Notes

[1]
Fritzsche, Peter (1998). Germans into Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-35092-2.
Eatwell, Roger (1997). Fascism, A History. Viking-Penguin. pp. xvii–xxiv, 21, 26–31, 114–140, 352. ISBN 978-0-14-025700-7.
Griffin, Roger (2000). "Revolution from the Right: Fascism". In Parker, David (ed.). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge. pp. 185–201. ISBN 978-0-415-17295-0.
[2]
"The political parties in the Weimar Republic" (PDF). Bundestag. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
[3]
"Nazism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2022. Nazism attempted to reconcile conservative, nationalist ideology with a socially radical doctrine.
[4]
Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010) [1996] Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History New York: Routledge. p. 1 ISBN 978-0-13-192469-7 Quote: "Nazism was only one, although the most important, of a number of similar-looking fascist movements in Europe between World War I and World War II."
[5]
Orlow, Dietrick (2009) The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe: German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939 London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 6–9. ISBN 978-0-230-60865-8.
[6]
Eley, Geoff (2013) Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-81263-4
[7]
Kailitz, Steffen and Umland, Andreas (2017). "Why Fascists Took Over the Reichstag but Have Not captured the Kremlin: A Comparison of Weimar Germany and Post-Soviet Russia" Archived 5 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Nationalities Papers. 45 (2): 206–221.
[8]
Kiernan, Lower, Naimark, Straus, Ben, Wendy, Norman, Scott (2023). "15: The Nazis and the Slavs – Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War". In Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Vol. 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 358, 359. doi:10.1017/9781108767118. ISBN 978-1-108-48707-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[9]
Evans 2003, p. 229.
[10]
Ramin Skibba (20 May 2019). "The Disturbing Resilience of Scientific Racism". Smithsonian.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
[11]
Baum, Bruce David (2006). The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity. New York/London: New York University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4294-1506-4.
[12]
Kobrak, Christopher; Hansen, Per H.; Kopper, Christopher (2004). "Business, Political Risk, and Historians in the Twentieth Century". In Kobrak, Christopher; Hansen, Per H. (eds.). European Business, Dictatorship, and Political Risk, 1920–1945. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-57181-629-0. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
[13]
Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7
[14]
Konrad Heiden, "Les débuts du national-socialisme", Revue d'Allemagne, VII, No. 71 (Sept. 15, 1933), p. 821.
[15]
Kershaw 1999, pp. 243–244, 248–249.
[16]
Gottlieb, Henrik; Morgensen, Jens Erik, eds. (2007). Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice: Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography, Copenhagen 2004 (illustrated ed.). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 247. ISBN 978-90-272-2334-0. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
[17]
Harper, Douglas. "Nazi". etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
[18]
"Nazi". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
[19]
Lepage, Jean-Denis (2009). Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7864-3935-5.
[20]
Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander, eds. (2013). The Third Reich Sourcebook. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-95514-1. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
[21]
Copping, Jasper (23 October 2011). "Why Hitler hated being called a Nazi and what's really in humble pie – origins of words and phrases revealed". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
[22]
Seebold, Elmar, ed. (2002). Kluge Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (in German) (24th ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017473-1.
[23]
Nazi. In: Friedrich Kluge, Elmar Seebold: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 24. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-017473-1 (Online Etymology Dictionary: Nazi Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine).
[24]
Goebbels, Joseph (1927) "The Nazi-Sozi" Archived 2 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, translated and annotated by Randall Bytwerk, Calvin College German Propaganda Archive
[25]
Bormann, Martin, compiler, et al., Hitler's Table Talk, republished 2016
[26]
See Selected Speeches of Field Marshal Hermann Goring
[27]
Maschmann, Melita, Account Rendered: A Dossier On My Former Self, originally published in 1963, republished in 2016, Plunkett Lake Press
[28]
Theodore Fred Abel papers.
[29]
Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2008, p. 156.
[30]
Hitler, Adolf in Domarus, Max and Patrick Romane, eds. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary, Waulconda, Illinois: Bolchazi-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2007, p. 170.
[31]
Koshar, Rudy. Social Life, Local Politics, and Nazism: Marburg, 1880–1935, University of North Carolina Press, 1986, p. 190.
[32]
Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Bottom of the Hill Publishing, 2010, p. 287.
[33]
Dawidowicz, Lucy. A Holocaust Reader Behrman House, Inc, 1976, p. 31.
[34]
"1923 Interview with Adolf Hitler". Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
[35]
Turner, Henry A. (1985). German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. Oxford University Press. p. 77.
[36]
Adolf Hitler, Max Domarus. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary. pp. 171, 172–173.
[37]
Kershaw 1999, p. 135.
[38]
Peukert, Detlev, The Weimar Republic. Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8090-1556-6, pp. 73–74.
[39]
Peukert, Detlev, The Weimar Republic. 1st paperback ed. Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8090-1556-6, p. 74.
[40]
Beck, Hermann The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light, Berghahn Books, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84545-680-1, p. 72.
[41]
Beck, Hermann The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light, 2008. pp. 72–75.
[42]
Beck, Hermann The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light, 2008, p. 84.
[43]
Bendersky 1985, pp. 104–106.
[44]
Stephen J. Lee. European Dictatorships, 1918–1945. Routledge, 1987, p. 169.
[45]
Bendersky 1985, pp. 106–107.
[46]
Miranda Carter. George, Nicholas and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I. Borzoi Book, 2009. 420 pp.
[47]
Beevor, Antony (2013). The Second World War. New York: Back Bay Books. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0316023757.
[48]
Balfour, Michael (1964). The Kaiser and his Times. Houghton Mifflin. p. 409.
[49]
"The Kaiser on Hitler" (PDF). Ken. 15 December 1938. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
[50]
Mann, Michael, Fascists, New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 183.
