lanka) 367 BC 307 BC [273]
Pawl Kingdom of Glywysing (Wales) 480 540 [274]
Thumb Phromkuman Singhanavati (Thailand) 1029 1089 [275]
Pravarsena I the Great Vakataka (India) 275 335 [276]
Sophie County of Bar (Holy Roman Empire) 1033 1093 [277]
Thumb Sri Pravarasena II Alchon Huns (India) 530 590 [278]
Vanghoji II Rao Phaltan State (Mughal Empire) 1570 1630 [279]
Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya Kodungallur Chera (India) 962 1021 59 years [280]
Kulashekara Alupendra I Alupa dynasty 1156 1215 [281]
Bu Jiang Xia dynasty (China) 1890 BC 1831 BC [282]
David I Anhoghin Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia) 989 1048 [283]
Thumb Kulottunga I Eastern Chalukyas, then Cholas 1061 1120 [284]
Harisingh Vidyadhara Dhenkanal State (India) 1531 1590 [285][286]
Hu State of Chen (China) 1045 BC 986 BC [287]
Thumb John the Magnificent Poitou (France) 1357 15 June 1416 [288]
Mohan Singh Rajgarh (Mughal Empire) 1638 1697 [289]
Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur Jagir of Maler (1600–1657)
Malerkotla (1657–1659) (Mughal Empire)		 1600 1659 [290]
Nawab Asad Ali Khan Basoda State[note 18] 1800
1822[note 51]		 1817
1864		 [291]
Konrad I the Scheerer Tübingen (Holy Roman Empire) 1317 1376 [292]
Thumb Sri Tegin Shah Turk Shahis/Kabul Shahis (Afghanistan) 680 739 [293]
William III County of Toulouse (France) 978 30 September 1037 [294]
William IV Jülich (Holy Roman Empire) 1219 1278 [295]
Thumb Wu Ding Shang dynasty (China) 1250 BC 1191 BC [296]
Bhaitai Dev Bastar State 1410 1468 58 years [208]
Thumb Gomani II Phillip[note 52] Maseko (Malawi) 1896 12 May 1954 [297]
Guled Abdi Isaaq Sultanate (Somaliland) 1750 1808 [298]
Thumb Harald I Fairhair  Norway 872 930 [299]
Thumb Henry II Baden-Hachberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1231 1289 [300]
Henry II Isenburg-Grenzau (Holy Roman Empire) 1220 29 September 1278 [185]
Mwezi IV Gisabo Kingdom of Burundi[note 53] 1850 1908 [301]
Nan Zhou dynasty (China) 314 BC 256 BC [302]
Nedum Cheralathan Chera Dynasty (India) 130 188 [303][304]
Jit Sen Suket (Mughal Empire) 1663 1721 [305][306]
Mulraj II Jaisalmer (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1762 1820 [307]
Rajapala Gurjara-Pratihara (India) 960 1018 [308]
Ramasimhadeva Karnata (India) 1227 1285 [309]
Thumb Rudolph I Saxe-Wittenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1298 12 March 1356 [310]
Sayyid Mir Zulfikar Ali Khan Kamadhia (British Raj) 21 August 1863 1921 [311]
Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan Tuoba Clan (China) 219 277 [312]
Yusa Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria) 1136 1194 [231][232]
Bernhard I Bentheim-Bentheim (Holy Roman Empire) 1364 2 November 1421 57 years [313]
Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg Aq Qoyunlu (Iran) 1378 1435 [314]
Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva Khurda Kingdom (Maratha Empire) 1736 1793 [315]
Deria Sugulle Ainanshe Habr Yunis Sultanate (Somaliland) 1797 1854 [316]
Thumb Jaswant Singh Nabha (British East India Company) 1783 22 May 1840 [317]
Jing Qi (China) 547 BC 490 BC [318]
John II Auxerre (France) 1304 1361 [319]
Thumb Pharasmanes I the Great Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 1 58 [165]
Prithvi Chand Baghal State (Mughal Empire) 1670 1727 [320]
Kori Oyo Empire (Nigeria) 1300 1357 [321]
Thumb Mithridates VI Pontus (Turkey) 120 BC 63 BC [322]
Nasir al-Din Muhammad Mihrabanid dynasty 1261 1318 [323]
Maredudd ap Tewdws Kingdom of Dyfed (Wales) 740 797 [324]
Ramnarian Singh Anandpur State (British Raj) 1871 1928 [325]
Thumb Sargon Akkadian Empire (Iraq) 2272 BC 2215 BC [326]
Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi Emirate of Fujairah (United Arab Emirates) 1879 31 December 1936 [327]
Sourigna Vongsa Lan Xang (Laos) 1637 1694 [328]
Thumb Orontes I Armenia 401 BC 344 BC [329]
Thumb Vseslav II Bryachislavich[note 54] Polotsk (Belarus) 1044 1101 [330]
Thumb Zhaoxiang Qin (China) 307 BC 250 BC [331]
Bhup Singh Nalagarh State (Maratha Empire) 1705 1761 56 Years [332]
Thumb Genghis Khan Khamag Mongol (1171–1206)

