Sin
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Sin ko Jamhuriyar jama'ar Sin, kasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Asiya. Sin tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita araba'i 9,596,961. Sin tana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutane biliyan daya da miliyan dari hudu da uku da dubu dari biyar da dari uku da sittin da biyar 1,403,500,365, bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2016. Babban birnin Sin shine Beijing. [3] [4] Sin tayi iyaka da kasashe kamar haka: Rasha, Kazakystan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Mangolia, Koriya ta Arewa, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indiya, Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan kuma da Pakistan.
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Al'umma
Wata budurwa yar kasar Sin
Asalinta
Kasar Sin (Guangdong ta yau), Mangi (cikin yankin Xanton), da Cataio (cikin kasar Sin da Chequan, gami da babban birnin kasar Cambalu, da Xandu, da gadar marmara) duk an nuna su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban a wannan taswirar 1570 na Abraham Ortelius. An yi amfani da kalmar "China" a cikin Ingilishi tun karni na 16; duk da haka, Sinawa da kansu ba su yi amfani da shi ba a wannan lokacin. An samo asalinsa ta hanyar Fotigal, Malay, da Farisa zuwa kalmar Sanskrit Cīna, da aka yi amfani da ita a tsohuwar Indiya.[6] ] "[7]China".[8] [9] ,[10] ] An samo amfani da Barbosa dagba Farisa Chīn (चीन), wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga Sanskrit Cīna (चीन). [11] asalin kalmar Sanskrit batu ne na muhawara. BC).[12] a cikin 1655, Martino Martini ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar Sin ta samo asali ne daga sunan daular Qin (221-206 KZ)[13] [[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Sunan hukuma na jihar zamani shine "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin" (Sinawan Saukake: 中华人民和和国; Sinawa na gargajiya: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó). Gajeren tsari shine "China" (中国; 中國; [19] sanan Zhongguo kuma ana fassara shi da 'Middle Kingdom' a Turanci.[20] s.[[21] [22] [23]
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Tarihi
Babban labarin: Tarihin kasar Sin Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin kasar Sin. Tarihi
Tukwane mai shekaru 10,000, al'adun kogon Xianren (18000-7000 KZ) Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa farkon hominids sun zauna a kasar Sin shekaru miliyan 2.25 da suka wuce.[24]ewanda ya yi amfani da wuta, [25] ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 680,000 zuwa 780,000 da suka wuce.[26] An gano burbushin hakora na Homo sapiens (wanda ya kai shekaru 125,000-80,000 da suka wuce) a cikin kogon Fuyan.[27] Rubutun Sinanci ya kasance a Jiahu a shekara ta 6600 KZ,[28]a Damaidi a wajajen shekara ta 6000 KZ,[29] daga 5800 zuwa 5400 KZ, da Banpo wanda aka yi tun daga karni na 5 KZ. Wasu malaman sun yi nuni da cewa alamomin Jiahu (milani na 7 KZ) su ne tsarin rubutun Sinanci na farko.[30] [31]
Mulkin dynastic na farko
Ƙarin bayani: Sarakuna uku da sarakuna biyar, daular Xia, daular Shang, daular Zhou, lokacin bazara da kaka, da lokacin jahohin yaƙi. [32] Yinxu, kango na babban birnin daular Shang (ƙarni na 14 KZ) An rubuta Xia shekaru dubu bayan ranar da ka bayar da rugujewarsu. A cikin 1958, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wuraren da ke cikin al'adun Erlitou da suka wanzu a farkon shekarun Bronze; tun daga lokacin an siffanta su a matsayin ragowar Xia na tarihi, amma ana ƙi wannan tunanin sau da yawa.[[33] ][34]] [35] [36]
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Farkon mulkin dynastic
Ƙarin bayani: Sarakuna uku da sarakuna biyar, daular Xia, daular Shang, daular Zhou, lokacin bazara da kaka, da lokacin jahohin yaƙi.