[51]
Browder, George C., Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD, Lexington: Kentucky University Press, 2004, p. 202.
[52]
Hallgarten, George (1973). "The Collusion of Capitalism". In Snell, John L. (ed.). "The Nazi Revolution: Hitler's Dictatorship and the German Nation". D. C. Heath and Company. p. 132
[53]
Hallgarten, George (1973). "The Collusion of Capitalism". In Snell, John L. (ed.). "The Nazi Revolution: Hitler's Dictatorship and the German Nation". D. C. Heath and Company. p. 133
[54]
Hallgarten, George (1973). "The Collusion of Capitalism". In Snell, John L. (ed.). "The Nazi Revolution: Hitler's Dictatorship and the German Nation". D. C. Heath and Company. pp. 137, 142
[55]
Hallgarten, George (1973). "The Collusion of Capitalism". In Snell, John L. (ed.). "The Nazi Revolution: Hitler's Dictatorship and the German Nation". D. C. Heath and Company. p. 141
[56]
Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany. Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7425-5363-7.
[57]
Heiden, Konrad (1938) Hitler: A Biography, London: Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 390
[58]
Nyomarkay 1967, pp. 123–124, 130.
[59]
Nyomarkay 1967, p. 133.
[60]
Glenn D. Walters. Lifestyle Theory: Past, Present, and Future. Nova Publishers, 2006, p. 40.
[61]
Weber, Thomas, Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, the Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 251.
[62]
Gaab, Jeffrey S., Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, & Politics, 2nd ed. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc, 2008, p. 61.
[63]
Kershaw 1999, pp. 34–35, 50–52, 60–67.
[64]
Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004. pp. 399–403.
[65]
Bendersky 1985, p. 49.
[66]
Bendersky 1985, p. 50.
[67]
Tooze 2006, p. 101.
[68]
Tooze 2006, pp. 100–101.
[69]
Tooze 2006, p. 99.
[70]
Furet, François, Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 0-226-27340-7, pp. 191–192.
[71]
Furet, François, Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, 1999, p. 191.
[72]
Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. Transaction Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 0-7658-0624-X.
[73]
Buchanan, Patrick J. (2008). Churchill, Hitler, and 'The Unnecessary War': How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World. Crown/Archetype. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-307-40956-0. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
[74]
Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8.
[75]
Broszat 1987, p. 38.
[76]
Harrington, Anne (2021). "Chapter Six: Life Science, Nazi Wholeness, and the 'Machine' in Germany's Midst". Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 175. doi:10.1515/9780691218083-009. ISBN 978-0-691-21808-3. JSTOR j.ctv14163kf.11. S2CID 162490363. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. When Hans Shemm in 1935 declared National Socialism to be "politically applied biology," things began to look up, not only for holism, but for the life sciences in general. After all, if the good National Socialist citizen was now seen as the man or woman who understood and revered what were called "Life's laws," then it seemed clear that the life scientists had a major role to play in defining a National Socialist educational program that would transmit the essence of these laws to every family in every village in the country. [...] So much seemed familiar: the calls among the National Socialists to return to authentic "German" values and "ways of knowing," to "overcome" the materialism and mechanism of the "West" and the "Jewish-international lie" of scientific objectivity; the use of traditional volkisch tropes that spoke of the German people (Volk) as a mystical, pseudobiological whole and the state as an "organism" in which the individual was subsumed in the whole ("You are nothing, your Volk is everything"); the condemnation of Jews as an alien force representing chaos, mechanism, and inauthenticity. Hitler himself had even used the stock imagery of conservative holism in Mein Kampf when he spoke of the democratic state as "a dead mechanism which only lays claim to existence for its own sake" and contrasted this with his vision of statehood for Germany in which "there must be formed a living organism with the exclusive aim of serving a higher idea."
[77]
Deichmann, Ute (2020). "Science and political ideology: The example of Nazi Germany". Mètode Science Studies Journal. 10 (Science and Nazism. The unconfessed collaboration of scientists with National Socialism). Universitat de València: 129–137. doi:10.7203/metode.10.13657. hdl:10550/89369. ISSN 2174-9221. S2CID 203335127. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Although in their basic framework Nazi anti-Semitic and racist ideology and policies were not grounded in science, scientists not only supported them in various ways, but also took advantage of them, for example by using the new possibilities of unethical experimentation in humans that these ideologies provided. Scientists' complicity with Nazi ideology and politics does, however, not mean that all sciences in Nazi Germany were ideologically tainted. I argue, rather, that despite the fact that some areas of science continued at high levels, science in Nazi Germany was most negatively affected not by the imposition of Nazi ideology on the conduct of science but by the enactment of legal measures that ensured the expulsion of Jewish scientists. The anti-Semitism of young faculty and students was particularly virulent. Moreover, I show that scientists supported Nazi ideologies and policies not only through so-called reductionist science such as eugenics and race-hygiene, but also by promoting organicist and holistic ideologies of the racial state. [...] The ideology of leading Nazi party ideologues was strongly influenced by the Volkish movement which, in the wake of the writings of philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and other nineteenth century authors, promoted the idea of Volk (people) as an organic unity. They did not base their virulent anti-Semitism and racism on anthropological concepts.
[78]
Anker, Peder (2021). "The Politics of Holism, Ecology, and Human Rights". Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire, 1895–1945. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press. p. 157. doi:10.4159/9780674020221-008. ISBN 978-0-674-02022-1. S2CID 142173094. The paradoxical character of the politics of holism is the theme of this chapter, which focuses on the mutually shaping relationship between John William Bews, John Phillips, and the South African politician Jan Christian Smuts. Smuts was a promoter of international peace and understanding through the League of Nations, but also a defender of racial suppression and white supremacy in his own country. His politics, I will argue, were fully consistent with his holistic philosophy of science. Smuts was guided by the efforts of ecologists such as Bews and Phillips, who provided him with a day-to-day update of the latest advances in scientific knowledge of natural laws governing Homo sapiens. A substantial part of this chapter will thus return to their research on human ecology to explore the mutual field of inspiration linking them and Smuts. Two aspects of this human ecological research were particularly important: the human gradualism or ecological "succession" of human personalities researched by Bews, and the concept of an ecological biotic community explored by Phillips. Smuts transformed this research into a policy of racial gradualism that respected local ways of life in different (biotic) communities, a policy he tried to morally sanctify and promote as author of the famous 1945 Preamble of the United Nation Charter about human rights.
