林檎

More information phonetic, trad. (林檎) ...

Etymology 1

First attested during the Wei–Jin era.

Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): línqín

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lam⁴ kam⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìm-khìm
Northern Min (KCR): lêng-gěng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lîm-khîm / lêng-khîm

(Teochew, Peng'im): lim⁵ kim⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: línqín
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: líncín
  - Wade–Giles: lin²-chʻin²
  - Yale: lín-chín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linchyn
  - Palladius: линьцинь (linʹcinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lam⁴ kam⁴
  - Yale: làhm kàhm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lam⁴ kam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lem⁴ kem⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐm²¹ kʰɐm²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm
  - Hakka Romanization System: lim^ˇ kim^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lim² kim²
  - Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lêng-gěng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leiŋ³³ keiŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm-khîm
  - Tâi-lô: lîm-khîm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: limqiim
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lim²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-khîm
  - Tâi-lô: lîng-khîm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lengqiim
  - IPA (Singapore): /leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰim²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lim⁵ kim⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lîm khîm
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰim⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: lim gim

More information Rime, Character ...

Noun

林檎

Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)
wedding gift
(Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 花紅 (“Chinese pearleaf crabapple”) [map]

More information Variety, Location ...

Dialectal synonyms of 番荔枝 (“sugar apple”) [map]

More information Variety, Location ...

Derived terms

蜜林檎

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (林檎):

→ Korean: 임금(林檎) (imgeum)

Other:

→ Japanese: 林(りん)檎(ご) (ringo), (obsolete) 林(りゅう)檎(ごう) (ryūgō), (obsolete) 林(りん)檎(き) (rinki)
- → Ainu: リンゴ
- → Amis: lingko
- → Hakka: 林檎 (lin-kó / lin-ngò) → 林檎 (lìm-khìm)
- → Hokkien: 林檎 (lìn-gò͘) → 林檎 (lîm-khîm)
- → Marshallese: diin̄ko
→ Korean: 능금 (neunggeum)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).

Pronunciation

Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìm-khìm / lin-kó / lin-ngò
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lìn-gò͘ / lîm-khîm

Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm / lin-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: lim^ˇ kim^ˇ / lin go^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lim² kim² / lin⁴ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ko³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm / lin-kó / lin-ngò
  - Hakka Romanization System: lim^ˇ kim^ˇ / lin go^ˋ / lin ngo^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lim² kim² / lin⁴ go³ / lin⁴ ngo²
  - Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ko³¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ŋo¹¹/

Note: lin-kó, lin-ngò - from Japanese pronunciation.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Hsinchu, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lìn-gò͘
  - Tâi-lô: lìn-gòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lien'gox
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Tainan, Yilan): /lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/
- (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm-khîm
  - Tâi-lô: lîm-khîm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: limqiim
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

Note: lìn-gò͘ - from Japanese pronunciation.

Noun

林檎

(Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) apple

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 蘋果 (“apple”) [map]

More information Variety, Location ...

Rime
Character	林	檎
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	侵 (139)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	力尋切	巨金切
Baxter	lim	gim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liɪm/	/ɡˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/lim/	/ɡᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/ljem/	/ɡiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lim/	/gjim/
Li Rong	/liəm/	/ɡjəm/
Wang Li	/lĭĕm/	/ɡĭĕm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯əm/	/gi̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lín	qín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lam⁴	kam⁴

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		花紅, 林檎, 沙果
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	沙果兒
Northeastern Mandarin	Harbin	沙果兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	海棠果兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	花紅, 沙果兒
	Wanrong	沙果
	Xi'an	沙果兒
	Xining	沙果, 果子
	Xuzhou	沙果
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	大果子
	Lanzhou	沙果子
	Ürümqi	沙果兒
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	花紅
	Guiyang	花紅
	Liuzhou	花紅果
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	花紅
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	花紅, 小蘋果
Gan	Nanchang	沙果
Gan	Lichuan	沙果, 花紅
Huizhou	Jixi	花紅
Jin	Xinzhou	果子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	蜜林檎
Southern Min	Xiamen	染霧
	Quanzhou	染霧
	Zhangzhou	染霧
Wu	Shanghai	花紅
	Suzhou	花紅
	Danyang	花紅
	Ningbo	花紅
	Jinhua	花紅
Xiang	Changsha	花紅

Variety	Location	Words edit
Taxonomic name		番荔枝
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	釋迦, 釋迦果
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	釋迦
Cantonese	Guangzhou	番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝
	Hong Kong	番荔枝, 番鬼荔枝, 番鬼佬荔枝, 番枝
	Dongguan	番鬼荔枝
	Yangjiang	番菠蘿
Hakka	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	番鬼荔枝
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	釋迦
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	佛果
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	佛果
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	釋迦, 沙梨
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	釋迦
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	牛心梨, 柅仔
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	釋迦
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	佛果, 釋迦
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	釋迦
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	佛果, 釋迦
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	釋迦
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	釋迦
Southern Min	Xiamen	番仔荔枝, 釋迦
	Zhangzhou	番仔荔枝, 釋迦
	Zhao'an	林檎
	Zhao'an (Sidu)	林檎
	Zhao'an (Tingyang, Baiyang)	林檎
	Zhao'an (Wenshan, Taiping)	林檎
	Taipei	釋迦
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	釋迦
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	釋迦
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	釋迦
	Kaohsiung	釋迦
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	釋迦
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	釋迦
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	釋迦
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	釋迦
	Yilan	釋迦
	Yilan (Luodong)	釋迦
	Yilan (Toucheng)	釋迦
	Changhua (Lukang)	釋迦
	Changhua (Yongjing)	釋迦
	Taichung	釋迦
	Tainan	釋迦
	Tainan (Anping)	釋迦
	Hsinchu	釋迦
	Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng)	釋迦
	Kinmen	釋迦
	Penghu (Magong)	釋迦
	Penghu (Xiyu)	釋迦
	Penang (Hokkien)	nona
	Singapore (Hokkien)	林檎
	Manila (Hokkien)	釋迦
	Chaozhou	林檎
	Raoping	林檎
	Shantou	林檎
	Shantou (Chenghai)	林檎
	Nan'ao (Houzhai)	林檎
	Nan'ao (Yun'ao)	林檎
	Singapore (Teochew)	林檎
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	番荔枝

	phonetic
trad. (林檎)	林	檎
simp. ^#(林檎)	林	檎
alternative forms	林禽來禽／来禽

Chinese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Japanese

Korean