Yinxu, kango na babban birnin daular Shang (ƙarni na 14 KZ) Bisa labarin tarihi na gargajiya na kasar Sin, an kafa daular Xia ne a karshen karni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, wanda ya zama farkon tsarin daular da aka fahimci cewa yana da nasaba da tarihin siyasar kasar Sin baki daya. A wannan zamani na zamani, an kara duba tarihin Xia, a wani bangare saboda shaidar da aka sani na Xia an rubuta shekaru dubu bayan da aka bayar da rugujewarsu. A cikin 1958, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wuraren da ke cikin al'adun Erlitou da suka wanzu a farkon shekarun Bronze; tun daga lokacin an siffanta su a matsayin ragowar Xia na tarihi, amma ana ƙi wannan tunanin sau da yawa.[37] [38] [39] Daular Shang wadda ta gaji Xia na al'ada ita ce farkon wanda akwai rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na zamani da kuma shaidun archaeological waɗanda ba a jayayya ba[40] [41] Rubutun kashi na baka, wanda aka tabbatar daga c. 1250 KZ amma gabaɗaya ana ɗauka cewa ya tsufa sosai, [42] [43] yana wakiltar mafi kyawun sanannen nau'in rubutaccen Sinanci, [44] kuma shine kakannin haruffan Sinanci na zamani.[45]
Zhou, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin karni na 11 zuwa na 5 KZ, ya hambarar da kabilar Shang, duk da cewa sarakunan Fengjian sun lalata ikon Dan Sama a hankali. Daga karshe wasu masarautun sun fito daga Zhou mai rauni kuma .[46] [47]
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Daular Sin
Ƙarin bayani: Daular Sinawa da Tarihin Sin § Imperial China Qin a Han
Fadada daular Han a kudu a karni na 2 KZ A shekara ta 221 K.Z., lokacin da ake fama da rikici ya kare bayan da jihar Qin ta ci sauran jihohi shida, ta sake hadewa da kasar Sin da kafa tsarin mulkin kama-karya. Sarki Zheng na Qin ya shelanta kansa a matsayin sarkin daular Qin, inda ya zama sarki na farko na hadaddiyar kasar Sin. Ya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren shari'a na Qin, musamman daidaita haruffan Sinanci, ma'auni, faɗin hanya, da kuɗi. Daularsa ta kuma ci nasara kan kabilar Yue a Guangxi, Guangdong, da Arewacin Vietnam.[48] daular Qin ta dau shekaru goma sha biyar kacal, ta fadi jim kadan bayan rasuwar Sarkin sarakuna na farko[49][[50] [51] Bayan tashe-tashen hankula a lokacin da aka kona ɗakin karatu na daular, daular Han ta fito ta mallaki kasar Sin tsakanin 206 KZ da 220 CE, ta haifar da al'adu tsakanin al'ummarta har yanzu ana tunawa da kabilanci na kabilar Han na zamani.[[52] [53] Han ya fadada yankin daular sosai, tare da yakin neman zabe ya kai tsakiyar Asiya, Mongoliya, Koriya, da Yunnan, da kwato Guangdong da arewacin Vietnam daga Nanyue. Shiga Han a tsakiyar Asiya da Sogdia ya taimaka wajen kafa hanyar siliki ta ƙasa, ta maye gurbin hanyar da ta gabata a kan Himalayas zuwa Indiya. Han kasar Sin sannu a hankali ya zama mafi girman tattalin arziki a zamanin da.,[54] [55]
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Masarautu guda uku,
daular Jin, arewa da kudu Bayan kawo karshen daular Han, wani lokaci ya biyo bayan fadace-fadacen da ake kira daular Uku, wanda a karshensa ne daular Jin ta yi gaggawar hambarar da Wei. Jin ya fada yakin basasa bayan hawan wani sarki nakasassu; Daga nan sai Barbariyawa biyar suka yi tawaye suka yi mulkin arewacin China a matsayin Jihohi goma sha shida. Xianbei ya hada su a matsayin Arewacin Wei, wanda Sarkinsa Xiaowen ya sauya manufofin wariyar launin fata na magabata, ya kuma tilasta wa al'ummarsa yin zunubi. A kudancin kasar, Janar Liu Yu ya amince da murabus din Jin ya yi amfani da wakabsbr Liu. Magada daban-daban na waɗannan jahohin sun zama sanannun daular Arewa da Kudancin, inda a ƙarshe Sui suka sake hade yankunan biyu a 581. [56] Sui, Tang da Song Sui ya mayar da Han kan karagar mulki ta hanyar kasar Sin, ya gyara aikin noma, tattalin arziki da tsarin jarrabawar masarauta, ya gina babban mashigin ruwa, ya kuma baiwa addinin Buddah goyon baya. Koyaya, sun faɗi cikin sauri lokacin da aikinsu na aikin jama'a da yaƙin da bai yi nasara ba a Koriya ta Arewa ya haifar da tarzoma[57] [58] A karkashin daular Tang da Song da suka gaji, tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, fasaha da al'adu sun shiga zamanin zinare.