Mongol Empire (1206–1227)

 1171 25 August 1227 [333][334]
Thumb Gruffudd ap Cynan Gwynedd (Wales) 1081 1137 [335]
Idris bin Abu Bakr Hashim Dar Qimr [ca] (Sudan) 1879 1935 [336]
Mahtab Singh Adooka [note 18] 1839 1895 [337]
Mun Balhae (Korea) 737 793 [338]
Nripati Beta I Garuda Kakatiya dynasty (India) 995 / 1000 1051 / 1052 [339]
Prithvisimhji Gajsinhji Danta State (Mughal Empire) 1687 1743 [340]
Qasim Yaqut Khan Jafarabad State (Mughal Empire) 1677 1733 [341]
Sartanji II Vikmatji Porbandar State (British India) 1757 1813 [342]
Sultan Mustafa Kota Pinang (Dutch Indonesia from 1816) 1815 1871 [343]
Theodoric III County of Montbéliard (Holy Roman Empire) 17 June 1227 1283 / January 1284 [344]
Close

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
    •  Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
    •  South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
    •  Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)
    The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:
    •  Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
    •  Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
    •  Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
    •  Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
    •  Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
    •  Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
    •  The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
    •  Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
    •  Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
    •  Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
    •  Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)
    The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:
  2. [N 2]
    Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
  3. [N 3]
    In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar.[7][8]
  4. [N 4]
    In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11][12]
  5. [N 5]
    Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
  6. [N 6]
    Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
  7. [N 7]
    Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II",[11] or "Shield Jaguar".[12]
  8. [N 8]
    In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
  9. [N 9]
    In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
  10. [N 10]
    Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
  11. [N 11]
    Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Retired Emperor until 7 February 1799.
  12. [N 12]
    Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
  13. [N 13]
    In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.[29] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,[29] but most sources give 29 December 1094.[30][31][32]
  14. [N 14]
    James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
  15. [N 15]
    The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July.[36][37]
  16. [N 16]
    He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
  17. [N 17]
    Formally "abdicated" on 6 May 1723 but officially continued to rule until his death on 29 June 1724 after which point his son Maeda Yoshinori assumed full power.
  18. [N 18]
    British East India Company until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
  19. [N 19]
    Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
  20. [N 20]
    Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  21. [N 21]
    Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
  22. [N 22]
    In co-reign with his mother, Theresa, until 1128
  23. [N 23]
    Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
  24. [N 24]
    Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.[55] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
  25. [N 25]
    Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  26. [N 26]
    Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  27. [N 27]
    Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
  28. [N 28]
    Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
  29. [N 29]
    Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
  30. [N 30]
    Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  31. [N 31]
    British protectorate from 1880
  32. [N 32]
    Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
  33. [N 33]
    Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  34. [N 34]
    Reigned in dispute with Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi until 17 July 1948.
  35. [N 35]
    Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
  36. [N 36]
    Succeeded on 14 November 1867, but was officially enthroned on 20 December 1867
  37. [N 37]
    Possibly reigned about 1295–1370.
  38. [N 38]
    Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
  39. [N 39]
    A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. The Book of the Later Han cites 121 as his death date. The traditionally believed one is 146 since the Samguk Sagi claims that he abdicated in that year.
  40. [N 40]
    While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
  41. [N 41]
    Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
  42. [N 42]
    Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
  43. [N 43]
    His start date is also sometimes given as 1537
  44. [N 44]
    Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
  45. [N 45]
    Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
  46. [N 46]
    Alternatively his death date is put as 469. Might have co-reigned with his son until 451
  47. [N 47]
    Robert I was in co-rule with his brother Edward II until 1352
  48. [N 48]
    Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))
  49. [N 49]
    Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for 16 June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
  50. [N 50]
    An alternate start date is put as being 451. Could have possibly co-ruled with his father since 469.
  51. [N 51]
    Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
  52. [N 52]
    He had Regents until 1921.
  53. [N 53]
    Part of German East Africa from 1890.
  54. [N 54]
    He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.

References

Sources

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