[79]
Scheid, Volker (2016). "Chapter 3: Holism, Chinese Medicine, and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future". In Whitehead, A.; Woods, A.; Atkinson, S.; Macnaughton, J.; Richards, J. (eds.). The Edinburgh Companion to the Critical Medical Humanities. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0003. ISBN 978-1-4744-0004-6. S2CID 13333626. Bookshelf ID:NBK379258. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2022 – via NCBI. Common Roots: Holism Before and During the Interwar Years: This chapter cannot explore in detail the complex entanglements between these different notions of holism, or how they reflect Germany's troubled path towards modernity. My starting point, instead, is the interwar years. By then, holism had become an important resource for people across Europe, the US and beyond—but once again specifically in Germany—for dealing with what Max Weber, in 1918, had famously analysed as a widely felt disenchantment with the modern world. The very word 'holism' (as opposed to ideas or practices designated as such today), as well as related words like 'emergence' or 'organicism', date from this time. It was coined in 1926 by Jan Smuts to describe a perceived tendency of evolutionary processes towards the formation of wholes, granting these wholes a special onto-epistemic significance that parts lack. This was cultural holism now underpinned by evolutionary science and deployed by Smuts not only as a tool for grasping the coming into being of the world but also as an ideological justification for the development of Apartheid in South Africa. In Weimar Germany and then under Nazism, holistic science became a mainstream academic endeavour, once more intermingling cultural politics and serious scientific research. Holistic perspectives also became popular in the interwar years among academics and the wider public throughout the UK and US. In France, it was associated with vitalist philosophies and the emergence of neo-Hippocratic thinking in medicine, manifesting the unease many people felt about the shifts that biomedicine was undergoing at the time.
[80]
Ryback 2010, pp. 129–130.
[81]
Ryback 2010, p. 129.
[82]
George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), pp. 19–23.
[83]
Thomas Lekan and Thomas Zeller, "Introduction: The Landscape of German Environmental History", in Germany's Nature: Cultural Landscapes and Environmental History, edited by Thomas Lekan and Thomas Zeller (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), p. 3.
[84]
The Nazi concept of Lebensraum has connections with this idea, with German farmers being rooted to their soil, needing more of it for the expansion of the German Volk—whereas the Jew is precisely the opposite, nomadic and urban by nature. See: Roderick Stackelberg, The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany (New York: Routledge, 2007), p. 259.
[85]
Additional evidence of Riehl's legacy can be seen in the Riehl Prize, Die Volkskunde als Wissenschaft (Folklore as Science) which was awarded in 1935 by the Nazis. See: George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), p. 23. Applicants for the Riehl prize had stipulations that included only being of Aryan blood, and no evidence of membership in any Marxist parties or any organisation that stood against National Socialism. See: Hermann Stroback, "Folklore and Fascism before and around 1933," in The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich, edited by James R Dow and Hannjost Lixfeld (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 62–63.
[86]
Cyprian Blamires. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006, p. 542.
[87]
Keith H. Pickus. Constructing Modern Identities: Jewish University Students in Germany, 1815–1914. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 86.
[88]
Jonathan Olsen. Nature and Nationalism: Right-wing Ecology and the Politics of Identity in Contemporary Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, p. 62.
[89]
Andrew Gladding Whiteside, Austrian National Socialism before 1918, (1962), pp. 1–3
[90]
Nina Witoszek, Lars Trägårdh. Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. Berghahn Books, 2002. pp. 89–90.
[91]
Witoszek, Nina and Lars Trägårdh, Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden, Berghahn Books, 2002, p. 90.
[92]
Gerwarth 2007, p. 150.
[93]
Gerwarth 2007, p. 149.
[94]
Gerwarth 2007, p. 54.
[95]
Gerwarth 2007, pp. 54, 131.
[96]
Gerwarth 2007, p. 131.
[97]
David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. pp. 236–237.
[98]
David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. pp. 159–160.
[99]
Brigitte Hamann (2010). Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8.
[100]
Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006, p. 62.
[101]
Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally Anne. The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts, London: Routledge, 2002, p. 11.
[102]
A. J. Woodman. The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, 2009, p. 294: "The white race was defined as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule; within it the Aryans are 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'." Originally a linguistic term synonymous with Indo-European, 'Aryan' became, not least because of the Essai, the designation of a race, which Gobineau specified was 'la race germanique'
[103]
Blamires, Cyprian and Paul Jackson, World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1, 2006, p. 126.
[104]
Stefan Kühl (2002). Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514978-4.
[105]
William Brustein. Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 207.
[106]
Brustein, 2003, p. 210.
[107]
William Brustein. Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 207, 209.
[108]
Nina Witoszek, Lars Trägårdh. Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. Berghahn Books, 2002, p. 89.
[109]
Jack Fischel. The Holocaust. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1998, p. 5.
[110]
Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 220
[111]
Ryback 2010, p. 130.
[112]
Roderick Stackelberg, Sally Anne Winkle. The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts, 2002, p. 45.
[113]
Ian Kershaw. Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2001, p. 588.
[114]
David Welch. Hitler: Profile of a Dictator. 2nd edition. New York: UCL Press, 2001. pp. 13–14.
[115]
David Welch. Hitler: Profile of a Dictator, 2001, p. 16.
