空氣

See also: 空気 and 空气

Chinese

		emptied; leisure; air emptied; leisure; air; sky; empty; in vain	gas; air; smell gas; air; smell; weather; vital breath; to make someone angry; to get angry; to be enraged
trad. (空氣)		空	氣
simp. (空气)		空	气
alternative forms		空炁 archaic

Wikipedia has articles on:

• 空氣 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
• 空氣 (Cantonese)
• khûng-hi (Hakka)
• kŭng-ké (Eastern Min)
• khong-khì (Southern Min)
• 空气 (Wu)

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): kōngqì

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥ ㄑㄧˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): кунчи (kunči, I-III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung¹ hei³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung¹ hei¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khûng-hi

  (Hailu, HRS): kung^ˋ hi^ˇ

• Eastern Min (BUC): kŭng-ké
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khong-khì

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kong¹ ki³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khon-chi

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kōngqì
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥ ㄑㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kongcì
    • Wade–Giles: kʻung¹-chʻi⁴
    • Yale: kūng-chì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongchih
    • Palladius: кунци (kunci)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: кунчи (kunči, I-III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hung¹ hei³
    • Yale: hūng hei
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ hei³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ héi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 凶器 空氣 / 空气 胸器

  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: huung¹ hei¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵŋ³³ hei³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khûng-hi
    • Hakka Romanization System: kung^ˊ hi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kung¹ hi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: kung^ˋ hi^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ⁵³ hi¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kŭng-ké
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(kʰ-)ŋɛi²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khong-khì
    • Tâi-lô: khong-khì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qongqix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kong¹ ki³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khong khì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹khon-chi
    • MiniDict: khon^平 chi
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khon-qi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khuwng khj+jH

Rime
Character	空	氣
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	苦紅切	去旣切
Baxter	khuwng	khj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuŋ/	/kʰɨiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuŋ/	/kʰɨiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuŋ/	/kʰiəiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwŋ/	/kʰɨjH/
Li Rong	/kʰuŋ/	/kʰiəiH/
Wang Li	/kʰuŋ/	/kʰĭəiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuŋ/	/kʰe̯iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kōng	qì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung1	hei3

Noun

空氣

1. (meteorology) air

   空氣質量／空气质量  ―  kōngqì zhìliàng  ―  air quality

   空氣流通／空气流通  ―  kōngqì liútōng  ―  air circulation; ventilation

   呼吸新鮮空氣／呼吸新鲜空气  ―  hūxī xīnxiān kōngqì  ―  to breathe in fresh air

   被污染的空氣／被污染的空气  ―  bèi wūrǎn de kōngqì  ―  polluted air

2. (Taoism) empty qi; pneuma
3. (figurative) atmosphere; ambience; environment

   • 但是近來的妥協空氣，反共聲浪，忽又甚囂塵上，又把全國人民打入悶葫蘆裡了。 [MSC, trad.]
     但是近来的妥协空气，反共声浪，忽又甚嚣尘上，又把全国人民打入闷葫芦里了。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1940, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《新民主主義論》 (On New Democracy), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

     Dànshì jìnlái de tuǒxié kōngqì, fǎngòng shēnglàng, hū yòu shènxiāochénshàng, yòu bǎ quánguó rénmín dǎrù mènhúlu lǐ le. [Pinyin]

     Of late, however, the dust and din of compromise and anti-communism have once again filled the air, and once again the people are thrown into bewilderment.

4. (figurative) public opinion; information; rumour

Synonyms

• (air): 大氣／大气 (dàqì)
• (ambience):

edit

• 氛圍 / 氛围
• 氣氛 / 气氛
• 氣象 / 气象 (qìxiàng) (literary)

Derived terms

• 壓縮空氣 / 压缩空气 (yāsuō kōngqì)
• 放空氣 / 放空气 (fàngkōngqì)
• 空氣傳染 / 空气传染 (kōngqì chuánrǎn)
• 空氣動力學 / 空气动力学 (kōngqì dònglìxué)
• 空氣壓縮機 / 空气压缩机
• 空氣機 / 空气机
• 空氣污染 / 空气污染 (kōngqì wūrǎn)
• 空氣浴 / 空气浴 (kōngqìyù)
• 空氣淨化器 / 空气净化器 (kōngqì jìnghuàqì)
• 空氣清新劑 / 空气清新剂 (kōngqì qīngxīnjì)
• 空氣濾清器 / 空气滤清器
• 空氣調節 / 空气调节
• 空氣調節機 / 空气调节机
• 空氣警報 / 空气警报
• 空氣軸承 / 空气轴承
• 空氣錘 / 空气锤
• 空氣鎗 / 空气枪
• 空氣閥 / 空气阀
• 空氣阻力 / 空气阻力 (kōngqì zǔlì)
• 空調 / 空调 (kōngtiáo)
• 讀空氣 / 读空气 (dú kōngqì)
• 飽和空氣 / 饱和空气

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (空氣):

• → Japanese: 空(くう)気(き) (kūki)
• → Korean: 공기(空氣) (gonggi)
• → Vietnamese: không khí (空氣)

Pronunciation 2

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khang-khùi

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• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khang-khùi
    • Tâi-lô: khang-khuì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qangquix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰaŋ³³ kʰui⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui²¹/

Noun

空氣

1. (Hokkien) thing; matter; affair (bad)

   汝佇變什物空氣？ [Hokkien, trad.]
   汝伫变什物空气？ [Hokkien, simp.]

   Lí tī pìⁿ sím-mi̍h khang-khùi? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   What [bad thing] are you doing?

Synonyms

• (Hokkien) 空頭／空头

Japanese

Kanji in this term
空	氣
くう Grade: 1	き Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 空氣 – see the following entry.

【空気くうき】 [noun] air, atmosphere [noun] mood, atmosphere, usually with peer pressure [noun] (colloquial, figurative) someone or something with a weak presence

(This term, 空氣, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
空	氣

Noun

空氣 • (gonggi) (hangeul 공기)

1. hanja form^? of 공기 (“air”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
空	氣

Noun

空氣

1. chữ Hán form of không khí (“air”)