[59] daular Tang ta ci gaba da kula da yankunan Yamma da hanyar siliki, [60] wanda ya kawo 'yan kasuwa har zuwa Mesofotamiya da Kahon Afirka, [61] kuma ya mai da babban birnin kasar Chang'an ya zama babban birni na ko'ina. Duk da haka, tawayen An Lushan ya lalata shi kuma ya raunana shi a karni na 8.[62] [63]
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Yuan
Sarkin farko na kasar Sin, Qin Shi Huang, ya shahara wajen hada katangar kasashe masu fada da juna, wajen kafa babbar katangar kasar Sin. Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki [64] yanzun ya kasance zuwa daular Ming.[65] Yaƙin Mongol na China ya fara ne a cikin 1205 tare da yaƙin yammacin Xia na Genghis Khan [66] wanda shi ma ya mamaye yankunan Jin.[67] A shekara ta 1271, shugaban Mongol Kublai Khan ya kafa daular Yuan, wadda ta ci ragowar daular Song ta karshe a shekarar 1279. Kafin mamayewar Mongol, yawan jama'ar kasar Sin sun kai miliyan 120; an rage wannan zuwa miliyan 60 a lokacin ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 1300[68] . Baƙauye mai suna Zhu Yuanzhang ya hambarar da Yuan a shekara ta 1368 kuma ya kafa daular Ming a matsayin Sarkin Hongwu. A karkashin daular Ming, kasar Sin ta sake samun wani zamani na zinari, inda ta bunkasa daya daga cikin mafi karfin sojan ruwa a duniya, da tattalin arziki mai wadata da wadata a fannin fasaha da al'adu. A wannan lokacin ne Admiral Zheng He ya jagoranci tafiye-tafiyen taskokin Ming a ko'ina cikin tekun Indiya, har zuwa gabashin Afirka.[69] [70]
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Ming
A farkon daular Ming, an mayar da babban birnin kasar Sin daga Nanjing zuwa Beijing. Da bunkasuwar tsarin jari-hujja, masana falsafa irin su Wang Yangming sun soki tare da fadada Neo-Confucianism tare da ra'ayi na mutum-mutumi da daidaito na ayyuka hudu[71] [72] [73] A shekara ta 1644, haɗin gwiwar sojojin ƴan tawayen manoma karkashin jagorancin Li Zicheng sun kwace birnin Beijing. [74] [75]
Qing
Cin nasarar Qing na Ming da fadada daular Daular Qing, wacce ta dade daga 1644 zuwa 1912, ita ce daular daular karshe ta kasar Sin. Rikicin Ming-Qing (1618-1683) ya jawo asarar rayuka miliyan 25, amma da alama Qing ya maido da ikon daular kasar Sin, ya kuma kaddamar da wani fure na fasaha[76]] <> A halin da ake ciki kuma, karuwar yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ta dawo kuma ba da dadewa ba ta fara karuwa. An yi imani da cewa, yawan al'ummar kasar Sin kafin zamani ya sami bunkasuwa biyu, daya a lokacin wakokin Arewa (960-1127), daya n kbuma a zamanin Qing (wajen 1700-1830).[77]I [78] daya hannun kuma, an karfafa tsarin mulkin mallaka a wani bangare don murkushe kyamar Qing tare da manufar kimanta aikin gona da hana kasuwanci,[79]] [80] [81] [82] [83] Ƙungiyar kasashe takwas ta mamaye kasar Sin don kayar da 'yan wasan dambe na kasashen waje da masu goyon bayan Qing. Hoton ya nuna bikin biki a cikin gidan sarautar kasar Sin, birnin da aka haramta bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dambe a shekarar 1901. A tsakiyar karni na 19, yakin Opium tare da Birtaniya da Faransa sun tilasta wa kasar Sin biyan diyya, bude tashar jiragen ruwa, ba da izini ga 'yan kasashen wajen. , da kuma mika Hong Kong ga Birtaniya [84] karkashin 1842 