[116]
"Nazism". Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024.
[117]
Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4.
[118]
Davies, Norman (1997). Europe: A History. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 850. ISBN 0-19-820171-0.
[119]
Housden, Martyn (2000). "2: Ideologue". Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?. New York: Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 0-415-16359-5.
[120]
Claudia Koonz (2005). The Nazi Conscience. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01842-6.
[121]
Richard Weikart (2009). Hitler's Ethic. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-230-62398-9.
[122]
Sarah Ann Gordon (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the 'Jewish Question'. Princeton University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-691-10162-0.
[123]
"Florida Holocaust Museum: Antisemitism – Post World War 1" (history), flholocaustmuseum.org, 2003, webpage: Post-WWI Antisemitism Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
[124]
"THHP Short Essay: What Was the Final Solution?". Holocaust-History.org, July 2004, webpage: HoloHist-Final Archived 4 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine: notes that Hermann Göring used the term in his order of 31 July 1941 to Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA).
[125]
Peter J. Bowler. Evolution: The History of an Idea. 2nd edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989. pp. 304–305.
[126]
Robert J. Richards. Myth 19 That Darwin and Haeckel were Complicit in Nazi Biology. The University of Chicago. http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Myth.pdf Archived 12 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
[127]
Peter J. Bowler. Evolution: The History of an Idea, 1989, p. 305.
[128]
Denis R. Alexander, Ronald L. Numbers. Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins. Chicago, Illinois; London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 209.
[129]
Henry Friedlander. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p. 5.
[130]
Whitman, James Q. (2017). Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–47.
[131]
Kitchen, Martin, A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000, Malden, MA; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2006, p. 205.
[132]
Hüppauf, Bernd-Rüdiger War, Violence, and the Modern Condition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1997, p. 92.
[133]
Rohkrämer, Thomas, "A Single Communal Faith?: The German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism", Monographs in German History. Volume 20, Berghahn Books, 2007, p. 130
[134]
Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006, p. 628.
[135]
Winkler, Heinrich August and Alexander Sager, Germany: The Long Road West, English ed. 2006, p. 414.
[136]
Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1, 2006, p. 629.
[137]
Weitz, Eric D., Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007. pp. 336–337.
[138]
Weitz, Eric D., Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 336.
[139]
German Federal Archive image description
[140]
Hughes, H. Stuart, Oswald Spengler, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1992, p. 108.
[141]
Hughes, H. Stuart, Oswald Spengler, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1992, p. 109.
[142]
Kaplan, Mordecai M. Judaism as a Civilization: Toward a Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life. p. 73.
[143]
Farrenkopf, John (2001). Prophet of Decline: Spengler on World History and Politics. LSU Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 9780807127278.
[144]
Stern, Fritz Richard The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology University of California Press reprint edition (1974) p. 296
[145]
Burleigh, Michael The Third Reich: a new history Pan MacMillan (2001) p. 75
[146]
Redles, David Nazi End Times; The Third Reich as a Millennial Reich in Kinane, Karolyn & Ryan, Michael A. (eds) End of Days: Essays on the Apocalypse from Antiquity to Modernity McFarland and Co (2009) p. 176.
[147]
Kershaw 1999, p. 182.
[148]
Fulda, Bernhard. Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 65.
[149]
Carlsten, F. L. The Rise of Fascism. 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1982, p. 80.
[150]
David Jablonsky. The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923–1925. London; Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1989. pp. 20–26, 30
[151]
Hugh R. Trevor-Roper (ed.), Gerhard L. Weinberg (ed.). Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations. Enigma Books, 2008. p. 10
[152]
Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1995. pp. 463–464.
[153]
Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945, 1995, p. 463.
[154]
Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945, 1995, p. 464.
[155]
Broszat 1981, p. 29.
[156]
Giaccaria, Minca, Paolo, Claudio, ed. (2016). Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 10, 11, 29. ISBN 978-0-226-27442-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
[157]
Neumann, Boaz (2002). "The National Socialist Politics of Life". New German Critique (85): 107–130. doi:10.2307/3115178. ISSN 0094-033X. JSTOR 3115178. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023 – via JSTOR.
[158]
Steve Thorne. The Language of War. London: Routledge, 2006, p. 38. ISBN 978-0-415-35867-5
[159]
Bialas, Wolfgang, and Lothar Fritze, eds. Nazi Ideology and Ethics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014, pp. 15–57 ISBN 978-1443854221
[160]
Giaccaria, Minca, Paolo, Claudio, ed. (2016). "1: For a Tentative Spatial Theory of the Third Reich". Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. Chicago, USA: The University of Chicago Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-226-27442-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
[161]
Stephen J. Lee. Europe, 1890–1945, p. 237. ^{[ISBN missing]}
[162]
Peter D. Stachura. The Shaping of the Nazi State, p. 31.
[163]
Joseph W. Bendersk, A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945, p. 177
[164]
Gliožaitis, Algirdas. "Neumanno-Sasso byla" [The Case of Neumann-Sass]. Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
[165]
André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004, p. 36
[166]
Hitler, Adolf (1939). "XIV: Germany's policy in Eastern Europe". Mein Kampf. Hurst & Blackett Ltd. pp. 498, 500.
[167]
Rolf-Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär. Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment. Berghahn Books, 2009, p. 89.
[168]
Bradl Lightbody. The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. London; New York: Routledge, 2004, p. 97.^{[ISBN missing]}
[169]
Tooze 2008, pp. 161–162.
[170]
Tooze 2008, pp. 166–167.
[171]
Tooze 2008, pp. 167–168.
[172]
Goebbels, Joseph (1970). The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-3815-2. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via Google Books.
[173]
Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995) Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in modern German and world history Cambridge University Press, p. 36 Archived 15 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
[174]
George Lachmann Mosse. Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich, p. 79.
[175]
S.H. Milton (2001). ""Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany". In Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (eds.). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. pp. 216, 231. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.
