山河

Chinese

		mountain; hill	river
simp. and trad. (山河)		山	河
anagram		河山

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shānhé

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ ㄏㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): saan¹ ho⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): san-hô / soaⁿ-hô
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹se-wu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shānhé
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ ㄏㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shanhé
    • Wade–Giles: shan¹-ho²
    • Yale: shān-hé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanher
    • Palladius: шаньхэ (šanʹxɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: saan¹ ho⁴
    • Yale: sāan hòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: saan¹ ho⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: san¹ ho⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saːn⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san-hô
    • Tâi-lô: san-hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sanhooi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³ ho²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soaⁿ-hô
    • Tâi-lô: suann-hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: svoa'hooi
    • IPA (Taipei): /suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /suã⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /suã³³ ho²⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹se-wu
    • MiniDict: se^平 wu
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹se-hhu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦu²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: srean ha

Rime
Character	山	河
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	山 (73)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	I
Fanqie	所閒切	胡歌切
Baxter	srean	ha
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠɛn/	/ɦɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚæn/	/ɦɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃæn/	/ɣɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂəɨn/	/ɦa/
Li Rong	/ʃɛn/	/ɣɑ/
Wang Li	/ʃæn/	/ɣɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʂăn/	/ɣɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shān	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saan1	ho4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ŋrar  [C.ɡ]ˤaj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sreːn  ɡaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	山	河
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shān	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ srɛn ›	‹ ha ›
Old Chinese	/*s-ŋrar/	/*[C.ɡ]ˁaj/
English	mountain, hill	river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	山	河
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11052	7459
Phonetic component	山	可
Rime group	元	歌
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	山	何
Old Chinese	/*sreːn/	/*ɡaːl/

Noun

山河

1. (literally) mountains and rivers
2. (figuratively) land of a country; territory

Derived terms

• 咫尺山河
• 山河易改，本性難移 / 山河易改，本性难移
• 山河襟帶 / 山河襟带
• 帶厲山河 / 带厉山河
• 帶礪山河 / 带砺山河
• 氣吞山河 / 气吞山河
• 氣壓山河 / 气压山河
• 氣壯山河 / 气壮山河
• 氣蓋山河 / 气盖山河
• 百二山河
• 礪帶山河 / 砺带山河
• 表裡山河 / 表里山河
• 邈若山河
• 錦繡山河 / 锦绣山河 (jǐnxiùshānhé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (山河):

• → Japanese: 山(さん)河(が) (sanga)
• → Korean: 산하(山河) (sanha)
• → Vietnamese: sơn hà (山河)

See also

• 江山 (jiāngshān)
• 山水 (shānshuǐ)