森林

Chinese

		of trees, many	woods; forest
trad. (森林)		森	林
simp. #(森林)		森	林
anagram		林森

Wikipedia has articles on:

• 森林 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
• 森林 (圖論) (Written Standard Chinese^?)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sēnlín

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄣ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): sam¹ lam⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sêm-lìm

  (Hailu, HRS): sem^ˋ lim

• Eastern Min (BUC): sĕng-lìng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): serm-lîm / sim-lîm / sim-lîn / som-lîn / som-lîm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sim¹ lim⁵

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹sen-lin / ¹sen-lin₂

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sēnlín
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄣ ㄌㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: senlín
    • Wade–Giles: sên¹-lin²
    • Yale: sēn-lín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: senlin
    • Palladius: сэньлинь (sɛnʹlinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən⁵⁵ lin³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: sam¹ lam⁴
    • Yale: sām làhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sam¹ lam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: sem¹ lem⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sêm-lìm
    • Hakka Romanization System: sem^ˊ lim^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: sem¹ lim²
    • Sinological IPA: /sem²⁴ lim¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: sem^ˋ lim
    • Sinological IPA: /sem⁵³ lim⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng-lìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ^(l-)nˡiŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: serm-lîm
    • Tâi-lô: serm-lîm
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /səm³³ lim²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîm
    • Tâi-lô: sim-lîm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: simliim
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîn
    • Tâi-lô: sim-lîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: simliin
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîn
    • Tâi-lô: som-lîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: somliin
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîm
    • Tâi-lô: som-lîm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: somliim
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sim¹ lim⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sim lîm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sim³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹sen-lin
    • MiniDict: sen^平 lin
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹sen-lin
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sən⁵⁵ lin²¹/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ¹sen-lin₂
    • MiniDict: sen^平 lin^平
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sən⁴⁴ lin/

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• Middle Chinese: srim lim

Rime
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	所今切	力尋切
Baxter	srim	lim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠiɪm/	/liɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚim/	/lim/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃiem/	/ljem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂjim/	/lim/
Li Rong	/ʃjəm/	/liəm/
Wang Li	/ʃĭĕm/	/lĭĕm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʂi̯əm/	/li̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn	lín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sam1	lam4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rəm  [r]əm/

  (Zhengzhang): /*srɯm  ɡ·rɯm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sēn	lín
Middle Chinese	‹ srim ›	‹ lim ›
Old Chinese	/*s.rəm/	/*[r]əm/
English	dense trees	forest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11003	8165
Phonetic component	森	林
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	森	林
Old Chinese	/*srɯm/	/*ɡ·rɯm/

Noun

森林

1. (countable) forest; trees (Classifier: 片 m)

   森林砍伐率  ―  sēnlín kǎnfá lǜ  ―  rate of deforestation

   注重保護森林／注重保护森林  ―  zhùzhòng bǎohù sēnlín  ―  to attach importance to forest conservation

   請愛護森林。／请爱护森林。  ―  Qǐng àihù sēnlín.  ―  Please protect our trees.

2. (graph theory) forest (graph with no cycles)

Synonyms

• (forest; trees):

edit

• 叢林 / 丛林 (cónglín) (dense forest)
• 密林 (mìlín) (dense forest)
• 林叢 / 林丛 (líncóng) (dense forest)
• 樹林 / 树林 (shùlín)
• 樹林子 / 树林子 (shùlínzi)
• 深林 (shēnlín) (deep forest)
• 雨林 (yǔlín) (rainforest)

Derived terms

• 原始森林 (yuánshǐ sēnlín)
• 原生林 (yuánshēnglín)
• 森林大火 (sēnlín dàhuǒ)
• 森林火災 / 森林火灾 (sēnlín huǒzāi)
• 水泥森林 (shuǐní sēnlín)
• 泰加森林
• 黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (森林):

• → Japanese: 森林(しんりん) (shinrin)
• → Korean: 삼림(森林) (samnim)