[176]
Michael Burleigh (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-521-39802-2.
[177]
Majer 2003, p. 180.
[178]
Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, p. 180. ISBN 90-420-1633-7.
[179]
Simone Gigliotti, Berel Lang. The Holocaust: a reader. Malden, MA; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 14.
[180]
Simone Gigliotti, Berel Lang. The Holocaust: A Reader. Malden, MA; Oxford; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 14.
[181]
William W. Hagen (2012). "German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation Archived 2 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine". Cambridge University Press, p. 313. ISBN 0-521-19190-4
[182]
Sandner (1999): 385 (66 in PDF Archived 12 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine) Note 2. The author claims that the term Aktion T4 was not used by the Nazis and that it was first used in the trials of the doctors and later included in the historiography.
[183]
Hitler, Adolf (1961). Hitler's Secret Book. New York: Grove Press. pp. 8–9, 17–18. ISBN 978-0-394-62003-9. OCLC 9830111. Sparta must be regarded as the first Völkisch State. The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction, was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject.
[184]
Mike Hawkins (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: nature as model and nature as threat. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-521-57434-1. OCLC 34705047. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
[185]
Clarence Lusane. Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi Era. Routledge, 2002. pp. 112–113, 189.
[186]
Bryan Mark Rigg (2004). Hitler's Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story Of Nazi Racial Laws And Men Of Jewish Descent In The German Military. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1358-8.
[187]
Evans 2005, p. 507.
[188]
This was the result of either a club foot or osteomyelitis. Goebbels is commonly said to have had club foot (talipes equinovarus), a congenital condition. William L. Shirer, who worked in Berlin as a journalist in the 1930s and was acquainted with Goebbels, wrote in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960) that the deformity was caused by a childhood attack of osteomyelitis and a failed operation to correct it.
[189]
Anne Maxwell (2010 [2008]). Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Eastbourne, England; Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press p. 150. ^{[ISBN missing]}
[190]
John Cornwell. Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact. Penguin, 2004. Archived 6 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
[191]
Racisms Made in. Germany (Racism Analysis |Yearbook 2 – 2011) Ed. by Wulf D. Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann p. 19
[192]
Max Weinreich. Hitler's Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany's Crimes Against the Jewish People. Yale University Press, 1999, p. 111.
[193]
Steinweis 2008, p. 28.
[194]
Steinweis 2008, pp. 31–32.
[195]
Steinweis 2008, p. 29.
[196]
Sources:
- Müller, R. Ueberschar, Rolf-Dieter, Gerd (2009). Hitler's war in the East, 1941–1945. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-84545-501-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- "Der Untermensch". Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection. January 1942. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020.
- E. Aschheim, Steven (1992). "8: Nietzsche in the Third Reich". The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 236, 237. ISBN 0-520-08555-8.
[197]
André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004. pp. 34–36.
[198]
Steve Thorne. The Language of War. London: Routledge, 2006, p. 38.
[199]
Anton Weiss-Wendt (2010). Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4438-2449-1.
[200]
Wendy Lower. Nazi Empire-building and the Holocaust In Ukraine. The University of North Carolina Press, 2005, p. 27.
[201]
Marvin Perry. Western Civilization: A Brief History. Cengage Learning, 2012, p. 468.
[202]
E. Aschheim, Steven (1992). "8: Nietzsche in the Third Reich". The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990. Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 236, 237. ISBN 0-520-08555-8.
[203]
Müller, R. Ueberschar, Rolf-Dieter, Gerd (2009). Hitler's war in the East, 1941–1945. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-84545-501-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[204]
E. Aschheim, Steven (1992). "8: Nietzsche in the Third Reich". The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990. Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. p. 236. ISBN 0-520-08555-8.
[205]
Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany. Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-7425-5363-7.
[206]
Norman Davies. Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. Pan Macmillan, 2008. pp. 167, 209.
[207]
Richard A. Koenigsberg. Nations have the Right to Kill: Hitler, the Holocaust, and War. New York: Library of Social Science, 2009, p. 2.
[208]
Goebbels, Joseph; Mjölnir (1932). Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler. Etwas zum Nachdenken. Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger. English translation: Those Damned Nazis Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
[209]
Mason 1993, p. 6.
[210]
Mason 1993, p. 7.
[211]
Bendersky 1985, p. 40.
[212]
Fritz, Stephen. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. University Press of Kentucky, 1997.^{[ISBN missing]}
[213]
Bendersky 1985, p. 48.
[214]
David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 245.^{[ISBN missing]}
[215]
Grunberger, Richard, A Social History of the Third Reich, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971. pp. 167, 175–176
[216]
Alf Lüdtke, "The 'Honor of Labor': Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National Socialism", in Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945, edited by David F. Crew (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 67–109.
[217]
Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 46, ISBN 0-03-076435-1
[218]
Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000. pp. 76–77.
[219]
Mason 1993, pp. 48–50.
[220]
Mason 1993, p. 49.
[221]
Mason 1993, p. 44.
[222]
Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000, p. 77.
[223]
Mason 1993, p. 48.
[224]
Fischer, Conan, ed. The rise of national socialism and the working classes in Weimar Germany. Berghahn Books, 1996.
[225]
Mühlberger, Detlef. "The sociology of the NSDAP: The question of working-class membership." Journal of Contemporary History 15, no. 3 (1980): 493–511.
[226]
Fritz, Stephen. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. University Press of Kentucky, 1997, p. 210
[227]
Tooze 2008, p. 143.
[228]
Spielvogel, Jackson J. Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History. Routledge, 2016.
[229]
Beck, Hermann (2016). "The Antibourgeois Character of National Socialism". The Journal of Modern History. 88 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 572–609. doi:10.1086/687528. S2CID 157869544. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
[230]
Steele, David Ramsay. "The Mystery of Fascism." Liberty Magazine (2001).