Yarjejeniyar Nanking, na farko na abin da aka kira yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba. Yaƙin Sino-Japan na farko (1894-1895) ya haifar da asarar tasiri na Qing ayankin Koriya, da kuma ficewar Taiwan zuwa Japan[85] kuma [86] [87] Kafa Jamhuriyar da yakin duniya na biyu Babban labarin: Jamhuriyar Sin (1912-1949) Ƙarin bayani: juyin juya halin 1911, yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, yakin basasa na kasar Sin, da juyin juya halin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1912, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Sin, kuma aka nada Sun Yat-sen na Kuomintang (KMT) a matsayin shugaban wucin gadi.[88] A watan Maris na shekara ta 1912, aka bai wa Yuan Shikai, tsohon janar na Qing, wanda a shekara ta 1915 ya yi shelar kansa a matsayin Sarkin China. Dangane da tofin Allah tsine da adawa daga nasa sojojin Beiyang, an tilasta masa yin murabus tare da sake kafa jamhuriyar a shekara ta 1916.[89] Bayan mutuwar Yuan Shikai a shekara ta 1916, kasar Sin ta rabu cikin siyasa. Gwamnatinta mai tushe ta birnin Beijing ta samu karbuwa a duniya amma ba ta da karfi; sarakunan yaki na yanki ne ke iko da mafi yawan yankunansa.[90]] A wannan lokacin, kasar Sin ta shiga yakin duniya na daya kuma ta ga wani yunkuri na jama'a mai nisa (Mai Hudu)[[91]
[92] Chiang Kai-shek da Mao Zedong suna cin abinci tare a cikin 1945 bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu. A ƙarshen 1920s, Kuomintang a ƙarƙashin Chiang Kai-shek ya sami damar sake haɗa ƙasar ƙarƙashin ikonta tare da jerin dabarun soja da dabarun siyasa waɗanda aka sani tare da Balaguron Arewa.[93] [94] Kuomintang ya mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa Nanjing tare da aiwatar da "ilimin siyasa", wani matsakaicin mataki na ci gaban siyasa wanda aka zayyana a cikin shirin Sun Yat-sen na ka'idoji guda uku na jama'a don mayar dakasar Sin zuwa dimokiradiyya ta zamani.[,,[95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100]
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Jamhuriyar Jama'a
Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1949-1976)[101] [102] [103] An gudanar da bikin kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin da karfe 3:00 na yammacin ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949. Hoton da ke sama ya nuna sanarwar da Mao Zedong ya yi na kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a dandalin Tiananmen.<refHart-Landsberg, Martin; Burkett, Paul (March 2005). China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1-5836-7123-8. ("Review". Monthly Review. 28 February 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008-10</ref> [104] [105] Kasar Sin ta yi nasara amma yaki ya barke da rashin kudi. Ci gaba da rashin amana tsakanin Kuomintang da 'yan gurguzu ya haifar da sake barkewar yakin basasa. An kafa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1947, amma saboda tashe-tashen hankula da ake fama da su, ba a taba aiwatar da wasu tanade-tanade na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Sin ba.[106] [107] [108] A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949, shugaban jam'iyyar CCP Mao Zedong ya yi shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin a hukumance a dandalin Tiananmen na birnin Beijing.,[109] A cikin 1950, PRC ta kama Hainan daga ROC [110] kuma ta hade Tibet.[111] ] Duk da haka, sauran dakarun Kuomintang sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yammacin kasar Sin a tsawon shekarun 1950.[112] Hukumar CCP ta karfafa shahararta a tsakanin manoma ta hanyar kungiyar Reform Movement, wanda ya hada da kisa-kisan da gwamnati ta yi wa masu gidaje miliyan 1 zuwa 2 da manoma da tsofaffin masu haya suka yi.[113] da yake tun farko jam'iyyar PRC ta yi kawance da Tarayyar Soviet, amma sannu a hankali dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu masu ra'ayin gurguzu ta tabarbare, lamarin da ya sa kasar Sin ta samar da tsarin masana'antu mai cin gashin kansa da makaman nukiliyarta.[114] [115]to [116] Yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ya karu daga miliyan 550 a shekarar 1950 zuwa miliyan 900 a shekarar 1974.[117] [118] [119]
