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天花
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Chinese
Etymology
Originally the Chinese translation of several Sanskrit and Pali words, including Sanskrit खपुष्प (khapuṣpa, “flower in the sky”), as well as several plant names, such as Sanskrit दिव्यपुष्प (divyapuṣpa, “oleander [heaven-flower]”) / Pali devapuppha, and Sanskrit शालपुष्प (śālapuṣpa, “confederate rose [house-flower]”).
The development from “heaven-flower” (or other interpretations of the combination) to “smallpox” is unknown. It may be due to the shape resemblance of smallpox pustules to the divine flowers in Buddhism. Compare Tibetan ལྷ་འབྲུམ (lha 'brum, “smallpox [deva-pustule]”), མེ་ཏོག (me tog, “flower; (dialectal) smallpox”), and Mongolian ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ
ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ (salkin čečeg) / салхин цэцэг (salxin ceceg, “smallpox; chickenpox [wind-flower]”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): tin1 faa1
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): tiĕng-huă
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1thi-ho
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: tiānhuā
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tianhua
- Wade–Giles: tʻien1-hua1
- Yale: tyān-hwā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianhua
- Palladius: тяньхуа (tjanʹxua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: tiānhuār
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tianhuar
- Wade–Giles: tʻien1-hua1-ʼrh
- Yale: tyān-hwār
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianhual
- Palladius: тяньхуар (tjanʹxuar)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: tin1 faa1
- Yale: tīn fā
- Cantonese Pinyin: tin1 faa1
- Guangdong Romanization: tin1 fa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-fâ
- Hakka Romanization System: tienˊ faˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: tian1 fa1
- Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tiĕng-huă
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰieŋ⁵⁵ (h-)ŋua⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Magong, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-hoe
- Tâi-lô: thian-hue
- Phofsit Daibuun: tienhoef
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: tiang1 huê1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang hue
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: then xwae
Noun
天花
- (Buddhism) flower of the sky; divine flower, stated in the Lotus Sutra as of four kinds, two white and two red
- (literary, poetic) snowflake; snow
- (pathology) smallpox; variola
- short for 天花板 (tiānhuābǎn, “ceiling”)
Synonyms
- (flower of the sky): 天華/天华, 空華/空华
- (snowflake): 雪花 (xuěhuā)
- (smallpox): 天然痘 (tiānrándòu); (TCM) 痘瘡/痘疮 (dòuchuāng)
Derived terms
Descendants
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Japanese
Noun
- snow
- a flower that blossoms in the Buddhist heaven by their tale.
- lotus-petal-shaped confetti scattering before the mortuary tablet.
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