[231]
For more elucidation about this conception and its oversimplification, see: Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, "Beyond Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Weimar Women in Politics and Work" in Renate Bridenthal, et al. (eds), When Biology Became Destiny in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984), pp. 33–65.
[232]
Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp. 53–59.
[233]
Hitler on 23 November 1937. In Max Domarus ed., Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1932–1945, (vol I). Triumph. (Würzburg: Verlagsdruckerei Schmidt, 1962), p. 452.
[234]
Adolf Hitler in a speech to the National Socialist Women's Congress, published in the Völkischer Beobachter, 15 September 1935 (Wiener Library Clipping Collection). Cited from: George Mosse, Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), p. 40.
[235]
Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp. 149, 185–187.
[236]
Jill Stephenson, Women in Nazi Germany (London and New York: Longman, 2001), pp. 37–40.
[237]
Gerda Bormann was concerned by the ratio of racially valuable women that outnumbered men and she thought that the war would make the situation worse in terms of childbirths, so much so that she advocated a law (never passed) which allowed healthy Aryan men to have two wives. See: Anna Maria Sigmund, Women of the Third Reich (Ontario: NDE, 2000), pp. 17–19.
[238]
Anna Maria Sigmund, Women of the Third Reich (Ontario: NDE, 2000), p. 17.
[239]
Himmler was thinking about members of the SS fulfilling this task. See: Felix Kersten, Totenkopf und Treue. Aus den Tagebuchblättern des finnischen Medizinalrats Felix Kersten (Hamburg: Mölich Verlag, 1952), pp. 228–229.
[240]
Leila J. Rupp (1978). Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04649-5.
[241]
Helen Boak. "Nazi policies on German women during the Second World War – Lessons learned from the First World War?". pp. 4–5. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
[242]
Robert Gellately (2001). Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-160452-2.
[243]
Friedmann, Jan (21 January 2010). "The 'Dishonorable' German Girls: The Forgotten Persecution of Women in World War II". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
[244]
Robert Gellately (1990). The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945. Clarendon Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-820297-4.
[245]
Richard J. Evans (2012). The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster. Penguin Books Limited. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-14-191755-9.
[246]
Majer 2003, p. 369.
[247]
Majer 2003, pp. 331–32.
[248]
Jill Stephenson (2001). Women in Nazi Germany. Longman. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-582-41836-3.
[249]
Peter Longerich (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
[250]
"The Jewish Question in Education Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine"
[251]
Nunn, Zavier (2022). "Trans Liminality and the Nazi State". Past & Present (260): 123–157. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtac018.
[252]
"Paper: Trans Identities and "Cross Dressing" in Nazi Germany: Trans People as a Discrete Target of State Violence (134th Annual Meeting (January 3–6, 2020))". aha.confex.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
[253]
Sutton, Katie (2012). "'We Too Deserve a Place in the Sun': The Politics of Transvestite Identity in Weimar Germany". German Studies Review. 35 (2): 348. doi:10.1353/gsr.2012.a478043. JSTOR 23269669. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
[254]
"Paragraph 175 and the Nazi Campaign against Homosexuality". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023. Not everyone arrested under Paragraph 175 identified as a man. During the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, Germany was home to a developing community of people who identified as 'transvestites.' [...] Initially, this term encompassed people who performed in drag, people who cross-dressed for pleasure, as well as those who today might identify as trans or transgender.
[255]
"Transgender Experiences in Weimar and Nazi Germany". Museum of Jewish Heritage – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
[256]
Marhoefer, Laurie (6 June 2023). "Historians are learning more about how the Nazis targeted trans people". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
[257]
Plant 1988, p. 99.
[258]
Pretzel, Andreas (2005). "Vom Staatsfeind zum Volksfeind. Zur Radikalisierung der Homosexuellenverfolgung im Zusammenwirken von Polizei und Justiz". In Zur Nieden, Susanne (ed.). Homosexualität und Staatsräson. Männlichkeit, Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900–1945. Frankfurt/M.: Campus Verlag. p. 236. ISBN 978-3-593-37749-0. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
[259]
Bennetto, Jason (22 October 2011). "Holocaust: Gay activists press for German apology". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
[260]
The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd, p. 108.
[261]
Plant 1988, pp. 1–276.
[262]
Neander, Biedron. "Homosexuals. A Separate Category of Prisoners". Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
[263]
J Noakes and G Pridham, Documents on Nazism, 1919–1945, London 1974
[264]
McNab 2009, p. 182.
[265]
David Redles. Hitler's Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York; London: New York University Press, 2005, p. 60.
[266]
Scholarship for Martin Luther's 1543 treatise, On the Jews and their Lies, exercising influence on Germany's attitude: * Wallmann, Johannes. "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. Wallmann writes: "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented anti-Semitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." * Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006; see chapter 4 "The Germanies from Luther to Hitler", pp. 105–151. * Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Hillerbrand writes: "[H]is strident pronouncements against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development of German anti-Semitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of German history."
[267]
Ellis, Marc H. "Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism"Archived 10 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004, slide 14. Also see Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 12, p. 318, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, 19 April 1946.
[268]
Robert Anthony Krieg. Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004. pp. 4–8.
[269]
Robert Anthony Krieg. Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany, 2004, p. 4.
[270]
Ausma Cimdiņa, Jonathan Osmond. Power and Culture: Hegemony, Interaction and Dissent. PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2006.
[271]
Roger Griffin. Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2005, p. 85.
[272]
"DÖW – Erinnern – Biographien – Spurensuche – Maria Restituta (Helene Kafka, 1894–1943)". www.doew.at. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
[273]
"Zur Erinnerung an Dr. Roman Karl Scholz". roman-karl-scholz.zurerinnerung.at. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
[274]
"Gedenken an Widerstandskämpfer Roman Scholz". www.noen.at. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
[275]
"DöW – Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes". ausstellung.de.doew.at. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
[276]
Stehle, Hansjakob (5 January 1996). "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus". Die Zeit. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
[277]
"Im Netz der Verräter". Der Standard. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
[278]
Hecht, Rauch, Rodt: Geköpft für Christus & Österreich. (1995).