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Gyarawa da tarihin zamani
Manyan labarai: Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1976-1989), Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1989-2002), da tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (2002- yanzu) [120] [121] [122] An kawo karshen zanga-zangar da aka yi a dandalin Tiananmen a shekarar 1989 da kisan gilla da sojoji suka jagoranta. Bayan mutuwar Mao, Hua Guofeng ta kama Gang na hudu kuma ta dauki alhakin juyin juya halin al'adu. An sake farfado da juyin al'adu, tare da gyara miliyoyin mutane. Deng Xiaoping ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1978, kuma ya kafa manyan gyare-gyare a fannin siyasa da tattalin arziki, tare da "dattijai takwas", mafiya manya da masu fada a ji a jam'iyyar. [123] <> An wargaza tattara ayyukan noma tare da mayar da filayen noma. Yayin da kasuwancin ketare ya zama babban abin mayar da hankali, an ƙirƙiri yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZs). [124] Kasar Sin ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkinta a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1982.[125]
A shekarar 1989, an yi zanga-zanga irin ta dandalin Tiananmen, sannan a duk fadin kasar.[126] ] (matsayi na rayuwa).[127] [128] [129] Tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ya ninka sau bakwai a wannan lokaci.[130] Hong Kong na Burtaniya da Macau na Portuguese sun dawo kasar Sin a cikin 1997 da 1999, kamar yadda .[131]
Belt and Road Initiative da kuma sauran ayyuka
A babban taron CCP karo na 16 a shekarar 2002, Hu Jintao ya gaji Jiang a matsayin babban sakatare.[132] [133] [134] kuma ya haifar da babban gudun hijira na zamantakewa.[135]
[136]
Yanayi
Babban labarin: Yanayin kasar Sin Ƙarin bayani: Great Green Wall (China) [137] Taswirar rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen-Geiger don babban yankin kasar Sin[138] Yanayin kasar Sin ya fi mamaye lokacin rani da damina, wanda ke haifar da bayyana bambancin yanayin zafi tsakanin lokacin sanyi da bazara. [139]
Babban batun muhalli a kasar Sin shi ne ci gaba da fadada hamadarta, musamman hamadar Gobi.[140] Ko da yake layukan bishiyu da aka dasa tun shekarun 1970 sun rage yawan guguwar yashi, dadewar fari da rashin aikin gona ya haifar da guguwar kura da ta addabi arewacin kasar Sin a duk lokacin bazara, wanda daga nan ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan gabashin Asiya, ciki har da Japan da Koriya. Ingancin ruwa, da zaizayar kasa, da magance gurbatar yanayi sun zama muhimman batutuwa a dangantakar kasar Sin da sauran kasashe. Narke dusar kankara a cikin Himalayas na iya haifar da karancin ruwa ga daruruwan miliyoyin mutane.[141] A cewar masana, don takaita canjin yanayi a kasar Sin zuwa 1.5 ° C (2.7 ° F) wutar lantarki daga kwal a kasar Sin ba tare da kama carbon ba, dole ne a kawar da shi nan da shekarar 2045.[[142] [143]
An yi la'akari da kididdigar gwamnati a hukumance game da yawan amfanin gona na kasar Sin ba abin dogaro ba ne, saboda wuce gona da iri da ake nomawa a matakan gwamnatoci na rresh[144] [145] 136] A shekarar 2021, kashi 12 cikin 100 na ciyawa da kiwo na dindindin na duniya na kasar Sin ne, da kuma kashi 8% na filayen noman duniya.[146]
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