[279]
Pirker, Peter (2012). Suberversion deutscher Herrschaft. Der britische Geheimdienst SOE und Österreich. Zeitgeschichte im Kontext. 6. Göttingen: V & R Unipress. p. 252. ISBN 978-3-86234-990-6.
[280]
Erika Weinzierl: Kirchlicher Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. In: Themen der Zeitgeschichte und der Gegenwart. Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7549-0, p. 76.
[281]
Helga Thoma "Mahner-Helfer-Patrioten: Porträts aus dem österreichischen Widerstand" (2004), p 159.
[282]
Benedicta Maria Kempner: "Priester vor Hitlers Tribunalen" (1966).
[283]
Roger Griffin. Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion, 2005, p. 93.
[284]
DeLong, J. Bradford (February 1997). "Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. XV. Nazis and Soviets". econ161.berkeley.edu. University of California at Berkeley. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
[285]
R.J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 1–5.
[286]
R. J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 7–11.
[287]
Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1971), p. 19.
[288]
Beck Hermann, The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), p. 243.
[289]
Bel, Germà (April 2006). "Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany" (PDF). Economic History Review. 63 (1). University of Barcelona: 34–55. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x. hdl:2445/11716. S2CID 154486694. SSRN 895247. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
[290]
Overy, Richard (2006). Why The Allies Won. London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-065-1.
[291]
Tooze 2006, p. 49.
[292]
Tooze 2006, p. 37.
[293]
Tooze 2007, p. ^{[page needed]}.
[294]
W. Dick; A. Lichtenberg (4 August 2012). "The myth of Hitler's role in building the German autobahn" Archived 16 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
[295]
Tooze 2006, p. 38.
[296]
Overy, R.J. (1996). The Nazi economic recovery 1932–1938 (2nd ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-521-55767-4.
[297]
William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 260.
[298]
Tooze 2006, p. 55.
[299]
Tooze 2006, p. 66.
[300]
Evans 2008, p. 333.
[301]
Tooze 2006, p. 100.
[302]
Tooze 2006, p. 102.
[303]
Tooze 2006, p. 114.
[304]
Guillebaud, Claude W. 1939. The Economic Recovery of Germany 1933–1938. London: MacMillan and Co. Limited.
[305]
Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004, p. 403.
[306]
Temin, Peter (November 1991). "Soviet and Nazi economic planning in the 1930s" (PDF). The Economic History Review. New Series. 44 (4): 573–593. doi:10.2307/2597802. hdl:1721.1/64262. JSTOR 2597802. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
[307]
Barkai, Avaraham 1990. Nazi Economics: Ideology, Theory and Policy. Oxford Berg Publisher.
[308]
Hayes, Peter. 1987 Industry and Ideology IG Farben in the Nazi Era. Cambridge University Press.
[309]
Evans 2005, pp. 483–484.
[310]
Evans 2005, p. 484.
[311]
Evans 2005, pp. 484–485.
[312]
Evans 2005, pp. 486–487.
[313]
Evans 2005, p. 489.
[314]
Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 79, ISBN 0-03-076435-1
[315]
Ian Kershaw, Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 52–53.
[316]
Rafael Scheck, Germany, 1871–1945: A Concise History, p. 167.
[317]
Berman, Sheri (2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-521-52110-9. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
[318]
R.J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 1–30.
[319]
Klaus Hildebrand, The Third Reich (London & New York: Routledge, 1986), pp. 39–48.
[320]
Jost Dülffer, Nazi Germany 1933–1945: Faith and Annihilation (London: Bloomsbury, 2009), pp. 72–73.
[321]
Bendersky, Joseph W. A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers, 2000, p. 72.
[322]
Bendersky, Joseph W. A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers, 2000, p. 40.
[323]
Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, 1966, p. 619.
[324]
Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Hurst and Blackett ltd., 1939, p. 343
[325]
Bendersky 1985, p. 51.
[326]
Bendersky 1985, pp. 49–50.
[327]
"They must unite, [Hitler] said, to defeat the common enemy, Jewish Marxism." A New Beginning, Adolf Hitler, Völkischer Beobachter. February 1925. Cited in: Toland, John (1992). Adolf Hitler. Anchor Books. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-385-03724-2.
[328]
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution. Yale University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-300-12427-9.
[329]
Bendersky 1985, p. 52.
[330]
"The Nazi-Sozi" [Joseph Goebbels, Der Nazi-Sozi (Elberfeld: Verlag der Nationalsozialistischen Briefe, 1927)]. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
[331]
Carsten, Francis Ludwig The Rise of Fascism, 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1982, p. 137. Quoting: Hitler, A., Sunday Express, 28 September 1930.
[332]
David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 50.
[333]
Ben Fowkes. Communism in Germany under the Weimar Republic. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984. pp. 166–167
[334]
Ben Fowkes. Communism in Germany under the Weimar Republic. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984. pp. 170–171
[335]
Ben Fowkes. Communism in Germany under the Weimar Republic. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984, p. 171
[336]
Bendersky, Joseph W. A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers, 2000. pp. 58–59.
[337]
Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004, p. 399
[338]
Tooze (2006), pp. 8–11
[339]
Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004, p. 230.
[340]
Kritika: explorations in Russian and Eurasian history, Volume 7, Issue 4. Slavica Publishers, 2006, p. 922.
[341]
Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004, p. 402.
[342]
"The Economic System of Corporatism". San José University Department of Economics. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
[343]
Gat, Azar (1 July 2007). "The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
[344]
Fuchs, Christian (29 June 2017). "The Relevance of Franz L. Neumann's Critical Theory in 2017: Anxiety and Politics in the New Age of Authoritarian Capitalism" (PDF). Media, Culture & Society. 40 (5): 779–791. doi:10.1177/0163443718772147. S2CID 149705789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
[345]
De Grand, Alexander J. (2000) [1938]. Italian fascism: Its Origins and Development (3rd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6622-3. OCLC 42462895.
[346]
Edwin, Black (2001). IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-609-60799-2. OCLC 45896166.
[347]
Paxton, Robert O. (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-3391-1. OCLC 58452991. – Read online, registration required
[348]
Tooze 2006, pp. 99–100.
[349]
Read, Anthony, The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, p. 138
[350]
Read, Anthony, The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, p. 142
[351]
Nyomarkay 1967, pp. 1110–111.
[352]
Nyomarkay 1967, p. 113.
[353]
Nyomarkay 1967, p. 119.
[354]
Nyomarkay 1967, pp. 123–124.
[355]
Mosse, George Lachmann (1966). Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-299-19304-1.
[356]
Fest, Joachim (2013). Hitler. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-544-19554-7. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
[357]
Parker, David, ed. (2000). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge. pp. 3, 192, 193, 194. ISBN 0-415-17294-2.
[358]
Browder, George C (2004). Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD. University Press of Kentucky. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8131-9111-9. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
[359]
Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press. pp. 133, 134. ISBN 978-0-19-289249-2.
[360]
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Orlando, FL Harcourt Inc., 1973), pp. 305–459.
[361]
Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds., "Introduction – After Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared", in Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 20–21.
[362]
Griffin, Roger (2000). "11: Revolution from the Right: Fascism". In Parker, David (ed.). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 0-415-17294-2.
[363]
Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press. pp. 138, 139. ISBN 978-0-19-289249-2.
[364]
Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-289249-2.
[365]
Bracher 1970, pp. 19–20.
[366]
Bracher 1970, p. 165.
[367]
Eksteins, Modris. Rites of spring: The Great War and the birth of the modern age. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, p. 303
[368]
Kershaw, Ian (2016). To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949. New York: Penguin Books. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-14-310992-1.
[369]
Housden, Martyn (2000) Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?. New York: Routledge, p. 193. ISBN 0-415-16359-5
[370]
Bracher 1970, p. 179.
[371]
Bracher 1970, pp. 421–422.
[372]
Sarti, Wendy Adele-Marie (2011). Women and Nazis: Perpetrators of Genocide and Other Crimes During Hitler's Regime, 1933–1945. Academica Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-936320-11-0. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
[373]
Kershaw 1999, p. 82.
[374]
Broszat 1981, pp. 21–22.
[375]
Bracher 1970, pp. 231–232.
[376]
Evans 2003, p. 274.
[377]
Kershaw 1999, pp. 501–503.
[378]
Bracher 1970, pp. 300–302.
[379]
Balfour 1964, p. 419.
[380]
"The Kaiser on Hitler" (PDF). Ken. 15 December 1938. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
[381]
Gunther, John (1936). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. pp. 321–323. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
[382]
Dan van der Vat (4 July 2011). "Otto von Habsburg obituary". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
[383]
"Biography". Otto von Habsburg Foundation. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
[384]
Omeidl "Rudolf Hess, der Stellvertreter des Führers, hatte den deutschen Invasionstruppen für das neutrale Belgien den Befehl erteilt, Otto von Habsburg und seine Brüder, falls sie gefasst würden, ohne jedes weitere Verfahren sofort zu erschießen." "Monarch". Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
[385]
Zoch, Irene (22 February 2004). "Habsburgs demand return of estates seized by Nazis in 1938". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
[386]
"Otto von Habsburg dies at age 98". Newser. AP. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
[387]
Blamires, Cyprian P. (2006). Blamires, C. P.; Jackson, Paul (eds.). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1: A–K. ABC-CLIO. pp. 459–461. ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.

Bibliography

Bendersky, Joseph W. (1985). A History of Nazi Germany. Nelson-Hall.
Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8.
Broszat, Martin (1981). The Hitler State: The foundation and development of the internal structure of the Third Reich. Translated by John W. Hiden. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48997-0.
Broszat, Martin (1987) [1984]. Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany. Translated by V. R. Berghahn. Providence, Rhode Island: Berg Publishers. ISBN 0-85496-517-3.
Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.
Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin.
Fritzsche, Peter (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505780-5.
Gerwarth, Robert (2007). The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923689-3.
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2004) [1985]. The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-402-4, 1860649734.
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003) [2002]. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0.
Jaworska, Sylvia (2011). "Anti-Slavic imagery in German radical nationalist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century: A prelude to Nazi ideology?" (PDF). Patterns of Prejudice. 45 (5): 435–52. doi:10.1080/0031322x.2011.624762. S2CID 3743556. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-013363-9.
Klemperer, Victor (2006) [1957] The Language of the Third Reich: LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebooks. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9130-8
Majer, Diemut (2003). "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3.
Mason, Timothy W. (1993). Social Policy in the Third Reich. Providence, Rhode Island: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85496-410-9.
McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8.
Miller, Barbara (2014). Nazi Ideology Before 1933: A Documentation. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-0445-7.
Nyomarkay, Joseph (1967). Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party. Univ Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-0429-6.
Paxton, Robert (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-101432-6.
Peukert, Detlev (1989). Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04480-5.
Plant, Richard (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-0600-1.
Redles, David (2005). Hitler's Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York: University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7524-1.
Ryback, Timothy W. (2010). Hitler's Private Library: The Books That Shaped His Life. New York; Toronto: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-45526-0.
Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5
Steinweis, Alan (2008). Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02761-9.
Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03826-8.
Tooze, Adam (2007). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03826-8.
Tooze, Adam (2008). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311320-1.